The influence of intestine-based treatment using Xuan Bai Cheng Qi Tang on the concentration of trace elements in the main organs of COPD rats

Objective:To test two theories from traditional Chinese medicine:'exterior -interior relationship between the lung and large intestine' and 'treating from the intestine principle for lung disorders'.The influence of intestine-based treatment using Xuan Bai Cheng Qi Tang (XBCQT) on the concentration of three trace elements-copper (Cu),zinc (Zn),and manganese (Mn)-was observed in the tissues of the lung,small intestine,large intestine,and stomach of rats suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods:Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided randomly and equally into five groups:control;model;Fei treatment (A);Chang treatment (B);and Fei-Chang treatment (C).A rat model of COPD was prepared by tracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide plus exposure to cigarette smoke.Treatments with medicinal herbs started day-22 of administration and exposure to cigarette smoke for 7 days.The control group and model group were administered physiologic (0.9%) saline solution via the stomach.After 7 days of intervention,the tissues of the lung,small intestine,large intestine,and stomach were removed.Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy was used to detect the levels of Cu,Zn,and Mn in those tissues.Results:Compared with the control group,the Cu concentration in the tissues of the small intestine,large intestine,and stomach increased significantly in the model group (P <.05);the Mn concentration in the tissues of the lung,large intestine,and stomach increased significantly in the model group (P <.05);the Zn concentration in the tissues of the lung and large intestine decreased significantly in the model group (P <.05).In comparison of the model group:the Cu concentration in the tissues of the lung and large intestine decreased significantly in the B group (P <.05);the Mn concentration in the tissues of the lung,small intestine,and large intestine decreased significantly in the B group (P <.05);the Zn concentration in the tissues of the lung,small intestine,and large intestine increased significantly in the B group (P <.05).For the A group versus C group comparison,the Zn concentration in the tissues of the small intestine and stomach increased significantly in the latter (P <.05).Conclusion:This study showed that 'treating from the intestine' using Xuan Bai Cheng Qi Tang and its modified formulae can regulate the concentration of trace elements in the main organs of COPD rats.This may be one of the mechanisms for intestine-based treatment for COPD.

A Novel Apprehension of the Primary Lung Meridian, Sinew Channel, Divergent Channel, Luo-Connecting Channel Acting as a Single Unit System to Serve Respiration Function Based on Modern Neurophysiology and Kinesiology

The TCM philosophy of a meridian and associated channels pertains to the specific function of one or more organs. We define the Lung Primary Meridian (LUM) together with the Lung Sinew (LUSC), Divergent (LUDC), Luo-connecting (LULCC) Channels as a system of routes plus some parts of the body (such as muscles) to fulfil respiration, as a main function under different situations. There is very limited information about the Lung associated channels in classical literature of TCM. With a clear focus on the function of respiration, we have carried out a detailed analysis of the biomedical consequence of stimulating the LUM, analysed the roles played by LUSC, LUDC, and LULCC. The updated LUM and LUDC include acupoints of other meridians, serving the same purpose of performing satisfactory respiration starting from checking the quality of the inflow through the nose. The LUSC includes the respiratory muscles (plus the associated connective tissues) extending to various parts of the body. The muscles of the limb (as part of the LUSC) embrace the nerves that provide routes for somatosensory reflexes and play the role of locomotion, providing voluntary respiration via the pectoralis muscles. The muscles of LUSC are bounded by stiff connective tissue layers, forming compartments, and are part of the pulley system for various body locomotions. Within a compartment, the interstitial fluid, blood, lymph flows must be potent to protect the associated nerves related to LUM;the healthy state of the LUSC also provides freedom of various types of locomotion. The LULCC exists because the vagus nerve has a part of it passing through the spinal cords all the way down to the sacrum domain, with exiting nerve innervating two-third of the large intestine. The crucial steps of our deductions are supported by experimental evidence based on modern neurophysiology and kinesiology. We discover that all the four channels stated above work as a unit system to allow respiration to be possible under various postures/conditions. The complexity of structures and processes is eased off by providing 29 figures and 13 tables for the relevant muscles and nerves. In addition to respiration, the Lung system in TCM context includes interaction of this system with the sweat gland and neuroendocrine system;such aspects will be left to another study.

基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论和“整体观念”探讨慢性肺系病合并功能性便秘的诊治思路

慢性肺系病和功能性便秘均是临床常见的难治性疾病,且易合并出现。对二者分别进行干预是现代医学的常规治疗模式,但疗效及安全性均不能令人满意。课题组在临床实践中发现,中医药治疗慢性肺系病合并功能性便秘具有独特的优势。笔者在中医“肺与大肠相表里”理论和“整体观念”指导下,提出慢性肺系疾病合并功能性便秘的病机涉及肺失宣肃致腑气不通、大肠传导失司致肺气上逆、脾失健运、肾精亏损、气血两虚、久病瘀滞等方面,治疗当以“肺肠合治”为总则,辅以健脾益肾、补气养血以扶本虚,行气化瘀以祛实邪,并据此整理临床常用方药,系统总结了本病的中医诊治思路。

中医学对肠道菌群与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的理论认识

近年来,非酒精性脂肪性肝病全球流行率逐年升高,但发病机制至今尚未明确。中医学将非酒精性脂肪性肝病归属于“臌胀”“肝癖”“痰浊”“积聚”等,认为肝体用失调、脾肾亏虚是本病主要特点,痰、湿、浊、瘀、热为本病主要病理因素。随着对肠道菌群研究的不断深入,肠道菌群及其代谢产物有改善胰岛素抵抗、减少氧化应激、调节脂质代谢和调节免疫等多种作用,与肝脏功能及非酒精性脂肪性肝病之间的关系也受到广泛关注。许多研究揭示了肠-肝轴与非酒精性脂肪性肝病发生发展相关,饮食、抗生素、益生菌及益生元、粪菌移植、微生态制剂、噬菌体等干预措施均可以通过改变肠道菌群来缓解非酒精性脂肪性肝病。从现代医学对肠道菌群生理功能的研究中,我们发现现代医学“肠”的消化吸收、调节代谢、改善免疫等功能可属于中医“脾主运化”“脾主升清”功能的范畴。文章从中医“肝脾相关”“肝与大肠相通”“肝从左升,肺从右降,肺与大肠相表里”等理论视角出发,就中医学对肠道菌群与非酒精性脂肪性肝病关系的认识及相关治疗作一综述,阐述中医学治疗本病的理论基础,结合现代医学理念,以期为非酒精性脂肪性肝病的中医治疗提供新思路、新方法。

基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论探讨肠屏障损伤与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的关系

在中西医不同的理论里,肺与大肠均存在密切的联系,在西医的理论里,肺与大肠在分化发育、生理病理、功能协作、物质联系上有结构、功能、菌群基础作为支撑依据,而这种联系与中医经典《黄帝内经》中所讲“肺与大肠相表里”不谋而合,在中医的“肺与大肠相表里”理论里肺与大肠通过经脉相络属,生理相协调以达到相互联系的目的,在汗牛充栋的历代医案中,也不乏肺病从肠论治,肠病从肺论治的治疗策略,现代医学研究发现,肠屏障的损伤与慢性阻塞性肺疾病之间可相互影响彼此的疾病病理发展进程,其中微生物屏障(主要为肠道菌群)可能是将肺与大肠进行动态联系的重要活性基础,其调节方式主要通过肠道菌群代谢产物实现,如维生素、短链脂肪酸等,因此维持肠道菌群的动态平衡及修复受损的肠屏障可能成为慢性阻塞性肺疾病的一种潜在治疗策略。文章通过系统归纳总结梳理了目前国内外学者对于肺与大肠在肠屏障损伤与慢性阻塞性肺疾病之间的潜在联系及最新的研究进展,综述了有关于肺与大肠在分化发育、生理病理、功能协作及物质联系之间的相互关系,阐释肠屏障损伤与慢性阻塞性肺疾病之间相互影响的联系,以期对该理论有进一步的认识并为临床上对肺肠疾病的治疗提供新思路。

A Comparative Study of The Regular Pattern of Syndrome and Treatment of Lung-intestine Related Diseases in Ancient and Modern Medical Cases Based on Data Mining

Objective: To analyze the similarities and differences of the applications of "the lung and large intestine being interior-exteriorly related"between the ancient and modern clinical practices, and to reveal the theory meaning.Method: Based on the ancient and modern medical cases database, 245 ancient medical records and 373 modern medical records were studied with the general statistical description and analysis of association rules, and the results were compared to summarize the similarities and differences of the regular pattern of syndrome and treatment on lung-large intestine related diseases in ancient and modern medical records.Results: In modern medical cases, intestinal diseases appeared with the main symptom of constipation due to deficiency of lung qi and qi stagnation of large intestine were always treated by purgation together with replenishing and restoring lung qi. In ancient medical cases, large intestine heat was always caused by lung heat and a variety of diarrhea symptoms appeared. They were always treated by clearing heat and moistening lungs. In addition, the symptom of bound stool caused by qi stagnation of large intestine due to lung qi stagnation was always treated by lowering lung qi to regulate and smooth large intestine qi. And Armeniae Amarum Semen was used by both as a core medicinal herb.Conclusion: Ascending-descending of qi movement is the core of the lung and large intestine relationship. In other words, the lung and the large intestine communicate through qi.

肠道菌群与儿童呼吸系统疾病

近年来,随着呼吸系统疾病与肠道菌群相关性研究的增多,中医“肺与大肠相表里”理论和现代医学“肺-肠”轴概念逐渐受到国内外学者的重视。对感染性肺炎、哮喘、过敏性鼻炎等儿童呼吸系统常见病与肠道菌群的相互影响进行了归纳总结,并结合中医药诊治理念及方法为中医理论“肺与大肠相表里”的科学阐释提供参考。

调补肺肾三法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期大鼠肺与肠道炎症指标的影响

目的探讨调补肺肾三法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)稳定期大鼠肺与肠道IL-6、IL-33和IFN-γ的调控。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为空白(Control)组、COPD模型(Model)组、补肺健脾(Bufei Jianpi,BJ)组、补肺益肾(Bufei Yishen,BY)组、益气滋肾(Yiqi Zishen,ZS)组和氨茶碱(aminophylline,Am)组。第1-8周,采用香烟烟雾暴露联合脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)滴注法制备稳定期COPD大鼠模型,对应给予生理盐水、补肺健脾方、补肺益肾方、益气滋肾方、氨茶碱灌胃4周,于第13周灌胃周期结束后取材。光镜下观察肺与结肠组织形态学改变,采用免疫组化法(IHC)对肺与结肠组织中白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6、IL-33、干扰素(interferon,IFN)-γ蛋白进行定位与半定量观察。结果与Control组相比,Model组大鼠不仅支气管周围与肺泡腔出现大量炎症细胞及炎性渗出,结肠黏膜也出现了大量炎症细胞浸润,肺和结肠IL-6、IL-33和IFN-γ水平明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);与Model组相比,各治疗组不仅支气管和肺泡炎症细胞浸润减少,而且结肠黏膜炎症细胞也出现减少,肺与结肠中IL-33和IFN-γ、结肠IL-6水平均明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),BY、ZS、Am组肺IL-6水平显著降低(P<0.01)。肺IL-6与结肠IL-6水平呈正相关,肺IL-33与结肠IL-33水平呈正相关,肺IFN-γ和结肠IFN-γ水平呈正相关。结论调补肺肾三法均可以改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期大鼠肠道功能障碍,其机制可能与抑制肺与结肠中IL-6、IL-33和IFN-γ的释放,降低肺与肠道炎症反应有关。

基于“肺合大肠”理论探讨针灸调控肠道菌群治疗呼吸系统疾病

“肺合大肠”理论起源于《黄帝内经》,阐述了肺与大肠在病理上相互影响、生理上相互作用和经络上相互络属的表里关系。近年来,研究发现肠道菌群发生紊乱时,会出现多种炎性反应,免疫系统遭到抑制,出现肺部疾患。针灸可通过调控肠道菌群对呼吸系统疾病发挥效应。本研究结合中医理论及现代实验研究,基于肺合大肠理论与呼吸系统疾病和肠道菌群的对应关系探讨针灸调控肠道菌群治疗呼吸系统疾病的可行性以及针灸通过调控肠道菌群治疗呼吸系统疾病的作用机制,以期为临床治疗呼吸系统疾病提供新的中医诊疗思路。

基于“肺与大肠相表里”探讨“肺病治肠”与肠道微生物的关系

在肠道微生态学进一步发展的背景下,发现中医“肺与大肠相表里”与肠道微生物在肺病治肠上有一定的关联性。中医认为,肺主宣发肃降,大肠传化糟粕,两者功能相辅相成,气机升降有序,能使卫气布达周身肌表,五脏安定。现代研究发现肺与大肠相表里的关系主要体现在组织来源、黏膜免疫、神经内分泌与肠道微生物等方面。从“肺病治肠”角度出发,治疗肺病与调节肠道微生物的菌群结构、代谢产物等关系密切,故以“肺与大肠相表里”为框架,研究分析“肺病治肠”与肠道微生物的关系,为“肺病治肠”的临床治疗提供新思路。

调控免疫:从肺论治炎症性肠病的新思路

炎症性肠病(Inflammatory Bowel Disease,IBD)是一种慢性非特异性肠炎性疾病,包括溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative Colitis,UC)和克罗恩病,它以反复发作的腹痛、腹泻及黏液脓血便为主要症状。目前医学界认为其发病原因可能与遗传、环境和肠道黏膜对肠道内细菌的免疫失调等因素有关,免疫因素可能是占主导的发病因素。中医学认为肺与肠在生理、病理上密切相关,古代医家提出“肺与大肠相表里”的理论,认为很多大肠病证可以从肺论治,为从肺论治IBD提供了中医理论依据。IBD在中医学中属于“泄泻”“肠澼”“痢疾”等疾病范畴。病机多以脾胃虚弱为本,病位虽在大肠,但亦与其他脏腑,如脾、肺、肾等密切相关。根据“肺与大肠相表里”理论化生出从肺论治IBD的方法,临床治疗取得了显著疗效。同时,国内外现代医学研究也证实了肺与大肠在免疫学功能上存在诸多联系,并有研究表明从肺论治IBD可以获得显著的疗效,为未来深入挖掘肺与肠之间的免疫学联系和交流,以及对于IBD的治疗,都提供了新思路与新途径。

基于“肺与大肠相表里”从肺论治溃疡性结肠炎思路探析

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种病因尚未明确的炎症性肠病,患病率日益升高,其除以反复发作性腹泻、腹痛、黏液脓血便为主症外,亦可病损及肺导致肺损害。西医治疗UC尚无特效疗法,且副作用明显,疗效欠佳,而中医认为“肺与大肠相表里”,从肺论治UC可作为一种新思路。故本文基于“肺与大肠相表里”理论,探讨中医及现代医学对“肺与大肠相表里”的认识,其中主要分析肺与大肠在生理、病理、治疗方面的联系,从神经递质、蛋白表达、微生态、血液指标方面探讨UC与肺损害的发病机制。本文认为肺脾气虚、肺肠湿热为UC的主要病机,应以补肺健脾、清热化湿作为治疗大法,旨在为UC的中医治疗提供新思路。

Analysis on clinically drug-used law for lung-intestine related diseases

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the application laws of clinical drugs by descriptive statistical method with the clinical literatures guided by "lung being connected with large intestine" used as the object.METHODS:Retrievepubliclypublishedclinicalliteratures about "lung being connected with large intestine"inrecent30years,establishthedatabaseofclinical literature,and study on the clinically drug-used lawsbydescriptivestatisticalanalyticmethod.RESULTS:The common high frequent drugs used for the lung-intestine related diseases were Gualou(Ructus Trichsanthis),Dahuang(Radix et Rhizoma),Kuxingren(Semen Armeniacae Amarum),Gancao(Radix Glycyrrhizae),Houpu(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis),Zhishi(Fructus Aurantii Immaturus).For the different clinical syndrome types,in the commonly used drugs there were different characteristics,reflecting the principle of TCM syndrome differentiation treatment.CONCLUSION:The common high frequent drugs used for the lung-intestine related diseases are Gualou(Fructus Trichsanthis),Dahuang(Radix et Rhizoma),Kuxingren(Semen Armeniacae Amarum),Gancao(Radix Glycyrrhizae),Houpu(Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis),Zhishi(Fructus Aurantii Immaturus),which are commonly-used drugs for the lung-intestine related diseases,with differences for different syndrome types.

从溃疡性结肠炎大鼠呼吸道与肠道微生态同步动态变化探讨“肺与大肠相表里”

目的:观察溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative Colitis,UC)大鼠在"肠病及肺"过程中呼吸道和肠道微生态的同步动态变化情况,探讨中医"肺与大肠相表里"理论的微生态机制。方法:以三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)-乙醇相结合的方法诱导实验性大鼠UC模型,分别在造模后第8天、第29天和第50天三个时间点对呼吸道和肠道的需氧菌总数、厌氧菌总数、肠杆菌、肠球菌、葡萄球菌、产气荚膜梭菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌进行同步检测。结果:UC大鼠出现肠道菌群失调,益生菌数量减少,条件致病菌数量增多。其呼吸道部分菌群同步出现相关变化。造模后第8天,需氧菌总数和葡萄球菌在呼吸道和肠道同步增多,厌氧菌总数和肠杆菌在肠道增多而在呼吸道减少。造模后第29天,需氧菌总数和葡萄球菌在呼吸道和肠道同步减少,厌氧菌总数和肠杆菌在肠道减少而在呼吸道增多;造模后第50天,呼吸道和肠道的需氧菌总数、厌氧菌总数和葡萄球菌在呼吸道和肠道同步增多。结论:肠病大鼠可出现呼吸道菌群的改变,在"肠病及肺"病理传变过程中,肠病大鼠呼吸道和肠道的部分菌群出现同步增多或减少的相关性变化,提示微生态菌群的变化可能是"肠病及肺"的机制和表现形式之一。

从《伤寒论》看肺肠相关

《伤寒论》中虽未明确指出肺与大肠相表里的脏腑关系,但在太阳病与阳明病的论述之中,却对其进行了具体地描述和运用。现从气机升降相因与病气上下相传两方面对《伤寒论》条文中肺病及肠,肠病及肺的体现和运用进行分析。冀于加深和促进对肺肠关系的理解及临床运用。

基于“肺与大肠相表里”探讨调节肠道菌群干预慢性阻塞性肺疾病

"肺与大肠相表里"起源于《黄帝内经》,是中医学中脏腑相关理论的重要组成部分,体现了人体脏腑之间相互影响、相互作用的关系。结合现代医学对慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发病机制研究及肠道菌群在内环境的作用机理,中医从整体出发,通过对肠道菌群的调节,达到微生态平衡,使机体保持一个良好的内环境。作者通过研究近年的相关文献,研究结论旨为中医药治疗与微生态学的发展及"肺与大肠相表里"相关理论的研究提供了一个新的研究方向。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期便秘症状发生及相关性调查

目的通过了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期(AECOPD)患者在住院7 d期间便秘症状的发生情况与特点,进而提出治疗方案。方法采用前瞻性横断面调查研究方法,对150例AECOPD患者进行问卷调查,了解患者在急性期的7 d治疗中便秘症状发生人数、临床表现特点与急性期"咳、喘、痰"3个主要症状积分变化的相关性。结果 147例患者完成调查,66例患者既往有便秘病史,101例患者在7 d的治疗过程中均发生便秘症状,其中44例7 d解便少于2次,57例解便困难,排便不尽,每日多次解便等。仅42例患者治疗过程中提出便秘的问题,但99例患者在每日查房中提出了腹胀不适,腹胀不适症状与便秘发生具有正相关性(P<0.05);采用西医规范化治疗能快速缓解"咳、喘、痰"3项症状积分(P<0.05),但症状的缓解未发现与便秘有明确相关性(P>0.05)。结论 COPD患者在急性期治疗期间,对改善患者腹胀便秘症状关注不够,在未来的治疗中应考虑"通腑利肠"治法,以缓解患者腹胀便秘的症状,提高患者的生活质量。

基于便秘模型小鼠相关差异蛋白表达探讨中医“肺与大肠相表里”理论

【目的】从"肠病及肺"角度,研究便秘模型小鼠肺组织差异表达蛋白质,寻找肺与大肠的病理联系,为阐明中医"肺与大肠相表里"理论实质提供物质基础。【方法】运用蛋白质组学技术,对正常对照组和便秘模型组小鼠肺组织总蛋白质进行双向凝胶电泳(2-DE),选择差异蛋白质斑点,进行基质辅助激光解吸电离—串联飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/TOF)分析和生物信息学分析。【结果】筛选出3个差异表达蛋白质点,其中细胞色素c氧化酶亚基5A(COX5A)、过氧化物氧化还原酶2(Prdx-2)蛋白在便秘组表达下调,肌球蛋白调节轻链2(MLC-2)蛋白表达上调。【结论】便秘小鼠"肠病及肺"的机制可能与肺细胞发生氧化应激损伤有关。

基于咳嗽模型小鼠相关差异蛋白表达探讨中医“肺与大肠相表里”研究

【目的】研究与分析"肺病及肠"——咳嗽模型小鼠结肠组织差异表达蛋白质,探讨肺与大肠病理上的相关性,以进一步提供中医"肺与大肠相表里"的物质基础。【方法】运用蛋白质组学技术,对正常对照组和咳嗽模型组小鼠结肠组织总蛋白质进行差异双向电泳(2D-DIGE),选择差异表达蛋白质斑点,进行MALDI-TOF/TOF质谱分析和生物信息学分析。【结果】筛选取出5个差异表达蛋白点,其中3个蛋白点在咳嗽组表达下调,2个蛋白点表达上调。经鉴定分别为肌动蛋白、血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶IBβ亚基、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1、5’(3’)-脱氧核糖核苷酸酶、过氧化物氧化还原化酶-6(Prdx-6)。【结论】肺病及肠咳嗽模型小鼠大肠组织可能存在氧化应激,Prdx-6基因或蛋白可能是肺与大肠之间沟通的"信号"。

基于肺与大肠相表里理论探讨炎症性肠病与肠易激综合征患者肺功能改变的差异

目的通过比较炎症性肠病(IBD)患者、腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS)患者、健康人群肺功能指标及肺部表现的差异,总结IBD患者肺支气管病损的发病规律,寻找中医"肺与大肠相表里"的临床依据。方法选取符合纳入标准的IBD患者219例(IBD组),其中溃疡性结肠炎(UC)183例,克罗恩病(CD)36例。腹泻型IBS患者30例(IBS组),同时选择20例健康志愿者作为对照组。采集一般资料和肺部症状,检测血清肝肾功能,并行胸部X线及肺功能检查。结果 IBD组患者中,肺功能异常占71.2%,胸片异常占19.6%,咳嗽、气短等肺部症状占18.7%,复发性口腔溃疡等其他除肺以外的肠外表现占30.1%;IBS组患者中,肺功能异常占33.3%,肺部症状占3.3%;对照组肺功能异常占20%,无肺部伴随症状。CD患者肺活量(VC)、一秒率(FEV 1.0%)、最大中期呼气流速(MMEF)、75%肺活量时的最大呼气流速(FEF 75%)、一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)及肺总量(TLC)指数较腹泻型IBS患者及健康志愿者明显下降;UC患者FEV 1.0%、FEF 75%、MMEF及DLCO指数较腹泻型IBS患者及健康志愿者明显下降。结论与腹泻型IBS患者及健康志愿者相比,IBD患者更容易出现肺功能异常。CD患者肺功能损害以阻塞型通气障碍和限制型通气障碍为主。UC患者的肺功能损害表现为阻塞型或混合型通气障碍。IBD患者的肺部损害远远高于其他肠外表现,从而证明了肺与大肠间病损的特异性。