Considerations Regarding the Legal Regime of Authorized Natural Persons,the Sole Proprietorship and Family Businesses in Romania

The present study will examine the legal regime of authorized natural persons,individual enterprises,and family businesses as regulated in Romania.Such an analysis aims at presenting a panoramic view of the legal framework in a representative country in Eastern Europe.Business activities can be carried out individually by individuals as well as large corporations,firms,and companies that have the status of legal persons.The business carried out by individuals,mainly in terms of the quality of an authorized natural person,is particularly important because it contributes to the development of the middle class within society and to giving professional and financial independence to different categories of professionals.The main aspects related to the qualification of specific notions in the field,the administrative steps for acquiring the status of an authorized natural person,individual enterprise and family enterprise,and their legal regime will be found in the article.

Inside and Outside Perspectives on the Relation of People’s Personal Values and Their Acceptance of Legal Norms

Based on a representative survey on crime prevention,this paper studies how personal values are related to persons’acceptance of legal norms(LNA).We here take a closer look at these relations than previous research.Offenses,in particular,are classified into different offense types,and the persons’ratings are studied both as observed and as individually centered data.It is found that conservation-oriented persons give higher and less differentiated badness ratings to all offenses than persons striving for hedonism and stimulation.The correlational structure of basic personal values and norm acceptance ratings for 14 different offenses,when represented via multidimensional scaling,exhibits that conservation orientation becomes a better predictor of LNA of all offense types if it is augmented by an additional value,peace of mind.When looking at centered ratings(i.e.,controlling for each person’s mean ratings),social values become the best predictors of offenses such as tax evasion,benefits fraud,or taking bribes.Statements on the impact of personal values on general norm acceptance should,therefore,be replaced with more differentiated relations on how particular values are related to people’s attitudes towards particular offenses.

Transborder Personal Security of Chinese Nationals and Its Legal Safeguard

Personal security is an im- portant human right. There would be no human rights to talk about if personalsecurity, including personal safety, were not safeguarded. So long as a person is in the person＇s own coun- try, there will always be a measure of legal safeguard for the person＇s interests and personal security, ff the person has his or her rights infringed upon when the person is outside the country, there will be more than one province of judicial jurisdiction over the case, and the subsequent legal remedies for the person, if any, in most cases will not be so timely and easily available as provided under the domestic laws of the person＇s own country.

Research on the Legality of Information Utilization in Epidemic Prevention and Control

Big data is playing an important role in preventing,control and monitoring COVID-19,but during the process,the legality of the use of personal information shall be paid attention to.Personal information should be divided into general information and sensitive information,and the use of sensitive information should take"Consent"as its legality basis.In the process of personal information collection,the subject qualification of the collection organization or personnel should be clearly defined,and the starting conditions and process specifications of the collection work should be determined.The use of personal information should be in accordance with legal provisions or agreed ways and purposes and should not violate individual privacy rights and other personality rights,and should not improperly display the"digital image"of individuals.

On the “Reasonable” Handling of Personal Information Disclosed According to the Law

The model for protection of personal information dis-closed according to the law has changed from indirect protection to direct protection.The indirect protection model for traditional repu-tation rights and privacy rights was not enough to meet the practical needs of governance.However;due to the ambiguity in the application of the“reasonable”processing requirements,the direct protection model centered on Article 27 of the Personal Information Protection Law also is not enough to effectively respond to practical disputes.The essence of the problem is to resolve the tension between informa-tion circulation and risk control and reshape the legal order for the protection of personal information disclosed according to the law.The determination of“reasonable”should be centered on the scenario theory and holism interpretation and carried out by using the interpre-tation technique of the dynamic system under Article 998 of the Civil Code.With the support of scenario-based discussions and comparative propositions,the crawling and tag extraction of personal information.disclosed according to the law should be considered as reasonable processing;profiling and automated decision-making should not be covered in the scope of reasonable processing,in principle;for behav-iors such as correlation analysis,elements like information subject,identifiability and sensitivity should be comprehensively considered to draw open and inclusive conclusions in individual cases.

农村集体经济组织法人治理结构解释论

为保障《农村集体经济组织法》实施,亟须从解释论探讨农村集体经济组织法人的治理结构。对此,立法确立了“权力机构(成员大会)—执行机构(理事会)—监督机构(监事会)”的基本框架。从权力机构看,成员权具有强烈的身份性特征,无法以投资取得;成员大会的决议不应均采取绝大多数决,否则会导致决议难以形成,应允许章程对一般事项和重大事项进行区分,前者采取多数决,后者采取绝大多数决。同时,要警惕出现成员代表大会绕过成员大会表决的情景。从执行机构看,对理事长或理事的选任,不应以成员为限;理事会表决并非一定要采取多数决,意味着总人数不限于单数。从监督机构看,关于监事会或监事的设置规定应理解为倡导性规范,而非必须强制设立监事会或监事,设置权限宜交由章程规定,且监事的选任应不受成员身份的限制。农村集体经济组织法人治理结构的选择,应考量不同地区农村集体经济的发展状况,而非采用单一的治理图景。

图书馆应用生成式人工智能数据风险法律治理

文章从数据收集、存储、处理三阶段分析图书馆应用生成式人工智能产生的数据风险,指出我国图书馆应用生成式人工智能的数据风险法律治理存在诸多不足,主要包括图书馆应用生成式人工智能数据风险相关法律不完备、数据风险管控滞后和数据风险救济不足,并从事前完善相关法律、事中优化数据风险管控、事后补强具体救济措施三方面提出我国图书馆应用生成式人工智能数据风险的法律治理路径。

对作为独立数据类型的“重要数据”的发生史与本体论考察

“重要数据”从仅具有日常意义的表述,到作为在立法上具有独立地位的数据类型,经历了《网安法》和《数安法》,再到《条例》才逐渐形成较为完整的法制框架,包括目录管理制与确认告知或公开发布制,以及重要数据处理者的识别申报义务、重要数据安全保护义务、实施特定处理行为时的特别义务、年度风险评估义务、处理重要数据的大型网络平台服务提供者的特殊义务。“重要数据”作为数据法律制度,取得了与国家秘密与工作秘密、隐私与个人信息、商业秘密和保密商务信息、政府信息、档案信息与文献信息,以及拟议中的商业数据等数据类型相并列的地位,但仍存在自身内部与核心数据和一般数据的区别,以及在外部与其他数据类型的精确区分问题。

个性化推荐算法的法律风险规制

信息爆发增长催生了个性化推荐算法技术的兴起。个性化推荐算法在解决信息过载和长尾问题、满足用户个性化需求、提高互联网信息服务效率的同时,也引发了用户意思自治受限、隐私泄露、信息茧房、算法歧视等诸多法律风险,亟需法律作出必要的回应。为此,应当在诚信原则、自主原则、公正原则、比例原则的指导下,树立开放的隐私保护观,强化算法告知义务与用户拒绝权利,完善算法解释权,构建算法审计制度,以降低个性化推荐算法所带来的法律风险。

The Personal Information Protection Act comes into force soon Corporate Data Security Market Is Expected to Stay Solid

On August 20,the 30th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress passed the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (the law),which will come into force on November1,2021.Following the Cyber Security Law in 2016 and the Data Security Law in June2021,the Personal Information Protection Law further clarifies the principles for the collection and disposal of personal information,marking the establishment of a comprehensive legal safeguard system for information security in China.

China＇s High-Speed Railway Industry and Applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law

China＇s high-speed railway industry achieved dazzling development over the years, but not much research has been devoted to this industry from the perspeetive of competition policy. This paper focuses on the industrial organization of China＇s high-speed railway industry and the applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law. We intend to answer the following questions： （l） Why is the high-speed railway industry not an industry of natural monopoly？ Which segments of the industry have elements of natural monopoly？ （2） At the level of corporate organization, what is the legal and economic rationale behind the patterns of China＇s high-speed railway undertakings evolving from government-affiliated enterprises to special legal person enterprises and then shareholding companies？ （3） The applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law to the high-speed railway industry. Our conclusions from the perspective of competition policy are worth referencing for similar industries such as electric power, telecommunications, and water and gas supply.

ChatGPT的法律人格认定与生成内容性质探讨

随着ChatGPT的广泛运用,关于人工智能的法律问题探讨再次成为舆论焦点。根据ChatGPT系统与人类互动生成相应文字内容的特性,ChatGPT生成内容是否受《著作权法》保护问题备受争议。探讨该问题,有两个不可或缺的前提要件,即ChatGPT是否具有法律人格及其生成内容能否被认定为作品,以此确定其是否应受《著作权法》保护。文本认为,ChatGPT尚不具备法律主体资格,在ChatGPT生成内容被认定为作品对其进行保护时,应明确ChatGPT使用者作为生成内容的著作权主体,通过加强对ChatGPT著作权主体的监管实现对其生成内容的规制,以此加快推进人工智能法治化进程。

An Utilitarianist Reading of Criminal Law

Utilitarianism is the branch of philosophy that studies the usefulness of an idea. Among the possible gains and losses, the balance must be positive to reach the intended utility. Criminal law is the most repressive branch of legal system and therefore should be applied sparingly by the state. Its usefulness should be the protection of legal interests and minimal restriction of personal liberty. The lawmaker should seek the best way to achieve this utility with the choice of the most relevant legal interests and less repressive means before appealing to the criminal law. The legal interests protected by criminal law must be the most important ones for a social life in harmony and prohibited behaviors must be injurious or dangerous to those legal interests. The Rule of Law does not authorize criminal prohibitions without a minimum limit that allows citizens to behave according to their wishes, provided that does not harm the interests of other people. This is the calculation that legislator, judge, and interpreter should seek： more protection and less restriction to citizens.

语义密构解析:农民集体所有与本集体成员集体所有

民法典第261条第1款规定:“农民集体所有的不动产和动产,属于本集体成员集体所有”。其条文中有三个“集体”和两个“所有”,但其同一词语并非表达同一概念。在该条立法假定部分,表达集体所有制客观存在的事实状态,其中“集体”“所有”为政治经济学概念;在立法处理部分,表达设定集体所有权的法律状态,其中“集体”“所有”为法学概念。我国宪法和民法典通过在特定规范中语境设置转换,实现“集体”“所有”的语义设定由政治经济学范畴迁移至法学范畴。对“集体”“所有”的语义自设不同,反映词语所指的概念界定不同,进而反映法律叙事者的观察视野与观念表达不同,这是农村集体经济法治领域许多学术观点争议与立法方案竞争得以发生的底层原因。依民法典第261条第1款之本旨,民法典中的“农民集体”是政治经济学概念,反映物质性的经济关系;“农村集体经济组织”是法学概念,反映观念性的法律关系。农民集体是农村集体经济组织的经济本质,农村集体经济组织是农民集体的法律形式,两者之间是异质同体的社会存在。

论公司外部表示行为的法律逻辑

公司法以调整公司的设立、运营和解散为主要目的,其规范构造也主要采用内部生效规则,与合同法等交易法主要关注外部合同如何成立、生效有明显不同。这种公司法与合同法分野的逻辑,虽有利于区分不同部门法律规范的调整任务及分工,却忽视了交易实践的复杂性,以及公司内部治理干预特定交易之成立对于维持公司法人格的重要性。公司法依托合同工具而成立,对于公司这一拟制主体,仍需解决基于董事或经理等自然人之代理行为而成立的交易如何归属于公司的问题。公司法首先建立了代理行为的“合法原则”与“职务原则”。同时,区分常规交易与特定交易,前者仅需董事、经理或雇员等自然人的个人行为即可成立,后者尚需取得公司内部机构的审议或同意即私法上的批准行为方可成立。因此,公司交易可能是由一元性的表示行为构成,也可能是由二元性或多元性的表示行为构成。公司股东会或董事会等内部治理机构的批准行为,不仅具有形成公司内部意思的效果,还具有决定外部交易是否成立生效的表示行为的力量。合同行为造就了公司,公司也不应完全游离在合同效力之外。唯此,才能形成控制公司代理人行为的有效机制。

公司治理中法定代表人的“权责核心”地位及其纯化

我国施行单一法定代表人制度,由一名自然人掌握公司的对外代表权和内部经营管理权,法定代表人在公司治理中处于“权力与责任的核心”地位。法定代表人的这一法律地位不但与公司治理的分权制衡理念相悖,而且引发争夺公司控制权、法定代表人变更、越权代表等纠纷,危及公司经营管理秩序和经济利益。公司立法应当回应实践要求,摆脱“厂长经理负责制”和“代表说”下“同一人格”理论的影响,明确法定代表人作为公司意思表达机关的法律地位与义务,赋予公司选择单一或多元代表模式的自治空间,基于委托关系完善法定代表人退出机制,通过登记公示技术使公司对代表权的限制发生对抗效力。

运动员个人敏感信息法律保护的内在逻辑、现实挑战与实施路径

运动员个人敏感信息具有较强的隐私性与商业价值属性,对其加强法律保护有助于维护运动员的隐私权和财产权。综合运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、案例分析法等方法,厘定运动员个人敏感信息及其法律保护概念内涵,系统研究运动员个人敏感信息法律保护的内在逻辑、现实挑战及实施路径。研究发现,增强法律意识是运动员个人敏感信息保护的基础,完善专项立法是运动员个人敏感信息保护的指引,统一处理规则是运动员个人敏感信息保护的关键,加强监管是运动员个人敏感信息保护实施的保障,优化司法救济是运动员个人敏感信息保护的防线。运动员个人敏感信息保护目前面临意识缺失、立法滞后、规则混乱、监管不足、救济短板等重要挑战。完善运动员个人敏感信息保护实施路径包括增强信息保护自觉性、推动法制化建设、建立信息处理准则、构建信息防护网、健全司法救济途径等。

数智时代用户画像数据安全风险及应对

伴随用户画像技术的广泛应用,数据安全风险日渐成为社会关注的焦点。有效应对用户画像数据安全风险,保障用户数据隐私至关重要。通过探讨用户画像数据安全风险的样态、成因,提出我国应立足风险预防、软法前置、多元共治理念,积极应用敏捷治理模式、完善法律治理规范、引入算法影响评估机制以及建立协同治理体系,以有效保障用户画像数据安全。

处理者的合法利益不是个人信息处理的法律根据

我国《个人信息保护法》《民法典》等法律未如欧盟《通用数据保护条例》那样将个人信息处理者(或第三方)的合法利益作为一类独立的个人信息处理的法律根据。这种规定是科学合理的。一方面,合法利益的范围过于宽泛,并且适用前需要考虑个案情形及各种因素进行利益平衡测试,所以在解释上和适用上具有较大的不可预期性和难度,也不符合我国法律严格规范个人信息处理活动及充分保护个人信息权益的要求。另一方面,我国现行法律制度足以保护个人信息处理者(或第三方)的合法利益,司法实践中处理者(或第三方)的合法利益抗辩都可以通过有关规定逐一解决。此外,我国法也对处理者(或第三方)的合法利益与个人的权益间位阶有相应的规定。故此,合法利益不应当作为我国法上个人信息处理的法律根据。

法人实施有效民事法律行为的界限研究

当前我国民法体系中对法人实施民事法律行为的效力边界未有明确规定,这主要是法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力范围不清晰导致的。从我国民法体系法人制度的历史演变轨迹来看,国家对法人民事权利能力和民事行为能力规范的界限已发生了较大变化。通过解释目前相关法律条文的文义以及类推适用这种“法律漏洞”补充方式,可以看出:法人的民事权利能力不受其经营范围、业务范围或章程规定、设立目的宗旨或任务规定的限制,与自然人相同,其有资格在所有民事法律行为中享有民事权利和承担民事义务;但这并不意味着其拥有以自己的行为去取得所有民事活动中的民事权利、履行民事义务的民事行为能力。除了在前述规定范围内实施的符合法律规定的民事法律行为有效外,在前述规定范围外实施的民事法律行为要根据法人的不同类型及其是否获得政府许可或法律授权等因素来确定该民事法律行为的效力。