Differential distribution of PINK1 and Parkin in the primate brain implies distinct roles

The vast majority of in vitro studies have demonstrated that PINK1 phosphorylates Parkin to work together in mitophagy to protect against neuronal degeneration.However,it remains largely unclear how PINK1 and Parkin are expressed in mammalian brains.This has been difficult to address because of the intrinsically low levels of PINK1 and undetectable levels of phosphorylated Parkin in small animals.Understanding this issue is critical for elucidating the in vivo roles of PINK1 and Parkin.Recently,we showed that the PINK1 kinase is selectively expressed as a truncated form(PINK1–55)in the primate brain.In the present study,we used multiple antibodies,including our recently developed monoclonal anti-PINK1,to validate the selective expression of PINK1 in the primate brain.We found that PINK1 was stably expressed in the monkey brain at postnatal and adulthood stages,which is consistent with the findings that depleting PINK1 can cause neuronal loss in developing and adult monkey brains.PINK1 was enriched in the membrane-bound fractionations,whereas Parkin was soluble with a distinguishable distribution.Immunofluorescent double staining experiments showed that PINK1 and Parkin did not colocalize under physiological conditions in cultured monkey astrocytes,though they did colocalize on mitochondria when the cells were exposed to mitochondrial stress.These findings suggest that PINK1 and Parkin may have distinct roles beyond their well-known function in mitophagy during mitochondrial damage.

The cGAS-STING-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway regulates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease

Interferon regulatory factor 7 plays a crucial role in the innate immune response.However,whether interferon regulatory factor 7-mediated signaling contributes to Parkinson's disease remains unknown.Here we report that interferon regulatory factor 7 is markedly up-regulated in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease and co-localizes with microglial cells.Both the selective cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase inhibitor RU.521 and the stimulator of interferon genes inhibitor H151 effectively suppressed interferon regulatory factor 7 activation in BV2 microglia exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and inhibited transformation of mouse BV2 microglia into the neurotoxic M1 phenotype.In addition,si RNA-mediated knockdown of interferon regulatory factor 7 expression in BV2 microglia reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase,tumor necrosis factorα,CD16,CD32,and CD86 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory markers ARG1 and YM1.Taken together,our findings indicate that the cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

Neural stem cell-derived exosomes promote mitochondrial biogenesis and restore abnormal protein distribution in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.We previously showed that neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles improved mitochondrial function in the cortex of AP P/PS1 mice.Because Alzheimer’s disease affects the entire brain,further research is needed to elucidate alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in the brain as a whole.Here,we investigated the expression of several important mitochondrial biogenesis-related cytokines in multiple brain regions after treatment with neural stem cell-derived exosomes and used a combination of whole brain clearing,immunostaining,and lightsheet imaging to clarify their spatial distribution.Additionally,to clarify whether the sirtuin 1(SIRT1)-related pathway plays a regulatory role in neural stem cell-de rived exosomes interfering with mitochondrial functional changes,we generated a novel nervous system-SIRT1 conditional knoc kout AP P/PS1mouse model.Our findings demonstrate that neural stem cell-de rived exosomes significantly increase SIRT1 levels,enhance the production of mitochondrial biogenesis-related fa ctors,and inhibit astrocyte activation,but do not suppress amyloid-βproduction.Thus,neural stem cell-derived exosomes may be a useful therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease that activates the SIRT1-PGC1αsignaling pathway and increases NRF1 and COXIV synthesis to improve mitochondrial biogenesis.In addition,we showed that the spatial distribution of mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors is disrupted in Alzheimer’s disease,and that neural stem cell-derived exosome treatment can reverse this effect,indicating that neural stem cell-derived exosomes promote mitochondrial biogenesis.

Spatiotemporal Distributions of Bacterioplankton Communities in the Qiantang River(Hangzhou Section),China

The spatial and temporal distribution of bacterioplankton communities plays a vital role in understanding the ecological dynamics and health of aquatic ecosystems.In this study,we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the bacterioplankton communities in the Qiantang River(Hangzhou section).Water samples were collected quarterly from seven sites over a one-year period.Physical and chemical parameters,including dissolved oxygen(DO),water temperature(WT),chemical oxygen demand(COD),nitrite(NO_(2)^(-)),active phosphate(PO_(4)^(3-))and other indices were determined.In this study,theαdiversity,βdiversity and abundance differences of bacterial communities were investigated using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis.The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and main driving factors of the bacterioplankton community structure and diversity were discussed.The results showed that a total of 57 phyla were detected in the bacterioplankton community,among which Proteobacteria and Actinomycetes were the two dominant groups with the highest relative abundance.The results of PCoA based on Bray-Curtis distance showed that the sampling season had a slightly greater effect on the changes in bacterioplankton community structure in the Qiantang River.Mantel and partial Mantel test showed that environmental variables(Mantel r=0.6739,P<0.0001;partial Mantel r=0.507,P=0.0001)were more important than geographical distance(Mantel r=0.5322,P<0.001;partial Mantel r=0.1563,P=0.001).The distance attenuation model showed that there was significant distance attenuation in all four seasons,and the maximum limit of bacterial community diffusion was found in spring.RDA analysis showed that nine environmental factors,including COD,WT and DO,significantly affected community distribution(P<0.05).This study provides valuable insights into the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of bacterioplankton communities,shedding light on their ecological roles in the Qiantang River.The information obtained can guide future research on the interactions between bacterioplankton and their environment,enabling the development of effective conservation strategies and sustainable management practices for aquatic ecosystems.

Green's functions for uniformly distributed loads acting on an inclined line in a poroelastic layered site

Based on one type of practical Biot＇s equation and the dynamic-stiffness matrices ofa poroelastic soil layer and half-space, Green＇s functions were derived for unitformly distributed loads acting on an inclined line in a poroelastie layered site. This analysis overcomes significant problems in wave scattering due to local soil conditions and dynamic soil-structure interaction. The Green＇s functions can be reduced to the case of an elastic layered site developed by Wolf in 1985. Parametric studies are then carried out through two example problems.

GLOBAL STABILITY IN HOPFIELD NEURAL NETWORKS WITH DISTRIBUTED TIME DELAYS

In this paper, without assuming the boundedness, monotonicity and differentiability of the activation functions, the conditions ensuring existence, uniqueness, and global asymptotical stability of the equilibrium point of Hopfield neural network models with distributed time delays are studied. Using M-matrix theory and constructing proper Liapunov functionals, the sufficient conditions for global asymptotic stability are obtained.

ESSA： An Efficient and Secure Splitting Algorithm for Distributed Storage Systems

The security of critical data is an important issue for distributed storage system design,especially for long-term storage.ESSA (An Efficient and Secure Splitting Algorithm for Distributed Storage Systems) is presented,which takes advantage of a two level information dispersal scheme to strengthen the security of data.In ESSA,the approach of knight’s tour problem,which is NP-Complete,is introduced to scramble data at the first level,and a split cube is used to split scrambled data at the second level.Thus,it is very difficult for the malicious user to get information because the task of reconstructing the original data needs more computation than they can tolerate.We prove that the security of ESSA is better than encryption algorithm and not inferior to erasure codes and secret sharing.Experimental results show that distributed storage systems exploiting ESSA has greater efficiency than that exploiting keyed encryption,erasure codes and secret sharing.

Steady-State Analysis of the Distributed Queueing Algorithm in a Single-Channel M2M Network

The Distributed Queuing (DQ) algorithm is predicted as one of the solutions to the issues currently found in IoT networks over the use of Aloha based algorithms. Since recently, the algorithm has been of interest to many IoT researchers as a replacement of those Aloha variants for channel access. However, previous works analyzed and evaluated the DQ algorithm without any consideration of the stability of its queues, assuming it is stable for any given number of nodes in the network. In this paper, we define the DQ stability condition in a single-channel M2M environment considering a traffic model of periodic and urgent frames from each node in the network. Besides, a steady-state evaluation of the algorithm’s performance metrics is also presented. In general, the DQ algorithm, when it is stable, was observed not to efficiently use the contention slots for the collision resolution. In a single-channel environment, the DQ algorithm is found to outperform the Aloha based algorithms only in an idle-to-saturation scenario.

Fabrication of 32 Gb/s Electroabsorption Modulated Distributed Feedback Lasers by Selective Area Growth Technology

A 32 Gb/s monolithically integrated electroabsorption modulated laser is fabricated by selective area growth technology. The threshold current of the device is below 13mA. The output power exceeds 10mW at 0V bias when the injection current of the distributed feedback laser is 100mA at 25℃. The side mode suppression ratio is over 50 dB. A 32Gb/s eye diagram is measured with a 3.SVpp nonreturn-to-zero pseudorandom modulation signal at -2.3 V bias. A clearly opening eyediagram with a dynamic extinction ratio of 8.01 dB is obtained.

Inductances Estimation in the d-q Axis for an Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines with Distributed Windings

The inductances in d-q axis have an important influence on the behavior of PMSM （PM （permanent-magnet） synchronous machines）. Their calculation is fundamental not only to evaluate the performance such as torque and field weakening capability but also to design the control system to maximize performance and power factor. This paper presents a study of inductance in the d-q axis for buried （i.e., IPMSM （interior） PM Synchronous Machines）. This study is achieved using 2-D （two-dimensional） FEM （finite-element method） and Park＇s transformation.

G-Phenomena as a Base of Scalable Distributed Computing—G-Phenomena in Moore’s Law

Today we witness the exponential growth of scientific research. This fast growth is possible thanks to the rapid development of computing systems since its first days in 1947 and the invention of transistor till the present days with high performance and scalable distributed computing systems. This fast growth of computing systems was first observed by Gordon E. Moore in 1965 and postulated as Moore’s Law. For the development of the scalable distributed computing systems, the year 2000 was a very special year. The first GHz speed processor, GB size memory and GB/s data transmission through network were achieved. Interestingly, in the same year the usable Grid computing systems emerged, which gave a strong impulse to a rapid development of distributed computing systems. This paper recognizes these facts that occurred in the year 2000, as the G-phenomena, a millennium cornerstone for the rapid development of scalable distributed systems evolved around the Grid and Cloud computing paradigms.

Suppression of Log-Normal Distributed Weather Clutter Observed by an S-Band Radar

We have observed weather clutter containing targets (ships) using an S-band radar with a frequency 3.05 GHz, a beam width 1.8°, and a pulsewidth 0.5 μs. To investigate the weather clutter amplitude statistics, we introduce the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). We have found that the weather clutter amplitudes obey the log-normal, Weibull, and log-Weibull distributions with the shape parameters of 0.308 to 0.470, 4.42 to 4.51, and 15.91 to 16.44, respectively, for small data within the beam width of an antenna. We have proposed the log-normal/CFAR circuit modified a Cell-Averaging (CA) LOG/CFAR circuit. It is found that weather clutter is suppressed with improvement of 51.58 dB by log-normal/CFAR. As a result, we have showed that weather clutter observed by S-band radar does not obey the Rayleigh distribution and our log-normal/CFAR circuit has an effect on suppression of clutter and detection of target, while conventional LOG/CFAR circuit does not. In addition, if our circuit can be realized, we will have an advantage economically.

A Model of the Fatigue Life Distribution of Composite Laminates Based on Their Static Strength Distribution

The reasons of the static strength dispersion and the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates are analyzed in this article. It is concluded that the inner original defects, which derived from the manufacturing process of composite laminates, are the common and major reason of causing the random distributions of the static strength and the fatigue life. And there is a correlative relation between the two distributions. With the study of statistical relationship between the fatigue loading and the fatigue life in the uniform confidence level and the same survival rate S-N curves of material, the relationship between the static strength distribution and the fatigue life distribution through a material S-N curve model has been obtained. And then the model which is used to describe the distributions of fatigue life of composites, based on their distributions of static strength, is set up. This model reasonably reflects the effects of the inner original defects on the static strength dispersion and on the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates. The experimental data of three kinds of composite laminates are employed to verify this model, and the results show that this model can predict the random distributions of fatigue life for composites under any fatigue loads fairly well.

基于GNSS的2023年2月23日塔吉克斯坦M_(S)7.2地震前异常资料变化特征研究

为了进一步探究中强地震发生前GNSS坐标时序中是否存在中短期异常现象,通过分析2023年2月23日塔吉克斯坦M_(S)7.2地震前后中国大陆构造环境监测网络(简称:“陆态网络”)塔什库尔干、布伦口GNSS基准站观测资料的变化特征,发现该地震震前塔什库尔干、布伦口均出现较为明显的GNSS基准站时间序列异常现象,震前EW向存在趋势性W向运动,震后E向加速;震前NS向趋势性S向运动,临震前状态快速改变,布伦口在震后还显示出7.3 mm的EW向永久性形变,研究结果表明GNSS在地震发生短临阶段具有重要的预测意义。与2015年12月7日塔吉克斯坦M S7.4地震进行对比发现,两次M S≥7.0地震对塔什库尔干、布伦口基准站的影响差异较大。2015年12月7日塔吉克斯坦M S7.4地震为左旋走滑,影响方向主要为NE向,而2023年2月23日塔吉克斯坦M_(S)7.2地震为右旋走滑,影响方向主要为SE向。震前基线均有挤压缩短的前兆异常显示。梳理站点异常出现情况,发现异常持续时间越长、异常出现次数越多,发震震级可能越大。

深度小于30 m正常停钻V_(S30)预测公式精度分析

我国钻孔测速中在正常停孔条件下产生大量深度小于30 m的钻孔数据。由于正常停钻,我国几乎没有此类场地下深度超30 m的钻孔实测数据,故无法以同类场地大于30 m数据直接回归V_(S30)公式。国外区域数据建立的V_(S30)预测公式有区域性,其在场地特征类似才适用;针对我国深度小于30 m正常停孔下V_(S30)预测线性外插公式LEE为具有潜在可行性公式。因此,为了从已有公式中得到可靠的V_(S30)预测公式,基于地质宏观类比,在停钻深度没有到30 m数据条件下发展了对已有公式的精度分析方法。通过对平均剪切波速竖向分布特点的分析,提出“精度分析区间”;并在缺乏停钻深度到30 m直接验证数据的前提下,提出两种分析公式预测精度的方法:方法一中校核对象是实测数据,具有一定直接检验的特点,但仅适用于具有反算能力的公式;方法二是基于所有公式都具有的——换算深度越靠近30 m则V_(S30)预测越准确的特点提出的,适用范围广。以滇中引水工程为案例,应用两种方法于该工程中深度小于30 m的正常停钻数据,为该工程选出精度最高公式LEE。

乌什M_(s)7.1地震序列特征研究

深入分析2024年1月23日乌什M_(s)7.1地震序列的活动特征、序列参数以及序列类型。结果表明:乌什M_(s)7.1地震余震序列丰富,地震活动强度衰减较为缓慢,呈起伏式衰减特征;地震频度总体衰减较快。余震主要分布在盆山交接部位,长约200 km,宽约150 km,整体呈NE向展布。4次MS>5.5强余震前一定程度表现出p值和h值偏低的现象。根据序列中最大地震的能量释放比、b值以及主震与最大余震震级的差值的情况分析,2024年1月23日乌什M_(s)7.1地震序列类型属于主震—余震型。

Interplay between microglia and environmental risk factors in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer s disease,among the most common neurodegenerative disorders,is chara cterized by progressive cognitive impairment.At present,the Alzheimer’s disease main risk remains genetic ris ks,but major environmental fa ctors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer’s disease development and progression.Microglia,the most important brain immune cells,play a central role in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle"sensors."Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles(e.g.,chronic stress,poor dietary habits,sleep,and circadian rhythm disorde rs)can cause neuroinflammato ry responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation.However,the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these facto rs and microglia in Alzheimer’s disease are unclear.Herein,we:discuss the biological effects of air pollution,chronic stress,gut micro biota,sleep patterns,physical exercise,cigarette smoking,and caffeine consumption on microglia;consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease;and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle.Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk fa ctors at an early Alzheimer’s disease stage,understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease development,and to rgeting strategies to to rget microglia,co uld be essential to future Alzheimer’s disease treatments.

猪流行性腹泻病毒S蛋白和M蛋白截短表达及多克隆抗体制备

为制备猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)S蛋白和M蛋白的多克隆抗体,用蛋白结构分析软件对S和M基因序列进行分析,截取2个基因的相关抗原片段,依据大肠埃希氏菌偏好密码子进行密码子优化、序列合成。将合成的片段克隆至pET-32a(+),转化入大肠埃希氏菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达后进行SDS-PAGE检测。大量表达重组蛋白,免疫昆明小鼠制备多克隆抗体。结果表明,成功表达大小约为38ku和32ku的重组蛋白Sm和Mm,免疫小鼠后制备的抗Sm多克隆抗体效价超过1:25600,抗Mm多克隆抗体效价超过1:51200,且Westernblot表明多克隆抗体特异性良好。研究制备的多克隆抗体可以为建立PEDV检测方法和开发亚单位疫苗提供材料。

2024年1月23日新疆阿克苏地区乌什县M S7.1地震对周围断层的应力影响及对余震的触发作用

为研究2024年新疆阿克苏地区乌什县M S7.1大震对周边区域应力的影响,基于美国地质调查局(USGS)给出的主震破裂模型,计算此次地震对周边地区产生的同震位移场及应变场,结果发现:体应变在震源西北侧呈现拉张,东南侧呈现挤压;面应变的分布与体应变的形态基本相似。为研究该地震对余震的触发情况,首先需要确定接收断层的断层面参数,对中国地震台网发布的2024年1月23日到2024年4月10日的余震震源机制节面聚类分析,得到两簇结果,选择标准差较小的二簇节面进行平均,得到走向为243.91°,倾角为64.97°;将乌什地震震源区的构造应力场投影到该发震断层上,得到滑动角为61.02°。将这些参数作为余震接收断层的断层面参数,同样基于USGS给出的主震断层破裂模型,计算主震产生的静态库仑应力,研究发现:区内库仑应力均超过0.01 MPa阈值,且库仑破裂应力最大值达0.3 MPa,大多数余震处于库仑应力变化的高值区;表明主震产生的静态库仑应力促进了余震的发生。为研究该地震发生对周围断层的影响,根据前人给出的周边断层的几何和滑动特性,计算在周边断裂上沿滑动方向上的库仑破裂应力变化,研究发现:本次地震对迈丹—沙依拉姆断裂库仑应力最大增加量达到0.22 MPa,喀拉铁克断裂、衣木干他乌断裂、塔塔埃尔塔格断裂、奥兹格尔他乌断裂、柯坪断裂的库仑应力变化并不明显,迈丹—沙依拉姆断裂库仑应力增加最大,应注意该断层的地震活动性。

Effect of ECAP process on liquid distribution of AZ80M alloy during semi-solid isothermal heat treatment

Two kinds of semi-solid samples of AZ80−0.2Y−0.15Ca(wt.%)(AZ80M)magnesium alloy were prepared by semi-solid isothermal heat treatment of materials with and without equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)process.The microstructures of initial and semi-solid treated samples were compared and analyzed.The results showed a significant difference in the liquid phase distribution between three-pass ECAP processed(3P)and as-received samples during the isothermal heating process.The semi-solid 3P sample showed a more uniform liquid distribution due to its smaller dihedral angle.Besides,the coarsening processes of solid grains of as-received and 3P samples were dominated by the coalescence and Ostwald ripening mechanism,respectively.The difference of coarsening processes was mainly related to the proportion of the high-angle grain boundaries in materials,which further affected the evolution behavior of the liquid pools.