Dynamics of information diffusion and disease transmission in time-varying multiplex networks with asymmetric activity levels

While the interaction between information and disease in static networks has been extensively investigated,many studies have ignored the characteristics of network evolution.In this study,we construct a new two-layer coupling model to explore the interactions between information and disease.The upper layer describes the diffusion of disease-related information,and the lower layer represents the disease transmission.We then use power-law distributions to examine the influence of asymmetric activity levels on dynamic propagation,revealing a mapping relationship characterizing the interconnected propagation of information and diseases among partial nodes within the network.Subsequently,we derive the disease outbreak threshold by using the microscopic Markov-chain approach(MMCA).Finally,we perform extensive Monte Carlo(MC)numerical simulations to verify the accuracy of our theoretical results.Our findings indicate that the activity levels of individuals in the disease transmission layer have a more significant influence on disease transmission compared with the individual activity levels in the information diffusion layer.Moreover,reducing the damping factor can delay disease outbreaks and suppress disease transmission,while improving individual quarantine measures can contribute positively to disease control.This study provides valuable insights into policymakers for developing outbreak prevention and control strategies.

Studying the co-evolution of information diffusion,vaccination behavior and disease transmission in multilayer networks with local and global effects

Today,with the rapid development of the internet,a large amount of information often accompanies the rapid transmission of disease outbreaks,and increasing numbers of scholars are studying the relationship between information and the disease transmission process using complex networks.In fact,the disease transmission process is very complex.Besides this information,there will often be individual behavioral measures and other factors to consider.Most of the previous research has aimed to establish a two-layer network model to consider the impact of information on the transmission process of disease,rarely divided into information and behavior,respectively.To carry out a more in-depth analysis of the disease transmission process and the intrinsic influencing mechanism,this paper divides information and behavior into two layers and proposes the establishment of a complex network to study the dynamic co-evolution of information diffusion,vaccination behavior,and disease transmission.This is achieved by considering four influential relationships between adjacent layers in multilayer networks.In the information layer,the diffusion process of negative information is described,and the feedback effects of local and global vaccination are considered.In the behavioral layer,an individual's vaccination behavior is described,and the probability of an individual receiving a vaccination is influenced by two factors:the influence of negative information,and the influence of local and global disease severity.In the disease layer,individual susceptibility is considered to be influenced by vaccination behavior.The state transition equations are derived using the micro Markov chain approach(MMCA),and disease prevalence thresholds are obtained.It is demonstrated through simulation experiments that the negative information diffusion is less influenced by local vaccination behavior,and is mainly influenced by global vaccination behavior;vaccination behavior is mainly influenced by local disease conditions,and is less influenced by global disease conditions;the disease transmission threshold increases with the increasing vaccination rate;and the scale of disease transmission increases with the increasing negative information diffusion rate and decreases with the increasing vaccination rate.Finally,it is found that when individual vaccination behavior considers both the influence of negative information and disease,it can increase the disease transmission threshold and reduce the scale of disease transmission.Therefore,we should resist the diffusion of negative information,increase vaccination proportions,and take appropriate protective measures in time.

Exploring the impact of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and antiviral interventions to reduce vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a major public health burden.In HBV endemic regions,high prevalence is also correlated with the infections acquired in infancy through perinatal transmission or early childhood exposure to HBV,the socalled mother-to-child transmission(MTCT).Children who are infected with HBV at a young age are at higher risk of developing chronic HBV infection than those infected as adults,which may lead to worse clinical outcome.To reduce the incidence of HBV MTCT,several interventions for the infants or the mothers,or both,are already carried out.This review explores the newest information and approaches available in literature regarding HBV MTCT prevalence and its challenges,especially in high HBV endemic countries.This covers HBV screening in pregnant women,prenatal intervention,infant immunoprophylaxis,and postvaccination serological testing for children.

Global dynamics behaviors for new delay SEIR epidemic disease model with vertical transmission and pulse vaccination

A robust SEIR epidemic disease model with a profitless delay and vertical transmission is formulated, and the dynamics behaviors of the model under pulse vaccination are analyzed. By use of the discrete dynamical system determined by the stroboscopic map, an ‘infection-free＇ periodic solution is obtained, further, it is shown that the ‘infection-free＇ periodic solution is globally attractive when some parameters of the model are under appropriate conditions. Using the theory on delay functional and impulsive differential equation, the sufficient condition with time delay for the permanence of the system is obtained, and it is proved that time delays, pulse vaccination and vertical transmission can bring obvious effects on the dynamics behaviors of the model. The results indicate that the delay is ‘profitless’.

Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HBV infection

AIM:To evaluate the effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)use during late pregnancy to reduce hepatitis B virus(HBV)transmission in highly viremic mothers.METHODS:This retrospective study included 45 pregnant patients with hepatitis B e antigen(+)chronic hepatitis B and HBV DNA levels>107copies/mL who received TDF 300 mg/d from week 18 to 27 of gestation(n=21).Untreated pregnant patients served as controls(n =24).All infants received 200 IU of hepatitis B immune globulin(HBIG)within 24 h postpartum and 20μg of recombinant HBV vaccine at 4,8,and 24 wk.Perinatal transmission rate was determined by hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV DNA results in infants at week 28.RESULTS:At week 28,none of the infants of TDFtreated mothers had immunoprophylaxis failure,whereas2(8.3%)of the infants of control mothers had immunoprophylaxis failure(P=0.022).There were no differences between the groups in terms of adverse events in mothers or congenital deformities,gestational age,height,or weight in infants.At postpartum week 28,significantly more TDF-treated mothers had levels of HBV DNA<250 copies/mL and normalized alanine aminotransferase compared with controls(62%vs none,P<0.001;82%vs 61%,P=0.012,respectively).CONCLUSION:TDF therapy during the second or third trimester reduced perinatal transmission rates of HBV and no adverse events were observed in mothers or infants.

Prevention of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus infection

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is the leading cause of chronic viral hepatitis.Annually,almost two million children younger than 5 years acquire the infection,mostly through vertical or horizontal transmission in early life.Vertical transmission of HBV is a high efficacy phenomenon ranging,in the absence of any preventive interventions,from 70%to 90%for hepatitis e antigen positive mothers and from 10%to 40%for hepatitis e antigen-negative mothers.Maternal viraemia is a preeminent risk factor for vertical transmission of HBV.Maternal screening is the first step to prevent vertical transmission of HBV.Hepatitis B passive and active immunoprophylaxis at birth together with antiviral treatment of highly viraemic mothers are the key strategies for global elimination of HBV infection.Strategies are needed to promote implementation of birth-dose vaccination and hepatitis B immunoglobulins in low-and middle-income countries where the prevalence of the infection is at the highest.

Asymptomatic Genital Infection of Human Papillomavirus in Pregnant Women and the Vertical Transmission Route

To further investigate the vertical transmission route of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the indication for the choice of mode of delivery, the infective status of 152 asymptomatic pregnant wemen and the maternal-fetal transmission were studied. By using general primers in polymerase chain reaction (GP-PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, HPV DNA positive rate in cervical secretions and venous blood in asymptomatic pregnant women was 36.21 % and 52.78 %, respectively, and the identified genotypes were mainly HPV_16 and _18. The maternal-fetal transmission rate of HPV via genital tract as well as blood was 40.91 % and 57.89 %, respectively. It was concluded that besides the transmission route of genital tract and amniotic fluid, there was also transplacental transmission of HPV in utero. Therefore,in our opinion, it is not an absolut indication to perform a cesarean delivery for the pregnant women with HPV asymtomatic genital infection.

Blocking Effects of Spleen Vaccine on Vertical Transmission of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Sows

[ Objective] To investigate the blocking effects of spleen vaccine on vertical transmission of classical swine fever virus （CSFV） in sows. [ Method] Sows infected by CSFV were selected from three large-scale pig farms and they were randomly divided into group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and control group. The sows in the group Ⅰ were vaccinated with CSF spleen vaccine at a 1.5 times normal dose per pig; those in the group Ⅱ were vaccinated with CSF spleen vaccine at a 2.0 times normal dose per pig; and those in the control group were vaccinated with cell vaccine at a 4.0 times normal- dose per pig. The CSF antigens of piglets were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. [ Result] The antigen positive rate of piglets in the experimental group （18.5%） was significantly lower than that in the control group （48.1% ）. No significant difference was found be- tween the group Ⅰ and the group Ⅱ. [ Condmion] CSF spleen vaccine has good blocking effects on vertical transmission of CSFV in sows.

Stability Analysis of a Delayed HIV/AIDS Epidemic Model with Treatment and Vertical Transmission

A delayed HIV/AIDS epidemic model with treatment and vertical transmission is investigated. The model allows some infected individuals to move from the symptomatic phase to the asymptomatic phase;next generation of infected individuals may be infected and it will take them some time to get maturity and infect others. Mathematical analysis shows that the global dynamics of the spread of the HIV/AIDS are completely determined by the basic reproduction number R0 for our model. If R0 R0 > 1.

The Dynamic Behavior of a Discrete Vertical and Horizontal Transmitted Disease Model under Constant Vaccination

In this paper, a class of discrete vertical and horizontal transmitted disease model under constant vaccination is researched. Under the hypothesis of population being constant size, the model is transformed into a planar map and its equilibrium points and the corresponding eigenvalues are solved out. By discussing the influence of coefficient parameters on the eigenvalues, the hyperbolicity of equilibrium points is determined. By getting the equations of flows on center manifold, the direction and stability of the transcritical bifurcation and flip bifurcation are discussed.

Overview of Studies on Vertical Price Transmission of Agro-products

Research on price transmission in vertically markets models the various price data, production index, consumer index and expectations index to proof market integration relations and estimate price transmission cycles, as well as to find out its function mechanism. Thanks to the development of market integration theory, research in this field explored well-rounded metric models. And the main research results are very closely to. To build up systematic models to input more variables based on demand and supply function, and remove the assumption of constant returns to scale of enterprises involving marketing and fully competitive market would be the development direction in this field. In this way, models draw close to the truth of economic operations.

Mathematical analysis of drug resistance in vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS

A nonlinear mathematical model of vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS is proposed to study the effects of drug resistance in the spread of the disease. The study assumes that treatment leads to the evolution of drug resistance in some pockets of the population. We use traditional methods to determine conditions for existence and stability of disease-free and endemic equilibrium points of the model. The study showed that the burden of the disease may be reduced if the reproduction number is reduced below unity and may persist if the reproduction number is raised above unity. Furthermore, evolution of drug resistance due to treatment may change the cause of the epidemic.

Global stability for delay SIR epidemic model with vertical transmission

A SIR epidemic model with delay, saturated contact rate and vertical transmission is considered. The basic reproduction number is calculated. It is shown that this number characterizes the disease transmission dynamics: if, there only exists the disease-free equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable;if, there is a unique endemic equilibrium and the disease persists, sufficient cond- itions are obtained for the global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium.

Qualitative Detection of Proviral-DNA of HIV-1 in Infants to Determine the Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy in the Prevention of Vertical Transmission of HIV-1 in The Gambia

The priority of The Gambia government is to eliminate maternal to child transmission of HIV and in line with this priority, the country implemented an antiretroviral therapy (ART) program. With this, all HIV infected pregnant and breastfeeding mothers and infants have access to ARV drugs. This study aims to determine the prevalence of vertical transmission of HIV among women receiving the ARV drugs. Dried blood spot samples were collected from 109 HIV-exposed infants enrolled in 13 PMTCT sites across the country. A qualitative detection of proviral-DNA of HIV-1 was performed using the RealTime Abbott PCR assay. Data from 105 mothers were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and association of risk factors to PCR results were analyzed using (Crosstabs) Pearson Chi-Square. The p-value of significant was set at p < 0.05. This study has found that the prevalence of vertical transmission of HIV is 0.0% (0/64) among women that received the ARV prophylaxis then started ART, 7.1% (2/28) among mothers that received HIV prophylaxis only, and 38.4% (5/13) among women who neither receive HIV-prophylaxis nor ART during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Other risk factors of vertical transmission such as late initiation of treatment, default during treatment and first born of twins were found to be significantly associated with vertical transmission p = 0.001, p = 0.022 and p = 0.000 respectively. This study has found that the early intervention of ART at the onset of pregnancy through breastfeeding can eliminates Maternal to Child transmission of HIV-1and a high risk of vertical transmission was found among women who neither receive prophylaxis nor ART. If the effectiveness of the antiretroviral therapy is maintain, The Gambia, in the near future will attain the WHO’s goal to eliminate maternal to child transmission of HIV.

Management and Outcome of Pregnant Women with HIV Acquired by Vertical Transmission

The majority of children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) do not survive beyond childhood but this is changing due to the benefit of antiretroviral therapy for the perinatally infected cohort, so affected children are now approaching the age to be mothers. The aim of this article is to evaluate the outcomes of pregnant women with HIV acquired by vertical transmission in our centre and encourage the results obtained in “Thirty Years Later: Pregnancies in Female Perinatally Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1”, a review article published in this journal in 2012 [2]. We report 6 patients with eight pregnancies with HIV acquired by vertical transmission. They delivered a total of nine newborns between 2004 and 2013. In any case, mother-to-child transmission was reported. The management of pregnant women with HIV acquired by vertical transmission is complicated, since the patients are the most of the cases young and the compliance to the treatment may be poor. The prematurity was the more frequent complication and the cesarean section was the more frequent form of ending. In our case series, mother-to-child transmission was absent.

Prediction of Disease Transmission Risk in Universities Based on SEIR and Multi-hidden Layer Back-propagation Neural Network Model

Against the background of regular epidemic prevention and control,in order to ensure the return of teachers to work,students to return to school and safe operation of schools,the risk of disease transmission is analyzed in key areas such as university canoons,auditoriums,teaching buildings and dormitories.The risk model of epidemic transmission in key regions of universities is established based on the improved SEIR model,considering the four groups of people,namely susceptible,latent,infected and displaced,and their mutual transformation relationship.After feature post-processing,the selected feature parameters are processed with monotone non-decreasing and smoothing,and used as noise-free samples of stacked sparse denoising automatic coding network to train the network.Then,the feature vectors after dimensionality reduction of the stacked sparse denoising automatic coding network are used as the input of the multi-hidden layer back-propagation neural network,and these features are used as tags to carry out fitting training for the network.The results show that the implementation of control measures can reduce the number of contacts between infected people and susceptible people,reduce the transmission rate of single contact,and reduce the peak number of infected people and latent people by 61%and 72%respectively,effectively controlling the disease spread in key regions of universities.Our method is able to accurately predict the number of infections.

Comparison of clinical outcomes and postoperative recovery between two open heart surgeries:minimally invasive right subaxillary vertical thoracomy and traditional median sternotomy

Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive right subaxillary vertical thoracotomy and traditional median stemotomy through right atrium in treatment of common congenital heart diseases. Methods: Clinical data of 59 cases of common congenital heart diseases treated with minimally invasive right axillary vertical thoracotomy from May, 2011 to February, 2013 and 77 cases of same diseases with traditional median stemotomy in the past three years were retrospectively analyzed, including atrial septal defect, membranous ventricular septal defect and partial endocardial cushion defect. The results were compared from the two groups, including the time for operation and cardiopulmonary bypass, amount of blood transfusion, postoperative drainage, ventilation time, hospital stay, and prognosis. Results: No severe complications happened in both groups, like deaths or secondary surgery caused by bleeding. No significant differences were in CPB time and postoperative ventilator time between groups (P>0.05), while for all of the operative time, the length of incision, postoperative drainage and hospital stay, minimally invasive right axillary vertical thoracotomy was superior to median stemotomy, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). In six month followup after operation, no complications of residual deformity and pericardial effusion were found in both groups by doing echocardiography, but mild pectus carinatum was found in 8 patients in the traditional median sternotomy group (traditional group), whereas patients in another group were well recovered. Conclusions: Minimally invasive right subaxillary vertical thoracotomy for common congenital heart diseases is as safe as traditional median stemotomy, without the increasing incidence of postoperative complications. Additionally, compared with traditional median stemotomy, minimally - invasive right subaxillary vertical thoracotomy is better in the aspects of hidden incision, appearance, and postoperative recovery.

Transmission Dynamics and Optimal Control Strategies of a Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease Model with Treatment and Vaccination Interventions

In this article, the transmission dynamics of a Hand-Foot-Mouth disease model with treatment and vaccination interventions are studied. We calculated the basic reproduction number and proved the global stability of disease-free equilibrium when R0 R0 > 1. Meanwhile, we obtained the optimal control strategies minimizing the cost of intervention and minimizing the infected person. We also give some numerical simulations to verify our theoretical results.

Oblique Wave Motion over Multiple Submerged Porous Bars near a Vertical Wall

This study examines oblique wave motion over multiple submerged porous bars in front of a vertical wall. Based on linear potential theory, an analytical solution for the present problem is developed using matched eigenfunction expansions. A complex dispersion relation is adopted to describe the wave elevation and energy dissipation over submerged porous bars. In the analytical solution, no limitations on the bar number, bar size, and spacing between adjacent bars are set. The convergence of the analytical solution is satisfactory, and the correctness of the analytical solution is confirmed by an independently developed multi-domain BEM （boundary element method） solution. Numerical examples are presented to examine the reflection and transmission coefficients of porous bars, CR and Cv, respectively, for engineering applications. The calculation results show that when the sum of widths for all the porous bars is fixed, increasing the bar number can significantly improve the sheltering function of the bars. Increasing the bar height can cause more wave energy dissipation and lower CR and Cr. The spacing between adjacent bars and the spacing between the last bar and the vertical wall are the key parameters affecting CR and Ct. The proposed analytical method may be used to analyze the hydrodynamic performance of submerged porous bars in preliminary engineering designs.

Water Wave Scattering by an Elastic Thin Vertical Plate Submerged in Finite Depth Water

The problem of water wave scattering by a thin vertical elastic plate submerged in uniform finite depth water is investigated here.The boundary condition on the elastic plate is derived from the Bernoulli-Euler equation of motion satisfied by the plate.Using the Green’s function technique,from this boundary condition,the normal velocity of the plate is expressed in terms of the difference between the velocity potentials(unknown)across the plate.The two ends of the plate are either clamped or free.The reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained in terms of the integrals’involving combinations of the unknown velocity potential on the two sides of the plate,which satisfy three simultaneous integral equations and are solved numerically.These coefficients are computed numerically for various values of different parameters and depicted graphically against the wave number in a number of figures.