Spatial interpolation(SI)is currently one of the most common ways to estimate wind speed(Ws).However,classic SI models either ignore the complex geography[e.g.inverse distance weighting(IDW)],or demand high computatio...Spatial interpolation(SI)is currently one of the most common ways to estimate wind speed(Ws).However,classic SI models either ignore the complex geography[e.g.inverse distance weighting(IDW)],or demand high computational resources(e.g.cokriging).This study aimed to develop a simple yet effective SI model for estimating Ws in Eastern Thrace of Turkey.This new method,named MIDW(Ws),is a modified IDW through the integration of IDW with wind profile model,power law(PL),representing the influence of land cover and topography on Ws.Terrain features and elevation data of PL were obtained using normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and digital elevation model(DEM),respectively.Results showed superior and comparable performance of MIDW(Ws)to standard IDW and ordinary kriging(OK)across all months of year.Compared to ordinary cokriging(OCK)using DEM as covariate,MIDW(Ws)generated better results in the arid–semiarid seasons(around summer).Local complex atmospheric conditions during rainy seasons(around winter)may have affected the performance of incorporating PL with MIDW(Ws).Generally,the proposed MIDW(Ws)is simpler and easier to implement compared to OCK.For landscape-scale projects,its high computational efficiency and relatively robust performance show potential to deal with large volumes of datasets.展开更多
Event region detection is the important application for wireless sensor networks(WSNs), where the existing faulty sensors would lead to drastic deterioration of network quality of service.Considering single-moment n...Event region detection is the important application for wireless sensor networks(WSNs), where the existing faulty sensors would lead to drastic deterioration of network quality of service.Considering single-moment nodes fault-tolerance, a novel distributed fault-tolerant detection algorithm named distributed fault-tolerance based on weighted distance(DFWD) is proposed, which exploits the spatial correlation among sensor nodes and their redundant information.In sensor networks, neighborhood sensor nodes will be endowed with different relative weights respectively according to the distances between them and the central node.Having syncretized the weighted information of dual-neighborhood nodes appropriately, it is reasonable to decide the ultimate status of the central sensor node.Simultaneously, readings of faulty sensors would be corrected during this process.Simulation results demonstrate that the DFWD has a higher fault detection accuracy compared with other algorithms, and when the sensor fault probability is 10%, the DFWD can still correct more than 91% faulty sensor nodes, which significantly improves the performance of the whole sensor network.展开更多
In this research, distributions of precipitation, temperature and evaporation in Seydisuyu basin were analyzed with the help of inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Because real meteorological data of the basin (pr...In this research, distributions of precipitation, temperature and evaporation in Seydisuyu basin were analyzed with the help of inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Because real meteorological data of the basin (precipitation, temperature and evaporation) do not have normal distribution, precipitation, temperature and evaporation distribution maps are drawn after normalization process. The number of meteorological stations, in other words the number of samples, is low, so only IDW method is used in this research. In addition to the research, reliability of the results obtained with the help of inverse distance weighting method was examined with accuracy analysis. The purpose of this study, the spatial distribution of meteorological data on a basin or areas is to demonstrate the applicability of the statistical basis.展开更多
Gravity Anomaly Correction(GAC)is a very important term in leveling data processing.In most cases,it is troublesome for field surveyors to measure gravity when leveling.In this paper,based on the complete Bouguer Grav...Gravity Anomaly Correction(GAC)is a very important term in leveling data processing.In most cases,it is troublesome for field surveyors to measure gravity when leveling.In this paper,based on the complete Bouguer Gravity Anomaly(BGA)map of WGM2012,the feasibility of replacing in-situ gravity surveying in China is investigated.For leveling application,that is to evaluate the accuracy of WGM2012 in China.Because WGM2012 is organized with a standard rectangle grid,two interpolation methods,bilinear interpolating and Inverse Distance Weighted(IDW)interpolating,are proposed.Four sample areas in China,i.e.,Hanzhong,Chengdu,Linzhi and Shantou,are selected to evaluate the systems bias and precision of WGM2012.Numerical results show the average system bias of WGM2012 BGA in west China is about-100.1 mGal(1 mGal=10^(-5) m/s^(2))and the standard deviation is about 30.7 mGal.Tests in Shantou indicate the system bias in plain areas is about-130.4 mGal and standard deviation is about 6.8 mGal.All these experiments means the accuracy of WGM2012 is limited in high mountain areas of western China,but in plain areas,such as Shantou,WGM2012 BGA map is quite good for most leveling applications after calibrating the system bias.展开更多
Water borne ailments are of serious public health concern in Gilgit Baltistan’s (GB) region of Pakistan. The pollution load on the glacio-fluvial streams and surface water resources of the Chapurson Valley in the Hun...Water borne ailments are of serious public health concern in Gilgit Baltistan’s (GB) region of Pakistan. The pollution load on the glacio-fluvial streams and surface water resources of the Chapurson Valley in the Hunza Nagar area of the GB is increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities and tourism. The present study focuses on the public health quality of drinking water of Chapurson valley. The study addressed the fundamental drinking water quality criteria in order to understand the state of the public health in the valley. To ascertain the current status of physico-chemical, metals, and bacteriological parameters, 25 water samples were collected through deterministic sampling strategy and examined accordingly. The physico-chemical parameters of the water samples collected from the valley were found to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of drinking water. The water samples showed a pattern of mean metal concentrations in order of Arsenic (As) > Lead (Pb) > Iron (Fe) > Zinc (Zn) > Copper (Cu) > Magnesium (Mg) > Calcium (Ca). As, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg concentration were under the WHO guidelines range. However, results showed that Pb and Fe are present at much higher concentrations than recommended WHO guidelines. Similarly, the results of the bacteriological analysis indicate that the water samples are heavily contaminated with the organisms of public health importance (including total coliforms (TCC), total faecal coliforms (TFC) and total fecal streptococci (TFS) are more than 3 MPN/100mL). Three principal components, accounting for 48.44% of the total variance, were revealed using principal component analysis (PCA). Bacteriological parameters were shown to be the main determinants of the water quality as depicted by the PCA analysis. The dendrogram of Cluster analysis using the Ward’s method validated the same traits of the sampling locations that were found to be contaminated during geospatial analysis using the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method. Based on these findings, it is most likely that those anthropogenic activities and essentially the tourism results in pollution load from upstream channels. Metals may be released into surface and groundwater from a few underlying sources as a result of weathering and erosion. This study suggests that the valley water resources are more susceptible to bacteriological contamination and as such no water treatment facilities or protective measure have been taken to encounter the pollution load. People are drinking the contaminated water without questioning about the quality. It is recommended that the water resources of the valley should be monitored using standard protocol so as to protect not only the public health but to safe guard sustainable tourism in the valley.展开更多
The present work determined the concentration and spatial distribution of heavy metals (As, Hg, Cr, Cd and Pb) in soil samples from Makurdi and its environs using geographic information system (GIS). The specific obje...The present work determined the concentration and spatial distribution of heavy metals (As, Hg, Cr, Cd and Pb) in soil samples from Makurdi and its environs using geographic information system (GIS). The specific objective is to produce the spatial distribution maps showing the spatial distribution of toxic heavy metals in the study area. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), a GIS technique was used to produce dotted maps showing the spatial distribution of heavy metals in neem bark for better visualization of contamination zones and non-contamination zones. The map reveals few hotspot areas showing areas of high concentrations of the heavy metals investigated which were identified in red colours, the following concentration ranges were obtained;As (4.71 - 6.43 mg/kg), Cd (13.9 - 16.84 mg/kg), Cr (46.3 - 60.84 mg/kg), Hg (3.70 - 5.05 mg/kg) and Pb (24.02 - 31.34 mg/kg). These hotspot areas were found close to business outlets, fuel filling and service stations, farm sites where the application of fertilizers and pesticides were persistent coupled with heavy traffic of vehicles and other machinery which was associated with As, Hg, Cd, Pb and Cr been released into the environment thus, suggesting anthropogenic activities controlling the concentration of these heavy metals in the study areas. The cumulative effect of these heavy metals into the barks of neem could pose as danger, because this plant is used as herbs in folk medicine.展开更多
Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set (5 years (2000-2004), 17 parameters...Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set (5 years (2000-2004), 17 parameters) obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May (the 1st period) and June-August (the 2nd period). Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.展开更多
Large-scale deformation can not be detected by traditional D-InSAR technique because of the limit of its detectable deformation gradient,we propose a method that combines SAR data with point cloud data obtained by 3D ...Large-scale deformation can not be detected by traditional D-InSAR technique because of the limit of its detectable deformation gradient,we propose a method that combines SAR data with point cloud data obtained by 3D laser scanning to improve the gradient of deformation detection.The proposed method takes advantage of high-density of 3D laser scanning point cloud data and its high precision of point positioning after 3D modeling.The specifc process can be described as follows:frst,large-scale deformation points in the interferogram are masked out based on interferometric coherence;second,the interferogram with holes is unwrapped to obtain a deformation map with holes,and last,the holes in the deformation map are flled with point cloud data using inverse distance weighting algorithm,which will achieve seamless connection of monitoring region.We took the embankment dam above working face of a certain mining area in Shandong province as an example to study large-scale deformation in mining area using the proposed method.The results show that the maximum absolute error is 64 mm,relative error of maximum subsidence value is 4.95%,and they are consistent with leveling data of ground observation stations,which confrms the feasibility of this method.The method we presented provides new ways and means for achieving large-scale deformation monitoring by D-InSAR in mining area.展开更多
Based on the daily precipitation data between 1965 and 2009 from 8 rainfall stations in Shaoguan City,the indexes of precipitation concentration degree( PCD) and precipitation concentration period( PCP) were calcu...Based on the daily precipitation data between 1965 and 2009 from 8 rainfall stations in Shaoguan City,the indexes of precipitation concentration degree( PCD) and precipitation concentration period( PCP) were calculated. And then inverse distance weighted( IDW) interpolation method was used to analyze the heterogeneous distribution characteristics of inter-annual precipitation by introducing the spatial distribution of annual mean values,variable coefficients,correlation coefficients with annual precipitation,change trends and composite analysis. The results showed that PCD was mainly decreasing from southeast to northwest in spatial distribution,long-term average annual values of PCP were distributed in the first ten days of June at most region. Annual precipitation increased as PCD increased in southern region,but the change trend was the opposite in northern region. Annual precipitation increased as PCP lagged in most region. PCD and PCP mainly appeared upward trend. Composite analysis of PCD in more-precipitation years was similar to less-precipitation years in spatial distribution,but the PCD in less-precipitation years was higher.Seen from the mean in the whole region,PCP in more-precipitation years lagged about 20 days behind those in less-precipitation years. The research can provide basis for the production of agriculture and industry as well as disaster prevention and reduction.展开更多
This study investigates the spatial variability of soil organic matter(SOM),soil organic carbon(SOC)and pH in the upper 20-cm layer and 20-40 cm layer in Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens Pradelle)forests using a ge...This study investigates the spatial variability of soil organic matter(SOM),soil organic carbon(SOC)and pH in the upper 20-cm layer and 20-40 cm layer in Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens Pradelle)forests using a geostatistics model.Interpolation maps of SOM,SOC,and pH were developed using ordinary kriging(OK)and inverse distance weighted(IDW)methods.The pH,SOC,and SOM of the two soil layers ranged from 4.6 to 4.7,from 1.5 to 2.7 g kg^(-1)and from 20.3 to 22.4 g kg^(-1),respectively.The coefficient of variation for SOM and SOC was 29.9-43.3%while a weak variability was found for pH.Gaussian and exponential models performed well in describing the spatial variability of SOC contents with R^(2)varying from 0.95 to 0.90.The nugget/sill values of pH are less than 25%,which indicates a strong spatial correlation,while the nugget/sill values of SOC and SOM fall under moderate spatial correlation.Interpolation using ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighted methods revealed that the spatial distribution of SOM,SOC,and pH was inconsistent due to external and internal factors across the plots.Regarding the cross-validation results,the ordinary kriging method performed better than inverse distance weighted method for selected soil properties.This study suggests that the spatial variability of soil chemical properties revealed by geostatistics modeling will help decision-makers improve the management of soil properties.展开更多
This paper examines the spatial and temporal variability of the mean annual precipitation in the Northern Cameroon on the context of climate change during the time period 1950-2013. The study used homogeneous monthly ...This paper examines the spatial and temporal variability of the mean annual precipitation in the Northern Cameroon on the context of climate change during the time period 1950-2013. The study used homogeneous monthly and annual precipitations database of twenty-five stations located in the Northern Cameroon and Southern Chad Republic. Geostatisticals interpolation methods (Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting method) associated with Digital Elevation Model were used to establish the spatial distribution of annuals precipitations. The non-parametric Mann- Kendall test and Sen’s slope method were performed to determine respectively trend and magnitude. The result indicates a spatial distribution of precipitation mainly determined by the topography and the geography of the study area. The trend analysis shows a decrease of annual average precipitation across the Northern Cameroon at a rate of ?0.568 mm/year over the time period 1950-2013. The magnitude of decreasing trends ranged between 0.11 and 3.92 mm/year. Statistically significant decreasing trends at the 95% level of confidence were noted at 10% while 5% of stations showed statistically significant increasing. However, 60% of stations indicate a decreasing trend. Monthly analysis of rainfall shows a decreasing trend during June and September while July and August present an increasing trend.展开更多
Urban pollution has now become increasingly recognized as an important determinant of air pollution in developed countries. The effect of urban air pollution in developing countries, on the other hand, has not been ad...Urban pollution has now become increasingly recognized as an important determinant of air pollution in developed countries. The effect of urban air pollution in developing countries, on the other hand, has not been adequately addressed in the data Spatio-temporal time series. Thus, this study was intended to characterize the effect of urbanization on air pollution for an urbanized Klang Valley, Malaysia using Spatio-temporal data from 2008 to 2017. The Air Pollution Index (API) data and local pollutant concentration were employed to establish the links between urban air pollution. The analysis will be supported by determining the source of pollutants during the study period using</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> Principal Component Analysis (PCA)</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">The study identified </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">that Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) are </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the major air pollution that has contributed to degrading air quality in the Klang Valley due to the vehicles, combustion process, and industries.展开更多
Geographical data are of great importance in meteorology and climate science. These data can create the areal distribution models analyzed by spatial interpolation methods. The values of the areas without measurement ...Geographical data are of great importance in meteorology and climate science. These data can create the areal distribution models analyzed by spatial interpolation methods. The values of the areas without measurement data are estimated with these distribution models. In this study, distribution of meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature and evaporation in Porsuk basin, which is determined as research area, was investigated by Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Ordinary Kriging methods. Actual meteorological data analyzed of the basin do not show a normal distribution statistically. Therefore, the data were firstly subjected to normalization and then analyzed according to the IDW and Ordinary Kriging methods to create distribution maps of precipitation, temperature and evaporation data. Quadratic mean error values were compared to investigate the reliability of analyzes. In this study, the analysis results of precipitation, temperature and evaporation data have been calculated by two different methods. Ordinary Kriging method has been determined as the method making the most accurate estimation.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to develop an ordered weighted distance (OWD) measure, which is the generalization of some widely used distance measures, including the normalized Hamming distance, the normalized Euclidean ...The aim of this paper is to develop an ordered weighted distance (OWD) measure, which is the generalization of some widely used distance measures, including the normalized Hamming distance, the normalized Euclidean distance, the normalized geometric distance, the max distance, the median distance and the rain distance, etc. Moreover, the ordered weighted averaging operator, the generalized ordered weighted aggregation operator, the ordered weighted geometric operator, the averaging operator, the geometric mean operator, the ordered weighted square root operator, the square root operator, the max operator, the median operator and the rain operator are also the special cases of the OWD measure. Some methods depending on the input arguments are given to determine the weights associated with the OWD measure. The prominent characteristic of the OWD measure is that it can relieve (or intensify) the influence of unduly large or unduly small deviations on the aggregation results by assigning them low (or high) weights. This desirable characteristic makes the OWD measure very suitable to be used in many actual fields, including group decision making, medical diagnosis, data mining, and pattern recognition, etc. Finally, based on the OWD measure, we develop a group decision making approach, and illustrate it with a numerical example.展开更多
Anti-detection is becoming as an emerging challenge for anti-phishing.This paper solves the threats of anti-detection from the threshold setting condition.Enough webpages are considered to complicate threshold setting...Anti-detection is becoming as an emerging challenge for anti-phishing.This paper solves the threats of anti-detection from the threshold setting condition.Enough webpages are considered to complicate threshold setting condition when the threshold is settled.According to the common visual behavior which is easily attracted by the salient region of webpages,image retrieval methods based on texton correlation descriptor(TCD)are improved to obtain enough webpages which have similarity in the salient region for the images of webpages.There are two steps for improving TCD which has advantage of recognizing the salient region of images:(1)This paper proposed Weighted Euclidean Distance based on neighborhood location(NLW-Euclidean distance)and double cross windows,and combine them to solve the problems in TCD;(2)Space structure is introduced to map the image set to Euclid space so that similarity relation among images can be used to complicate threshold setting conditions.Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the effectiveness of anti-phishing and make the system more stable,and significantly reduce the possibilities of being hacked to be used as mining systems for blockchain.展开更多
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a class of seven-helix transmembrane proteins that have been used in bioinformatics as the targets to facilitate drug discovery for human diseases. Although thousands of GPCR ...G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a class of seven-helix transmembrane proteins that have been used in bioinformatics as the targets to facilitate drug discovery for human diseases. Although thousands of GPCR sequences have been collected, the ligand specificity of many GPCRs is still unknown and only one crystal structure of the rhodopsin-like family has been solved. Therefore, identifying GPCR types only from sequence data has become an important research issue. In this study, a novel technique for identifying GPCR types based on the weighted Levenshtein distance between two receptor sequences and the nearest neighbor method (NNM) is introduced, which can deal with receptor sequences with different lengths directly. In our experiments for classifying four classes (acetylcholine, adrenoceptor, dopamine, and serotonin) of the rhodopsin-like family of GPCRs, the error rates from the leave-one-out procedure and the leave-half-out procedure were 0.62% and 1.24%, respectively. These results are prior to those of the covariant discriminant algorithm, the support vector machine method, and the NNM with Euclidean distance.展开更多
The weighted edit distance and metaphone+ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. ...The weighted edit distance and metaphone+ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. A spelling checker is designed for an automatic detection and correction system for student essays. To evaluate the algorithm it is compared to some famous systems (MS Word2000, Aspell, winEdt). The resuits show that our approach is superior to the alternative approaches.展开更多
A log-index weighted cepstral distance measure is proposed and tested in speaker-independent and speaker-dependent isolated word recognition systems using statistic techniques. The weights for the cepstral coefficient...A log-index weighted cepstral distance measure is proposed and tested in speaker-independent and speaker-dependent isolated word recognition systems using statistic techniques. The weights for the cepstral coefficients of this measure equal the logarithm of the corresponding indices. The experimental results show that this kind of measure works better than any other weighted Euclidean cepstral distance measures on three speech databases. The error rate obtained using this measure is about 1.8 percent for three databases on average, which is a 25% reduction from that obtained using other measures, and a 40% reduction from that obtained using Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR) measure. The experimental results also show that this kind of distance measure works well in both speaker-dependent and speaker-independent speech recognition systems.展开更多
The Soil Land Inference Model(SoLIM) was primarily proposed by Zhu et al.(Zhu A X, Band L, Vertessy R, Dutton B. 1997. Derivation of soil properties using a soil land inference model(SoLIM). Soil Sci Soc Am J. 61: 523...The Soil Land Inference Model(SoLIM) was primarily proposed by Zhu et al.(Zhu A X, Band L, Vertessy R, Dutton B. 1997. Derivation of soil properties using a soil land inference model(SoLIM). Soil Sci Soc Am J. 61: 523–533.) and was based on the Third Law of Geography. Based on the assumption that the soil property value at a location of interest will be more similar to that of a given soil sample when the environmental condition at the location of interest is more similar to that at the location from which the sample was taken, SoLIM estimates the soil property value of the location of interest using the soil property values of known samples weighted by the similarity between those samples and the location of interest in terms of an attribute domain of environmental conditions. However, the current SoLIM method ignores information about the spatial distances between the location of interest and those of the sample. In this study, we proposed a new method of soil property mapping, So LIM-IDW, which incorporates spatial distance information into the SoLIM method by means of inverse distance weighting(IDW). The proposed method is based on the assumption that the soil property value at a location of interest will be more similar to that of a known sample both when the environmental conditions are more similar and when the distance between the location of interest and the sample location is shorter. Our evaluation experiments on A-horizon soil organic matter mapping in two study areas with independent evaluation samples showed that the proposed SoLIM-IDW method can obtain lower prediction errors than the original SoLIM method, multiple linear regression, geographically weighted regression, and regression-kriging with the same modeling points. Future work mainly includes the determination of optimal power parameter values and the appropriate setting of the parameter under different application contexts.展开更多
The spatial distribution of surface and subsurface soil attributes is an important input to environmental modeling.Soil attributes represent an important input to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT),which influen...The spatial distribution of surface and subsurface soil attributes is an important input to environmental modeling.Soil attributes represent an important input to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT),which influence the accuracy of the modeling outputs.An ArcGIS-based tool was developed to predict soil attributes and provide inputs to SWAT.The essential inputs are digital elevation model and field observations.Legacy soil data/maps can be used to derive observations when recent field surveys are not available.Additional layers,such as satellite images and auxiliary data,improve the prediction accuracy.The model contains a series of steps(menus)to facilitate iterative analysis.The steps are summarized in deriving many terrain attributes to characterize each pixel based on local attributes as well as the characteristics of the contributing area.The model then subdivides the entire watershed into smaller facets(subdivisions of subwatersheds)and classifies these into groups.A linear regression model to predict soil attributes from terrain attributes and auxiliary data are established for each class and implemented to predict soil attributes for each pixel within the class and then merged for the entire watershed or study area.SLEEP(Soil-Landscape Estimation and Evaluation Program)utilizes Pedo-transfer functions to provide the spatial distribution of the necessary unmapped soil data needed for SWAT prediction.An application of the tool demonstrated acceptable accuracy and better spatial distribution of soil attributes compared with two spatial interpolation techniques.The analysis indicated low sensitivity of SWAT prediction to the number of field observations when SLEEP is used to provide the soil layer.This demonstrates the potential of SLEEP to support SWAT modeling where soil data is scarce.展开更多
文摘Spatial interpolation(SI)is currently one of the most common ways to estimate wind speed(Ws).However,classic SI models either ignore the complex geography[e.g.inverse distance weighting(IDW)],or demand high computational resources(e.g.cokriging).This study aimed to develop a simple yet effective SI model for estimating Ws in Eastern Thrace of Turkey.This new method,named MIDW(Ws),is a modified IDW through the integration of IDW with wind profile model,power law(PL),representing the influence of land cover and topography on Ws.Terrain features and elevation data of PL were obtained using normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and digital elevation model(DEM),respectively.Results showed superior and comparable performance of MIDW(Ws)to standard IDW and ordinary kriging(OK)across all months of year.Compared to ordinary cokriging(OCK)using DEM as covariate,MIDW(Ws)generated better results in the arid–semiarid seasons(around summer).Local complex atmospheric conditions during rainy seasons(around winter)may have affected the performance of incorporating PL with MIDW(Ws).Generally,the proposed MIDW(Ws)is simpler and easier to implement compared to OCK.For landscape-scale projects,its high computational efficiency and relatively robust performance show potential to deal with large volumes of datasets.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists (60425310)the Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of Central South University (2008)
文摘Event region detection is the important application for wireless sensor networks(WSNs), where the existing faulty sensors would lead to drastic deterioration of network quality of service.Considering single-moment nodes fault-tolerance, a novel distributed fault-tolerant detection algorithm named distributed fault-tolerance based on weighted distance(DFWD) is proposed, which exploits the spatial correlation among sensor nodes and their redundant information.In sensor networks, neighborhood sensor nodes will be endowed with different relative weights respectively according to the distances between them and the central node.Having syncretized the weighted information of dual-neighborhood nodes appropriately, it is reasonable to decide the ultimate status of the central sensor node.Simultaneously, readings of faulty sensors would be corrected during this process.Simulation results demonstrate that the DFWD has a higher fault detection accuracy compared with other algorithms, and when the sensor fault probability is 10%, the DFWD can still correct more than 91% faulty sensor nodes, which significantly improves the performance of the whole sensor network.
文摘In this research, distributions of precipitation, temperature and evaporation in Seydisuyu basin were analyzed with the help of inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. Because real meteorological data of the basin (precipitation, temperature and evaporation) do not have normal distribution, precipitation, temperature and evaporation distribution maps are drawn after normalization process. The number of meteorological stations, in other words the number of samples, is low, so only IDW method is used in this research. In addition to the research, reliability of the results obtained with the help of inverse distance weighting method was examined with accuracy analysis. The purpose of this study, the spatial distribution of meteorological data on a basin or areas is to demonstrate the applicability of the statistical basis.
基金“Wings of Quality”Program of QICS(No.2020-zlzy-015)。
文摘Gravity Anomaly Correction(GAC)is a very important term in leveling data processing.In most cases,it is troublesome for field surveyors to measure gravity when leveling.In this paper,based on the complete Bouguer Gravity Anomaly(BGA)map of WGM2012,the feasibility of replacing in-situ gravity surveying in China is investigated.For leveling application,that is to evaluate the accuracy of WGM2012 in China.Because WGM2012 is organized with a standard rectangle grid,two interpolation methods,bilinear interpolating and Inverse Distance Weighted(IDW)interpolating,are proposed.Four sample areas in China,i.e.,Hanzhong,Chengdu,Linzhi and Shantou,are selected to evaluate the systems bias and precision of WGM2012.Numerical results show the average system bias of WGM2012 BGA in west China is about-100.1 mGal(1 mGal=10^(-5) m/s^(2))and the standard deviation is about 30.7 mGal.Tests in Shantou indicate the system bias in plain areas is about-130.4 mGal and standard deviation is about 6.8 mGal.All these experiments means the accuracy of WGM2012 is limited in high mountain areas of western China,but in plain areas,such as Shantou,WGM2012 BGA map is quite good for most leveling applications after calibrating the system bias.
文摘Water borne ailments are of serious public health concern in Gilgit Baltistan’s (GB) region of Pakistan. The pollution load on the glacio-fluvial streams and surface water resources of the Chapurson Valley in the Hunza Nagar area of the GB is increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities and tourism. The present study focuses on the public health quality of drinking water of Chapurson valley. The study addressed the fundamental drinking water quality criteria in order to understand the state of the public health in the valley. To ascertain the current status of physico-chemical, metals, and bacteriological parameters, 25 water samples were collected through deterministic sampling strategy and examined accordingly. The physico-chemical parameters of the water samples collected from the valley were found to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of drinking water. The water samples showed a pattern of mean metal concentrations in order of Arsenic (As) > Lead (Pb) > Iron (Fe) > Zinc (Zn) > Copper (Cu) > Magnesium (Mg) > Calcium (Ca). As, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg concentration were under the WHO guidelines range. However, results showed that Pb and Fe are present at much higher concentrations than recommended WHO guidelines. Similarly, the results of the bacteriological analysis indicate that the water samples are heavily contaminated with the organisms of public health importance (including total coliforms (TCC), total faecal coliforms (TFC) and total fecal streptococci (TFS) are more than 3 MPN/100mL). Three principal components, accounting for 48.44% of the total variance, were revealed using principal component analysis (PCA). Bacteriological parameters were shown to be the main determinants of the water quality as depicted by the PCA analysis. The dendrogram of Cluster analysis using the Ward’s method validated the same traits of the sampling locations that were found to be contaminated during geospatial analysis using the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method. Based on these findings, it is most likely that those anthropogenic activities and essentially the tourism results in pollution load from upstream channels. Metals may be released into surface and groundwater from a few underlying sources as a result of weathering and erosion. This study suggests that the valley water resources are more susceptible to bacteriological contamination and as such no water treatment facilities or protective measure have been taken to encounter the pollution load. People are drinking the contaminated water without questioning about the quality. It is recommended that the water resources of the valley should be monitored using standard protocol so as to protect not only the public health but to safe guard sustainable tourism in the valley.
文摘The present work determined the concentration and spatial distribution of heavy metals (As, Hg, Cr, Cd and Pb) in soil samples from Makurdi and its environs using geographic information system (GIS). The specific objective is to produce the spatial distribution maps showing the spatial distribution of toxic heavy metals in the study area. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), a GIS technique was used to produce dotted maps showing the spatial distribution of heavy metals in neem bark for better visualization of contamination zones and non-contamination zones. The map reveals few hotspot areas showing areas of high concentrations of the heavy metals investigated which were identified in red colours, the following concentration ranges were obtained;As (4.71 - 6.43 mg/kg), Cd (13.9 - 16.84 mg/kg), Cr (46.3 - 60.84 mg/kg), Hg (3.70 - 5.05 mg/kg) and Pb (24.02 - 31.34 mg/kg). These hotspot areas were found close to business outlets, fuel filling and service stations, farm sites where the application of fertilizers and pesticides were persistent coupled with heavy traffic of vehicles and other machinery which was associated with As, Hg, Cd, Pb and Cr been released into the environment thus, suggesting anthropogenic activities controlling the concentration of these heavy metals in the study areas. The cumulative effect of these heavy metals into the barks of neem could pose as danger, because this plant is used as herbs in folk medicine.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China(No. 2005CB724205)China Scholarship Programs of the Ministry ofEducation of China (No. 2006100766).
文摘Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set (5 years (2000-2004), 17 parameters) obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May (the 1st period) and June-August (the 2nd period). Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.
基金founded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41071273)the Doctoral Program Foundation of Institutions of Higher Education of China (No. 20090095110002)+1 种基金the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (No. SZBF2011-6B35)Relevant radar data were provided by the German Aerospace Centre TerraSAR-X Science Plan (LAN1425 and LAN1173)
文摘Large-scale deformation can not be detected by traditional D-InSAR technique because of the limit of its detectable deformation gradient,we propose a method that combines SAR data with point cloud data obtained by 3D laser scanning to improve the gradient of deformation detection.The proposed method takes advantage of high-density of 3D laser scanning point cloud data and its high precision of point positioning after 3D modeling.The specifc process can be described as follows:frst,large-scale deformation points in the interferogram are masked out based on interferometric coherence;second,the interferogram with holes is unwrapped to obtain a deformation map with holes,and last,the holes in the deformation map are flled with point cloud data using inverse distance weighting algorithm,which will achieve seamless connection of monitoring region.We took the embankment dam above working face of a certain mining area in Shandong province as an example to study large-scale deformation in mining area using the proposed method.The results show that the maximum absolute error is 64 mm,relative error of maximum subsidence value is 4.95%,and they are consistent with leveling data of ground observation stations,which confrms the feasibility of this method.The method we presented provides new ways and means for achieving large-scale deformation monitoring by D-InSAR in mining area.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(41371498,31170486,41571091)Youth Fund of Humanistic and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of PRC in 2017(17YJCZH114)the"13th Five-year"Planning Item of Guangdong Philosophy and Social Sciences(GD16CGL10)
文摘Based on the daily precipitation data between 1965 and 2009 from 8 rainfall stations in Shaoguan City,the indexes of precipitation concentration degree( PCD) and precipitation concentration period( PCP) were calculated. And then inverse distance weighted( IDW) interpolation method was used to analyze the heterogeneous distribution characteristics of inter-annual precipitation by introducing the spatial distribution of annual mean values,variable coefficients,correlation coefficients with annual precipitation,change trends and composite analysis. The results showed that PCD was mainly decreasing from southeast to northwest in spatial distribution,long-term average annual values of PCP were distributed in the first ten days of June at most region. Annual precipitation increased as PCD increased in southern region,but the change trend was the opposite in northern region. Annual precipitation increased as PCP lagged in most region. PCD and PCP mainly appeared upward trend. Composite analysis of PCD in more-precipitation years was similar to less-precipitation years in spatial distribution,but the PCD in less-precipitation years was higher.Seen from the mean in the whole region,PCP in more-precipitation years lagged about 20 days behind those in less-precipitation years. The research can provide basis for the production of agriculture and industry as well as disaster prevention and reduction.
基金The work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China:High Efficiency Cultivation and Monitoring Technology for Timber Bamboo(Grant No.:2018YFD0600103).
文摘This study investigates the spatial variability of soil organic matter(SOM),soil organic carbon(SOC)and pH in the upper 20-cm layer and 20-40 cm layer in Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens Pradelle)forests using a geostatistics model.Interpolation maps of SOM,SOC,and pH were developed using ordinary kriging(OK)and inverse distance weighted(IDW)methods.The pH,SOC,and SOM of the two soil layers ranged from 4.6 to 4.7,from 1.5 to 2.7 g kg^(-1)and from 20.3 to 22.4 g kg^(-1),respectively.The coefficient of variation for SOM and SOC was 29.9-43.3%while a weak variability was found for pH.Gaussian and exponential models performed well in describing the spatial variability of SOC contents with R^(2)varying from 0.95 to 0.90.The nugget/sill values of pH are less than 25%,which indicates a strong spatial correlation,while the nugget/sill values of SOC and SOM fall under moderate spatial correlation.Interpolation using ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighted methods revealed that the spatial distribution of SOM,SOC,and pH was inconsistent due to external and internal factors across the plots.Regarding the cross-validation results,the ordinary kriging method performed better than inverse distance weighted method for selected soil properties.This study suggests that the spatial variability of soil chemical properties revealed by geostatistics modeling will help decision-makers improve the management of soil properties.
文摘This paper examines the spatial and temporal variability of the mean annual precipitation in the Northern Cameroon on the context of climate change during the time period 1950-2013. The study used homogeneous monthly and annual precipitations database of twenty-five stations located in the Northern Cameroon and Southern Chad Republic. Geostatisticals interpolation methods (Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting method) associated with Digital Elevation Model were used to establish the spatial distribution of annuals precipitations. The non-parametric Mann- Kendall test and Sen’s slope method were performed to determine respectively trend and magnitude. The result indicates a spatial distribution of precipitation mainly determined by the topography and the geography of the study area. The trend analysis shows a decrease of annual average precipitation across the Northern Cameroon at a rate of ?0.568 mm/year over the time period 1950-2013. The magnitude of decreasing trends ranged between 0.11 and 3.92 mm/year. Statistically significant decreasing trends at the 95% level of confidence were noted at 10% while 5% of stations showed statistically significant increasing. However, 60% of stations indicate a decreasing trend. Monthly analysis of rainfall shows a decreasing trend during June and September while July and August present an increasing trend.
文摘Urban pollution has now become increasingly recognized as an important determinant of air pollution in developed countries. The effect of urban air pollution in developing countries, on the other hand, has not been adequately addressed in the data Spatio-temporal time series. Thus, this study was intended to characterize the effect of urbanization on air pollution for an urbanized Klang Valley, Malaysia using Spatio-temporal data from 2008 to 2017. The Air Pollution Index (API) data and local pollutant concentration were employed to establish the links between urban air pollution. The analysis will be supported by determining the source of pollutants during the study period using</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> Principal Component Analysis (PCA)</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">The study identified </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">that Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) are </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the major air pollution that has contributed to degrading air quality in the Klang Valley due to the vehicles, combustion process, and industries.
基金This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission within the scope of project number 1506F500.
文摘Geographical data are of great importance in meteorology and climate science. These data can create the areal distribution models analyzed by spatial interpolation methods. The values of the areas without measurement data are estimated with these distribution models. In this study, distribution of meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature and evaporation in Porsuk basin, which is determined as research area, was investigated by Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Ordinary Kriging methods. Actual meteorological data analyzed of the basin do not show a normal distribution statistically. Therefore, the data were firstly subjected to normalization and then analyzed according to the IDW and Ordinary Kriging methods to create distribution maps of precipitation, temperature and evaporation data. Quadratic mean error values were compared to investigate the reliability of analyzes. In this study, the analysis results of precipitation, temperature and evaporation data have been calculated by two different methods. Ordinary Kriging method has been determined as the method making the most accurate estimation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.70571087 and No.70321001)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.70625005).
文摘The aim of this paper is to develop an ordered weighted distance (OWD) measure, which is the generalization of some widely used distance measures, including the normalized Hamming distance, the normalized Euclidean distance, the normalized geometric distance, the max distance, the median distance and the rain distance, etc. Moreover, the ordered weighted averaging operator, the generalized ordered weighted aggregation operator, the ordered weighted geometric operator, the averaging operator, the geometric mean operator, the ordered weighted square root operator, the square root operator, the max operator, the median operator and the rain operator are also the special cases of the OWD measure. Some methods depending on the input arguments are given to determine the weights associated with the OWD measure. The prominent characteristic of the OWD measure is that it can relieve (or intensify) the influence of unduly large or unduly small deviations on the aggregation results by assigning them low (or high) weights. This desirable characteristic makes the OWD measure very suitable to be used in many actual fields, including group decision making, medical diagnosis, data mining, and pattern recognition, etc. Finally, based on the OWD measure, we develop a group decision making approach, and illustrate it with a numerical example.
基金The work reported in this paper was supported by the Joint research project of Jiangsu Province under Grant No.BY2016026-04the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology of Nanjing University under Grant No.KFKT2018B27+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China under Grant No.61303263the Jiangsu Provincial Research Foundation for Basic Research(Natural Science Foundation)under Grant No.BK20150201.
文摘Anti-detection is becoming as an emerging challenge for anti-phishing.This paper solves the threats of anti-detection from the threshold setting condition.Enough webpages are considered to complicate threshold setting condition when the threshold is settled.According to the common visual behavior which is easily attracted by the salient region of webpages,image retrieval methods based on texton correlation descriptor(TCD)are improved to obtain enough webpages which have similarity in the salient region for the images of webpages.There are two steps for improving TCD which has advantage of recognizing the salient region of images:(1)This paper proposed Weighted Euclidean Distance based on neighborhood location(NLW-Euclidean distance)and double cross windows,and combine them to solve the problems in TCD;(2)Space structure is introduced to map the image set to Euclid space so that similarity relation among images can be used to complicate threshold setting conditions.Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the effectiveness of anti-phishing and make the system more stable,and significantly reduce the possibilities of being hacked to be used as mining systems for blockchain.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK2004142)partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60275007).
文摘G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a class of seven-helix transmembrane proteins that have been used in bioinformatics as the targets to facilitate drug discovery for human diseases. Although thousands of GPCR sequences have been collected, the ligand specificity of many GPCRs is still unknown and only one crystal structure of the rhodopsin-like family has been solved. Therefore, identifying GPCR types only from sequence data has become an important research issue. In this study, a novel technique for identifying GPCR types based on the weighted Levenshtein distance between two receptor sequences and the nearest neighbor method (NNM) is introduced, which can deal with receptor sequences with different lengths directly. In our experiments for classifying four classes (acetylcholine, adrenoceptor, dopamine, and serotonin) of the rhodopsin-like family of GPCRs, the error rates from the leave-one-out procedure and the leave-half-out procedure were 0.62% and 1.24%, respectively. These results are prior to those of the covariant discriminant algorithm, the support vector machine method, and the NNM with Euclidean distance.
文摘The weighted edit distance and metaphone+ algorithm are combined to correct the non-word errors. The speed is also optimized based on the observation that people rarely make mistakes in the initial letter of a word. A spelling checker is designed for an automatic detection and correction system for student essays. To evaluate the algorithm it is compared to some famous systems (MS Word2000, Aspell, winEdt). The resuits show that our approach is superior to the alternative approaches.
文摘A log-index weighted cepstral distance measure is proposed and tested in speaker-independent and speaker-dependent isolated word recognition systems using statistic techniques. The weights for the cepstral coefficients of this measure equal the logarithm of the corresponding indices. The experimental results show that this kind of measure works better than any other weighted Euclidean cepstral distance measures on three speech databases. The error rate obtained using this measure is about 1.8 percent for three databases on average, which is a 25% reduction from that obtained using other measures, and a 40% reduction from that obtained using Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR) measure. The experimental results also show that this kind of distance measure works well in both speaker-dependent and speaker-independent speech recognition systems.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41871300,41422109,and 41431177)the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2015CB954102)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China (No.164320H116)the Outstanding Innovation Team in Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province,China the support from the Innovation Project of State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System of China (No.O88RA20CYA)。
文摘The Soil Land Inference Model(SoLIM) was primarily proposed by Zhu et al.(Zhu A X, Band L, Vertessy R, Dutton B. 1997. Derivation of soil properties using a soil land inference model(SoLIM). Soil Sci Soc Am J. 61: 523–533.) and was based on the Third Law of Geography. Based on the assumption that the soil property value at a location of interest will be more similar to that of a given soil sample when the environmental condition at the location of interest is more similar to that at the location from which the sample was taken, SoLIM estimates the soil property value of the location of interest using the soil property values of known samples weighted by the similarity between those samples and the location of interest in terms of an attribute domain of environmental conditions. However, the current SoLIM method ignores information about the spatial distances between the location of interest and those of the sample. In this study, we proposed a new method of soil property mapping, So LIM-IDW, which incorporates spatial distance information into the SoLIM method by means of inverse distance weighting(IDW). The proposed method is based on the assumption that the soil property value at a location of interest will be more similar to that of a known sample both when the environmental conditions are more similar and when the distance between the location of interest and the sample location is shorter. Our evaluation experiments on A-horizon soil organic matter mapping in two study areas with independent evaluation samples showed that the proposed SoLIM-IDW method can obtain lower prediction errors than the original SoLIM method, multiple linear regression, geographically weighted regression, and regression-kriging with the same modeling points. Future work mainly includes the determination of optimal power parameter values and the appropriate setting of the parameter under different application contexts.
基金This model is a result of collaborative efforts between the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas(ICARDA)and Texas A&M UniversityThe authors would like to acknowledge the financial support by the CGIAR Research Program on Water,Land and Ecosystems(WLE),USAID-linkages program,Middle East Water and Livelihood Initiative-WLI,and the Coca-Cola Foundation.
文摘The spatial distribution of surface and subsurface soil attributes is an important input to environmental modeling.Soil attributes represent an important input to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT),which influence the accuracy of the modeling outputs.An ArcGIS-based tool was developed to predict soil attributes and provide inputs to SWAT.The essential inputs are digital elevation model and field observations.Legacy soil data/maps can be used to derive observations when recent field surveys are not available.Additional layers,such as satellite images and auxiliary data,improve the prediction accuracy.The model contains a series of steps(menus)to facilitate iterative analysis.The steps are summarized in deriving many terrain attributes to characterize each pixel based on local attributes as well as the characteristics of the contributing area.The model then subdivides the entire watershed into smaller facets(subdivisions of subwatersheds)and classifies these into groups.A linear regression model to predict soil attributes from terrain attributes and auxiliary data are established for each class and implemented to predict soil attributes for each pixel within the class and then merged for the entire watershed or study area.SLEEP(Soil-Landscape Estimation and Evaluation Program)utilizes Pedo-transfer functions to provide the spatial distribution of the necessary unmapped soil data needed for SWAT prediction.An application of the tool demonstrated acceptable accuracy and better spatial distribution of soil attributes compared with two spatial interpolation techniques.The analysis indicated low sensitivity of SWAT prediction to the number of field observations when SLEEP is used to provide the soil layer.This demonstrates the potential of SLEEP to support SWAT modeling where soil data is scarce.