Electron Momentum Spectroscopy of Valence Orbitals of Cyclopentene:Nuclear Dynamics and Distorted Wave Effect

We report a measurement of electron momentum distributions of valence orbitals of cyclopentene employing symmetric noncoplanar(e,2e)kinematics at impact energies of 1200 and 1600 eV plus the binding energy.Experimental momentum profiles for individual ionization bands are obtained and compared with theoretical calculations considering nuclear dynamics by harmonic analytical quantum mechanical and thermal sampling molecular dynamics approaches.The results demonstrate that molecular vibrational motions including ring-puckering of this flexible cyclic molecule have obvious influences on the electron momentum profiles for the outer valence orbitals,especially in the low momentum region.Forπ^(*)-like molecular orbitals 3a′′,2a′′,and 3a′,the impact-energy dependence of the experimental momentum profiles indicates a distorted wave effect.

Relativistic and distorted wave effects on Xe 4d electron momentum distributions

The relativistic and distorted wave effects are investigated for the electron momentum distributions of Xe 4d electrons.The theoretical results show good agreements with the experimental data measured previously with electron momentum spectroscopy. The distorted wave effect and the relativistic effect are found to play important roles in the low and high momentum regions, respectively.

Correction of walk-off-induced wavefront distortion for continuous-wave laser

We theoretically and experimentally investigate the wave front distortion in critically phase-matched continuouswave（CW） second harmonic generation（SHG）.Due to the walk-off effect in the nonlinear crystal,the generated second harmonic is extremely elliptical and quite non-Gaussian,which causes a very low matching and coupling efficiency in experiment.Cylindrical lenses and walk-off compensating crystals are adopted to correct distorted wave fronts,and obtain a good TEM00 mode efficiently.Theoretically,we simulate the correction effect of 266-nm laser generated with SHG.The experiment results accord well with the theoretical simulation and an above 80% TEM_（00） component is obtained for 266-nm continuous-wave laser with a 4.8？-walk-off angle in beta barium borate（BBO） crystal.

Electron Momentum Spectroscopy Study on Inner Orbitals of Methyl iodide

The binding energy spectrum and electron momentum profiles of the inner orbitals of methyl iodide have been measured using an electron momentum spectrometer at the impact energy of 1200 e V plus binding energy.Two peaks in the binding energy spectrum,arising from the spin-orbit splitting,are observed and the corresponding electron momentum profiles are obtained.Relativistic density functional calculations are performed to elucidate the experimental electron momentum profiles of two spin-orbit splitting components,showing agreement with each other except for the intensity in low momentum region.The measured high intensity in the low momentum region can be further explained by the distorted wave calculation.

Enforcement of Capacity-Differentiated Regulations in China： Evidence from Coal-Fired Power Plants

This article investigates the effects of the capacity-differentiated regulations that are popular in China. These regulations usually involve measures that gradually shut down small plants while allowing them to continue to operate until shutdown. We use a panel data set from coal-fired power plants during the period from 2003 to 2010 and employ the input demand equations and the difference-in-differences method to quantify the effects of these regulations. Our findings, which are robust to a variety of specifications, indicate that regulations of this type reduce capital spending and fuel efficiencies in the vulnerable small plants that are subject to shutdown under this regulation. We find no effect on the operating expenses of these small plants.

An electron momentum spectroscopic study of naphthalene in gas phase

We report the experimental and theoretical investigation of the complete valence shell binding energy spectra and momentum profiles of naphthalene (C 10 H 8),using our high resolution electron momentum spectrometer,at impact energies of 1500 eV and 600 eV.The observed momentum profiles were compared with the Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations,and the binding energy spectrum was compared with the Outer valence Green's function (OVGF) calculations.The impact energy dependent discrepancy between observed momentum distributions and calculations under the plane wave impulse approximation was ascribed to the distorted wave effects.