The current voltage (IV) characteristics are greatly influenced by the dispersion effects in A1GaN/CaN high electron mobility transistors. The direct current (DC) IV and pulsed IV measurements are performed to giv...The current voltage (IV) characteristics are greatly influenced by the dispersion effects in A1GaN/CaN high electron mobility transistors. The direct current (DC) IV and pulsed IV measurements are performed to give a deep investigation into the dispersion effects, which are mainly related to the trap and self-heating mechanisms. The results show that traps play an important role in the kink effects, and high stress can introduce more traps and defects in the device. With the help of the pulsed IV measurements, the trapping effects and self-heating effects can be separated. The impact of time constants on the dispersion effects is also discussed. In order to achieve an accurate static DC IV measurement, the steady state of the bias points must be considered carefully to avoid the dispersion effects.展开更多
Over Rh_4(CO)_(?z)-derived Rh/SiO_2 catalyst,atmospheric hydroformylation and hydro- genation of ethylene are suggested to be structure sensitive and structure insensitive,res- pectively.
New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion ...New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion with r 0 will increase depth of Ekman layer, reduce wind velocity in Ekman layer and produce a more satisfactory Ekman spiral lines fit the observed wind hodograph. The wind profile in the surface layer including tur-bulent dispersion is still logarithmic but the von Karman constant k is replaced by k1 = 1 -2/k, the wind increasesa little more rapidly with height.展开更多
The effects of amiodarone on transmural dispersion of ventricular effective refractory periods (ERPs) in the normal and hypertrophic canine heart were investigated in vivo. By using the programmed stimulation protoc...The effects of amiodarone on transmural dispersion of ventricular effective refractory periods (ERPs) in the normal and hypertrophic canine heart were investigated in vivo. By using the programmed stimulation protocol, the ERPs of epicardium (Epi), midmyocardium (Mid) and endocardium (Endo) were measured by inserting specially-designed electrodes into the three myocardial layers before and after mainlining of amiodarone. No significant ERPs-dispersion was observed in the three layers before and after mainlining of amiodarone in the normal group. In contrast, ERPs of all the three layers were prolonged in the hypertrophic heart, while the ERPs-dispersion was reduced significantly after mainlining of amiodarone. The ERPs-dispersion was significantly increased in the hypertrophic heart but not in the normal heart using "long-short" and "short-long" interval stimulation technique. It was concluded that (1) the differences in ERPs-dispersion among the three layers were significant in hypertrophic heart, and differences were not significant in normal canine heart; (2) ERPs of each three-myocardial layers were significantly prolonged after using amioda- rone, but the ERPs-dispersion decreased in hypertrophic heart and (3) the programmed extrastimulus technique of "long-short" and "short-long" intervals increased the transmural ERPs-dispersion in the hypertrophic heart.展开更多
The mechanism of the response motion of a suspended particle to turbulent motion of its surrounding fluid is different according to si:e of turbulent eddies. The particle is dragged by the viscous force of large eddie...The mechanism of the response motion of a suspended particle to turbulent motion of its surrounding fluid is different according to si:e of turbulent eddies. The particle is dragged by the viscous force of large eddies, and meanwhile driven randomly by small eddies. Based on this understanding, the dispersion of a particle with finite size in a homogeneous isotropic turbulence is calculated in this study. Results show that there are two competing effects: when enhanced by the inertia of a particle, the long-term particle diffusivity is reduced by the finite size of the particle.展开更多
Effect of the particle number density on the dispersion properties of longitudinal and transverse lattice waves in a two-dimensional Yukawa charged-dust system is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The ...Effect of the particle number density on the dispersion properties of longitudinal and transverse lattice waves in a two-dimensional Yukawa charged-dust system is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The dispersion relations for the waves are obtained. It is found that the frequencies of both the longitudinal and transverse dust waves increase with the density and when the density is sufficiently high a cutoff region appears at the short wavelength. With the increase of the particle number density, the common frequency tends to increase, and the sound speed of the longitudinal wave also increases, but that of the transverse wave remains low.展开更多
We have calculated the first hyperpolarizabilities of four squaric acid homologue molecules: 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (OSSQ), 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1, 2-dithione (SSSQ), 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-...We have calculated the first hyperpolarizabilities of four squaric acid homologue molecules: 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (OSSQ), 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1, 2-dithione (SSSQ), 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-diselenone (SeSSQ) and 3,4-dithiohydroxy- 3-cyclobutene-1,2-ditellurone (TeSSQ). The correlation effect was investigated at the second-order Mller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation and density functional theory (DFT) levels. The frequency disper- sion and solvent effect were considered to compare the theoretical values with the experimental observations. Based on all of these studies, it is worthy to point out that the heavy atom effect dis- covered for furan homologues is an influence on the first hyperpolarizabilities of squaric acid homologues.展开更多
By considering higher-order effects, the properties of self-similar parabolic pulses propagating in the microstructured fibre amplifier with a normal group-velocity dispersion have been investigated. The numerical res...By considering higher-order effects, the properties of self-similar parabolic pulses propagating in the microstructured fibre amplifier with a normal group-velocity dispersion have been investigated. The numerical results indicate that the higher-order effects can badly distort self-similar parabolic pulse shape and optical spectrum, and at the same time the peak shift and oscillation appear, while the pulse still reveals highly linear chirp but grows into asymmetry. The influence of different higher-order effects on self-similar parabolic pulse propagation has been analysed. It shows that the self-steepening plays a more important role. We can manipulate the geometrical parameters of the microstructured fibre amplifier to gain a suitable dispersion and nonlinearity coefficient which will keep high-quality self-similar parabolic pulse propagation. These results are significant for the further study of self-similar parabolic pulse propagation.展开更多
Fast ionic conductors are one kind of solid state material with ionic conductivity as high as that of melten salts or liquid electrolytes.Ionic conductivity is one of the important parameters for characterizing a fast...Fast ionic conductors are one kind of solid state material with ionic conductivity as high as that of melten salts or liquid electrolytes.Ionic conductivity is one of the important parameters for characterizing a fast ionic conductor.For a long time materialists and chemists have made great efforts in search of new fast ionic conductors with high ionic conductivity.In view of structure,they have synthesised silver and copper fast ionic conductors with so called open structures.But it is not so successful for searching more applicable alkaline fast ionic conductors.Since polymer has flexibility for making thin film,it concentrates attention on the polymer-alkaline salt complex.Fenton et al.have first reported poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-alkaline salt complex.Later on Armard et al.have investigated the electrical property of PEO-NaSCN.展开更多
The multidimensional modal theory proposed by Faltinsen, et al. (2000) is applied to solve liquid nonlinear free sloshing in right circular cylindrical tank for the first time. After selecting the leading modes and ...The multidimensional modal theory proposed by Faltinsen, et al. (2000) is applied to solve liquid nonlinear free sloshing in right circular cylindrical tank for the first time. After selecting the leading modes and fixing the order of magnitudes based on the Narimanov-Moiseev third order asymptotic hypothesis, the general infinite dimensional modal system is reduced to a five dimensional asymptotic modal system (the system of second order nonlinear ordinary differential equations coupling the generalized time dependent coordinates of free surface wave elevation). The numerical integrations of this modal system discover most important nonlinear phenomena, which agree well with both pervious analytic theories and experimental observations. The results indicate that the multidimensional modal method is a very good tool for solving liquid nonlinear sloshing dynamics and will be developed to investigate more complex sloshing problem in our following work.展开更多
A 2 × 2 electro-optic switch is experimentally demonstrated using the optical structure of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on a submicron rib waveguide and the electrical structure of a PIN diode on s...A 2 × 2 electro-optic switch is experimentally demonstrated using the optical structure of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on a submicron rib waveguide and the electrical structure of a PIN diode on silicon-on-insulator (SOI). The switch behaviour is achieved through the plasma dispersion effect of silicon. The device has a modulation arm of 1 mm in length and cross-section of 400 nm×340 nm. The measurement results show that the switch has a VπLπ figure of merit of 0.145 V.cm and the extinction ratios of two output ports and cross talk are 40 dB, 28 dB and -28 dB, respectively. A 3 dB modulation bandwidth of 90 MHz and a switch time of 6.8 ns for the rise edge and 2.7 ns for the fall edge are also demonstrated.展开更多
A new modified Angelov current–voltage characteristic model equation is proposed to improve the drain–source current(Ids) simulation of an Al Ga N/Ga N-based(gallium nitride) high electron mobility transistor(A...A new modified Angelov current–voltage characteristic model equation is proposed to improve the drain–source current(Ids) simulation of an Al Ga N/Ga N-based(gallium nitride) high electron mobility transistor(Al Ga N/Ga N-based HEMT) at high power operation. Since an accurate radio frequency(RF) current simulation is critical for a correct power simulation of the device, in this paper we propose a method of Al Ga N/Ga N high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)nonlinear large-signal model extraction with a supplemental modeling of RF drain–source current as a function of RF input power. The improved results of simulated output power, gain, and power added efficiency(PAE) at class-AB quiescent bias of Vgs =-3.5 V, Vds= 30 V with a frequency of 9.6 GHz are presented.展开更多
On the basis of classical linear theory on longitudinal, torsional and flexural waves in thin elastic rods, and taking finite deformation and dispersive effects into consideration, three kinds of nonlinear evolution e...On the basis of classical linear theory on longitudinal, torsional and flexural waves in thin elastic rods, and taking finite deformation and dispersive effects into consideration, three kinds of nonlinear evolution equations are derived. Qualitative analysis of three kinds of nonlinear equations are presented. It is shown that these equations have homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits on the phase plane, corresponding to solitary wave or shock wave solutions, respectively. Based on the principle of homogeneous balance, these equations are solved with the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. Results show that existence of solitary wave solution and shock wave solution is possible under certain conditions. These conclusions are consistent with qualitative analysis.展开更多
Background: Different functional frugivores generally exhibit unequal contributions,both in terms of quantity(seed removal) and quality(seedling recruitment),to effective seed dispersal of plant species.However,variat...Background: Different functional frugivores generally exhibit unequal contributions,both in terms of quantity(seed removal) and quality(seedling recruitment),to effective seed dispersal of plant species.However,variations in this dispersal pattern generated by frugivores across different regions are still unknown.Methods: In our study,we evaluated the contributions of two functional frugivore bird groups,the bulbuls(Pycnon?otidae) and crows(Corvidae),in both the seed removal and seedling recruitment of the endangered Chinese yew tree(Taxus chinensis) across three different geographical regions in eastern China.Results: The dominant crow species,Urocissa erythrorhyncha,was the most common disperser crow species at all sites,while the dominant bulbul species varied across the three sites.Furthermore,the two functional groups of dispersers diverged in the aspects of seed removal(quantity) and seedling recruitment pattern(quality).While bulbuls outperformed crows in seed removal(quantity),crows took more seeds to a safer site for seedlings(quality).Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of variations in the effective seed dispersal patterns of different functional disperser groups across different regions in the conservation and management of endangered tree species.展开更多
The hi-energy bands in the dispersion image are usually interpreted as the true dispersion phase velocities.However,the multiple dispersion modes of Rayleigh wave in layered media stack in space,producing the effectiv...The hi-energy bands in the dispersion image are usually interpreted as the true dispersion phase velocities.However,the multiple dispersion modes of Rayleigh wave in layered media stack in space,producing the effective dispersion curve and the pseudo multimode dispersion curves in disper-sion image.The effective dispersion curve has the maximum energy with lower phase velocities than pseudo dispersion phase velocities,and thus is often misunderstood as the fundamental mode.Within the tolerable misfit,the effective dispersion curve can approach the true fundamental mode.Different from the true multimode dispersion curves,the pseudo multimode dispersion curves are related to the effective dispersion curve.A numerical model is adapted to simulate the true dispersion curves,effec-tive dispersion curve,and pseudo multimode dispersion curves.Their differences and mutual relations are demonstrated.展开更多
Based on monolayer dispersion theory,Co_(3)O_(4)/ZSM-5 catalysts with different loadings have been prepared for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia.Co_(3)O_(4)can spontaneously disperse on HZSM...Based on monolayer dispersion theory,Co_(3)O_(4)/ZSM-5 catalysts with different loadings have been prepared for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia.Co_(3)O_(4)can spontaneously disperse on HZSM-5 support with a monolayer dispersion threshold of 0.061 mmol 100 m^(-2),equaling to a weight percentage around 4.5%.It has been revealed that the quantities of surface active oxygen(O_(2)^(-))and acid sites are crucial for the reaction,which can adsorb and activate NO_(x)and NH_(3)reactants effectively.Below the monolayer dispersion threshold,Co_(3)O_(4)is finely dispersed as sub-monolayers or monolayers and in an amorphous state,which is favorable to generate the two kinds of active sites,hence promoting the performance of ammonia selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide.However,the formation of crystalline Co_(3)O_(4)above the capacity is harmful to the reaction performance.4%Co_(3)O_(4)/ZSM-5,the catalyst close to the monolayer dispersion capacity,possesses the most abundant active O_(2)^(-)species and acidic sites,thereby demonstrating the best reaction performance in all the samples.It is proposed the optimal Co_(3)O_(4)/ZSM-5 catalyst can be prepared by loading the capacity amount of Co_(3)O_(4)onto HZSM-5 support.展开更多
Urea plays a vital role in the sustainable development of mankind as it is one of the most important nitrogen fertilizers.Conventional synthesis of urea is accompanied by a high level of energy consumption while elect...Urea plays a vital role in the sustainable development of mankind as it is one of the most important nitrogen fertilizers.Conventional synthesis of urea is accompanied by a high level of energy consumption while electrocatalytic methods suffer from low yields and poor selectivity.Our work achieves efficient synthesis of urea by designing the graphene-In_(2)O_(3)electrocatalysts for the co-activated reduction of nitrate and carbon dioxide,where the formation rate of urea,Faraday efficiency(FE)and carbon selectivity at-0.35 V vs.RHE can reach 357.47μg mg^(-1)h^(-1),10.46%and~100%,respectively.Herein,the key intermediates in the C–N coupling reaction are demonstrated to be*NH_(2)and*CO_(2),which is of novelty compared to previous reports.This work may provide inspiration for subsequent studies on the reaction mechanism of the electrochemical synthesis of urea,as well as theoretical guidance for the sustainable synthesis of some other important chemical substances.展开更多
The thermo-optic effect in the lateral-carrier-injection pin junction SOI ridge waveguide is analyzed according to the thermal field equation.Numerical analysis and experimental results show that the thermo-optic effe...The thermo-optic effect in the lateral-carrier-injection pin junction SOI ridge waveguide is analyzed according to the thermal field equation.Numerical analysis and experimental results show that the thermo-optic effect caused by carrier injection is significant in such devices,especially for small structure ones.For a device with a 1000μm modulation length,the refractive index rise introduced by heat accounts for 1/8 of the total effect under normal working conditions.A proposal of adjusting the electrode position to cool the devices to diminish the thermal-optic effect is put forward.展开更多
Post-dispersal predation is a potentially significant modifier of the distribution of recruiting plants and an often unmeasured determinant of the effectiveness of a frugivore’s dispersal service.In the wet tropical ...Post-dispersal predation is a potentially significant modifier of the distribution of recruiting plants and an often unmeasured determinant of the effectiveness of a frugivore’s dispersal service.In the wet tropical forests of Austra-lia and New Guinea,the cassowary provides a large volume,long distance dispersal service incorporating benefi-cial gut processing;however,the resultant clumped deposition might expose seeds to elevated mortality.We exam-ined the contribution of post-dispersal seed predation to cassowary dispersal effectiveness by monitoring the fate of 11 species in southern cassowary(Casuarius casuarius johnsonii Linnaeus)droppings over a period of 1 year.Across all species,the rate of predation and removal was relatively slow.After 1 month,70%of seeds remained intact and outwardly viable,while the number fell to 38%after 1 year.The proportion of seeds remaining intact in droppings varied considerably between species:soft-seeded and large-seeded species were more likely to escape removal and predation.Importantly,across all species,seeds in droppings were no more likely to be predated than those left undispersed under the parent tree.We speculate that seed predating and scatter-hoarding rodents are responsible for the vast majority of predation and removal from droppings and that the few seeds which undergo secondary dispersal survive to germination.Our findings reinforce the conclusion that the cassowary is an impor-tant seed disperser;however,dispersal effectiveness for particular plant species can be reduced by massive post-dispersal seed mortality.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2010CB327503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.60890191)
文摘The current voltage (IV) characteristics are greatly influenced by the dispersion effects in A1GaN/CaN high electron mobility transistors. The direct current (DC) IV and pulsed IV measurements are performed to give a deep investigation into the dispersion effects, which are mainly related to the trap and self-heating mechanisms. The results show that traps play an important role in the kink effects, and high stress can introduce more traps and defects in the device. With the help of the pulsed IV measurements, the trapping effects and self-heating effects can be separated. The impact of time constants on the dispersion effects is also discussed. In order to achieve an accurate static DC IV measurement, the steady state of the bias points must be considered carefully to avoid the dispersion effects.
文摘Over Rh_4(CO)_(?z)-derived Rh/SiO_2 catalyst,atmospheric hydroformylation and hydro- genation of ethylene are suggested to be structure sensitive and structure insensitive,res- pectively.
文摘New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion with r 0 will increase depth of Ekman layer, reduce wind velocity in Ekman layer and produce a more satisfactory Ekman spiral lines fit the observed wind hodograph. The wind profile in the surface layer including tur-bulent dispersion is still logarithmic but the von Karman constant k is replaced by k1 = 1 -2/k, the wind increasesa little more rapidly with height.
文摘The effects of amiodarone on transmural dispersion of ventricular effective refractory periods (ERPs) in the normal and hypertrophic canine heart were investigated in vivo. By using the programmed stimulation protocol, the ERPs of epicardium (Epi), midmyocardium (Mid) and endocardium (Endo) were measured by inserting specially-designed electrodes into the three myocardial layers before and after mainlining of amiodarone. No significant ERPs-dispersion was observed in the three layers before and after mainlining of amiodarone in the normal group. In contrast, ERPs of all the three layers were prolonged in the hypertrophic heart, while the ERPs-dispersion was reduced significantly after mainlining of amiodarone. The ERPs-dispersion was significantly increased in the hypertrophic heart but not in the normal heart using "long-short" and "short-long" interval stimulation technique. It was concluded that (1) the differences in ERPs-dispersion among the three layers were significant in hypertrophic heart, and differences were not significant in normal canine heart; (2) ERPs of each three-myocardial layers were significantly prolonged after using amioda- rone, but the ERPs-dispersion decreased in hypertrophic heart and (3) the programmed extrastimulus technique of "long-short" and "short-long" intervals increased the transmural ERPs-dispersion in the hypertrophic heart.
文摘The mechanism of the response motion of a suspended particle to turbulent motion of its surrounding fluid is different according to si:e of turbulent eddies. The particle is dragged by the viscous force of large eddies, and meanwhile driven randomly by small eddies. Based on this understanding, the dispersion of a particle with finite size in a homogeneous isotropic turbulence is calculated in this study. Results show that there are two competing effects: when enhanced by the inertia of a particle, the long-term particle diffusivity is reduced by the finite size of the particle.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11675261 and 21403297the Scientific Research Foundation of Ludong University under Grant No LY2014010
文摘Effect of the particle number density on the dispersion properties of longitudinal and transverse lattice waves in a two-dimensional Yukawa charged-dust system is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The dispersion relations for the waves are obtained. It is found that the frequencies of both the longitudinal and transverse dust waves increase with the density and when the density is sufficiently high a cutoff region appears at the short wavelength. With the increase of the particle number density, the common frequency tends to increase, and the sound speed of the longitudinal wave also increases, but that of the transverse wave remains low.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian province (E0210014) Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry (020051) and the Technology Foundation of the Universities and College of Fujian province (JA02141)
文摘We have calculated the first hyperpolarizabilities of four squaric acid homologue molecules: 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (OSSQ), 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1, 2-dithione (SSSQ), 3,4-dithiohydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-diselenone (SeSSQ) and 3,4-dithiohydroxy- 3-cyclobutene-1,2-ditellurone (TeSSQ). The correlation effect was investigated at the second-order Mller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation and density functional theory (DFT) levels. The frequency disper- sion and solvent effect were considered to compare the theoretical values with the experimental observations. Based on all of these studies, it is worthy to point out that the heavy atom effect dis- covered for furan homologues is an influence on the first hyperpolarizabilities of squaric acid homologues.
基金Project supported by the National Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No04010397)
文摘By considering higher-order effects, the properties of self-similar parabolic pulses propagating in the microstructured fibre amplifier with a normal group-velocity dispersion have been investigated. The numerical results indicate that the higher-order effects can badly distort self-similar parabolic pulse shape and optical spectrum, and at the same time the peak shift and oscillation appear, while the pulse still reveals highly linear chirp but grows into asymmetry. The influence of different higher-order effects on self-similar parabolic pulse propagation has been analysed. It shows that the self-steepening plays a more important role. We can manipulate the geometrical parameters of the microstructured fibre amplifier to gain a suitable dispersion and nonlinearity coefficient which will keep high-quality self-similar parabolic pulse propagation. These results are significant for the further study of self-similar parabolic pulse propagation.
文摘Fast ionic conductors are one kind of solid state material with ionic conductivity as high as that of melten salts or liquid electrolytes.Ionic conductivity is one of the important parameters for characterizing a fast ionic conductor.For a long time materialists and chemists have made great efforts in search of new fast ionic conductors with high ionic conductivity.In view of structure,they have synthesised silver and copper fast ionic conductors with so called open structures.But it is not so successful for searching more applicable alkaline fast ionic conductors.Since polymer has flexibility for making thin film,it concentrates attention on the polymer-alkaline salt complex.Fenton et al.have first reported poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-alkaline salt complex.Later on Armard et al.have investigated the electrical property of PEO-NaSCN.
基金Project supported by the National Defense Pre-research Foundation of‘Tenth Five-Year-Plan’of China (No.41320020301)
文摘The multidimensional modal theory proposed by Faltinsen, et al. (2000) is applied to solve liquid nonlinear free sloshing in right circular cylindrical tank for the first time. After selecting the leading modes and fixing the order of magnitudes based on the Narimanov-Moiseev third order asymptotic hypothesis, the general infinite dimensional modal system is reduced to a five dimensional asymptotic modal system (the system of second order nonlinear ordinary differential equations coupling the generalized time dependent coordinates of free surface wave elevation). The numerical integrations of this modal system discover most important nonlinear phenomena, which agree well with both pervious analytic theories and experimental observations. The results indicate that the multidimensional modal method is a very good tool for solving liquid nonlinear sloshing dynamics and will be developed to investigate more complex sloshing problem in our following work.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 60577044)the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No 2007CB613405)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No 2006AA032424)
文摘A 2 × 2 electro-optic switch is experimentally demonstrated using the optical structure of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on a submicron rib waveguide and the electrical structure of a PIN diode on silicon-on-insulator (SOI). The switch behaviour is achieved through the plasma dispersion effect of silicon. The device has a modulation arm of 1 mm in length and cross-section of 400 nm×340 nm. The measurement results show that the switch has a VπLπ figure of merit of 0.145 V.cm and the extinction ratios of two output ports and cross talk are 40 dB, 28 dB and -28 dB, respectively. A 3 dB modulation bandwidth of 90 MHz and a switch time of 6.8 ns for the rise edge and 2.7 ns for the fall edge are also demonstrated.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61204086)
文摘A new modified Angelov current–voltage characteristic model equation is proposed to improve the drain–source current(Ids) simulation of an Al Ga N/Ga N-based(gallium nitride) high electron mobility transistor(Al Ga N/Ga N-based HEMT) at high power operation. Since an accurate radio frequency(RF) current simulation is critical for a correct power simulation of the device, in this paper we propose a method of Al Ga N/Ga N high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)nonlinear large-signal model extraction with a supplemental modeling of RF drain–source current as a function of RF input power. The improved results of simulated output power, gain, and power added efficiency(PAE) at class-AB quiescent bias of Vgs =-3.5 V, Vds= 30 V with a frequency of 9.6 GHz are presented.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10772129)the Youth Science Foundation of Shanxi Province of China (No.2006021005)
文摘On the basis of classical linear theory on longitudinal, torsional and flexural waves in thin elastic rods, and taking finite deformation and dispersive effects into consideration, three kinds of nonlinear evolution equations are derived. Qualitative analysis of three kinds of nonlinear equations are presented. It is shown that these equations have homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits on the phase plane, corresponding to solitary wave or shock wave solutions, respectively. Based on the principle of homogeneous balance, these equations are solved with the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. Results show that existence of solitary wave solution and shock wave solution is possible under certain conditions. These conclusions are consistent with qualitative analysis.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31700468)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK2017636)+1 种基金the Project of PhD Fund of Yunnan Forestry Technological College(Grant Number KY(BS)201404)Yunnan province project Education Fund(Grant No.2014Y568)
文摘Background: Different functional frugivores generally exhibit unequal contributions,both in terms of quantity(seed removal) and quality(seedling recruitment),to effective seed dispersal of plant species.However,variations in this dispersal pattern generated by frugivores across different regions are still unknown.Methods: In our study,we evaluated the contributions of two functional frugivore bird groups,the bulbuls(Pycnon?otidae) and crows(Corvidae),in both the seed removal and seedling recruitment of the endangered Chinese yew tree(Taxus chinensis) across three different geographical regions in eastern China.Results: The dominant crow species,Urocissa erythrorhyncha,was the most common disperser crow species at all sites,while the dominant bulbul species varied across the three sites.Furthermore,the two functional groups of dispersers diverged in the aspects of seed removal(quantity) and seedling recruitment pattern(quality).While bulbuls outperformed crows in seed removal(quantity),crows took more seeds to a safer site for seedlings(quality).Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of variations in the effective seed dispersal patterns of different functional disperser groups across different regions in the conservation and management of endangered tree species.
基金supported by the "973-Project" (No. 2007CB714405)LIESMARS Special Research Funding,"985-Project" (No. 904273151)The Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education,China (No. 2008-02-08)
文摘The hi-energy bands in the dispersion image are usually interpreted as the true dispersion phase velocities.However,the multiple dispersion modes of Rayleigh wave in layered media stack in space,producing the effective dispersion curve and the pseudo multimode dispersion curves in disper-sion image.The effective dispersion curve has the maximum energy with lower phase velocities than pseudo dispersion phase velocities,and thus is often misunderstood as the fundamental mode.Within the tolerable misfit,the effective dispersion curve can approach the true fundamental mode.Different from the true multimode dispersion curves,the pseudo multimode dispersion curves are related to the effective dispersion curve.A numerical model is adapted to simulate the true dispersion curves,effec-tive dispersion curve,and pseudo multimode dispersion curves.Their differences and mutual relations are demonstrated.
基金the financial supporting by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21962009,22172071,22102069,22062013)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(Grant Nos.20202BAB203006,20181ACB20005)the Key Laboratory Foundation of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis(Grant No.20181BCD40004).
文摘Based on monolayer dispersion theory,Co_(3)O_(4)/ZSM-5 catalysts with different loadings have been prepared for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia.Co_(3)O_(4)can spontaneously disperse on HZSM-5 support with a monolayer dispersion threshold of 0.061 mmol 100 m^(-2),equaling to a weight percentage around 4.5%.It has been revealed that the quantities of surface active oxygen(O_(2)^(-))and acid sites are crucial for the reaction,which can adsorb and activate NO_(x)and NH_(3)reactants effectively.Below the monolayer dispersion threshold,Co_(3)O_(4)is finely dispersed as sub-monolayers or monolayers and in an amorphous state,which is favorable to generate the two kinds of active sites,hence promoting the performance of ammonia selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide.However,the formation of crystalline Co_(3)O_(4)above the capacity is harmful to the reaction performance.4%Co_(3)O_(4)/ZSM-5,the catalyst close to the monolayer dispersion capacity,possesses the most abundant active O_(2)^(-)species and acidic sites,thereby demonstrating the best reaction performance in all the samples.It is proposed the optimal Co_(3)O_(4)/ZSM-5 catalyst can be prepared by loading the capacity amount of Co_(3)O_(4)onto HZSM-5 support.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91741105)Chongqing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.cstc2018jcyjAX0625)Program for Innovation Team Building at Institutions of Higher Education in Chongqing(No.CXTDX201601011)。
文摘Urea plays a vital role in the sustainable development of mankind as it is one of the most important nitrogen fertilizers.Conventional synthesis of urea is accompanied by a high level of energy consumption while electrocatalytic methods suffer from low yields and poor selectivity.Our work achieves efficient synthesis of urea by designing the graphene-In_(2)O_(3)electrocatalysts for the co-activated reduction of nitrate and carbon dioxide,where the formation rate of urea,Faraday efficiency(FE)and carbon selectivity at-0.35 V vs.RHE can reach 357.47μg mg^(-1)h^(-1),10.46%and~100%,respectively.Herein,the key intermediates in the C–N coupling reaction are demonstrated to be*NH_(2)and*CO_(2),which is of novelty compared to previous reports.This work may provide inspiration for subsequent studies on the reaction mechanism of the electrochemical synthesis of urea,as well as theoretical guidance for the sustainable synthesis of some other important chemical substances.
基金Project supported by the Natural Basic Research Program of China(No.2007CB613405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60777015)+1 种基金the Science & Technology Program of Zhejiang Province,China(No.2007C21022)the Opened Fund of State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics,China.
文摘The thermo-optic effect in the lateral-carrier-injection pin junction SOI ridge waveguide is analyzed according to the thermal field equation.Numerical analysis and experimental results show that the thermo-optic effect caused by carrier injection is significant in such devices,especially for small structure ones.For a device with a 1000μm modulation length,the refractive index rise introduced by heat accounts for 1/8 of the total effect under normal working conditions.A proposal of adjusting the electrode position to cool the devices to diminish the thermal-optic effect is put forward.
基金This study was undertaken as part of the Rainforest CRC and conducted under CSIRO Animal Ethics Approval OB15/12 and Queensland Department of Environment Scientific Purposes Permit FO/001071/96/SAB.
文摘Post-dispersal predation is a potentially significant modifier of the distribution of recruiting plants and an often unmeasured determinant of the effectiveness of a frugivore’s dispersal service.In the wet tropical forests of Austra-lia and New Guinea,the cassowary provides a large volume,long distance dispersal service incorporating benefi-cial gut processing;however,the resultant clumped deposition might expose seeds to elevated mortality.We exam-ined the contribution of post-dispersal seed predation to cassowary dispersal effectiveness by monitoring the fate of 11 species in southern cassowary(Casuarius casuarius johnsonii Linnaeus)droppings over a period of 1 year.Across all species,the rate of predation and removal was relatively slow.After 1 month,70%of seeds remained intact and outwardly viable,while the number fell to 38%after 1 year.The proportion of seeds remaining intact in droppings varied considerably between species:soft-seeded and large-seeded species were more likely to escape removal and predation.Importantly,across all species,seeds in droppings were no more likely to be predated than those left undispersed under the parent tree.We speculate that seed predating and scatter-hoarding rodents are responsible for the vast majority of predation and removal from droppings and that the few seeds which undergo secondary dispersal survive to germination.Our findings reinforce the conclusion that the cassowary is an impor-tant seed disperser;however,dispersal effectiveness for particular plant species can be reduced by massive post-dispersal seed mortality.