Investigating the components of fintech ecosystem for distributed energy investments with an integrated quantum spherical decision support system

This study aimed to evaluate the components of a fintech ecosystem for distributed energy investments.A new decision-making model was created using multiple stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis and elimination and choice translating reality techniques based on quantum spherical fuzzy sets.First,in this model,the criteria for distributed energy investment necessities were weighted.Second,we ranked the components of the fintech ecosystem for distributed energy investments.The main contribution of this study is that appropriate strategies can be presented to design effective fintech ecosystems to increase distributed energy investments,by considering an original fuzzy decision-making model.Capacity is the most critical issue with respect to distributed energy investment necessities because it has the greatest weight(0.261).Pricing is another significant factor for this condition,with a weight of 0.254.Results of the ranking of the components of the fintech ecosystem indicate that end users are of the greatest importance for the effectiveness of this system.It is necessary to develop new techniques for the energy storage process,especially with technological developments,to prevent disruptions in energy production capacity.In addition,customers’expectations should be considered for the development of effective and user-friendly financial products that are preferred by a wider audience.This would have a positive effect on fintech ecosystem performance.

Distribution Network Optimization Model of Industrial Park with Distributed Energy Resources under the Carbon Neutral Targets

Taking an industrial park as an example,this study aims to analyze the characteristics of a distribution network that incorporates distributed energy resources(DERs).The study begins by summarizing the key features of a distribution network with DERs based on recent power usage data.To predict and analyze the load growth of the industrial park,an improved back-propagation algorithm is employed.Furthermore,the study classifies users within the industrial park according to their specific power consumption and supply requirements.This user segmentation allows for the introduction of three constraints:node voltage,wire current,and capacity of DERs.By incorporating these constraints,the study constructs an optimization model for the distribution network in the industrial park,with the objective of minimizing the total operation and maintenance cost.The primary goal of these optimizations is to address the needs of DERs connected to the distribution network,while simultaneously mitigating their potential adverse impact on the network.Additionally,the study aims to enhance the overall energy efficiency of the industrial park through more efficient utilization of resources.

Grid Side Distributed Energy Storage Cloud Group End Region Hierarchical Time-Sharing Configuration Algorithm Based onMulti-Scale and Multi Feature Convolution Neural Network

There is instability in the distributed energy storage cloud group end region on the power grid side.In order to avoid large-scale fluctuating charging and discharging in the power grid environment and make the capacitor components showa continuous and stable charging and discharging state,a hierarchical time-sharing configuration algorithm of distributed energy storage cloud group end region on the power grid side based on multi-scale and multi feature convolution neural network is proposed.Firstly,a voltage stability analysis model based onmulti-scale and multi feature convolution neural network is constructed,and the multi-scale and multi feature convolution neural network is optimized based on Self-OrganizingMaps(SOM)algorithm to analyze the voltage stability of the cloud group end region of distributed energy storage on the grid side under the framework of credibility.According to the optimal scheduling objectives and network size,the distributed robust optimal configuration control model is solved under the framework of coordinated optimal scheduling at multiple time scales;Finally,the time series characteristics of regional power grid load and distributed generation are analyzed.According to the regional hierarchical time-sharing configuration model of“cloud”,“group”and“end”layer,the grid side distributed energy storage cloud group end regional hierarchical time-sharing configuration algorithm is realized.The experimental results show that after applying this algorithm,the best grid side distributed energy storage configuration scheme can be determined,and the stability of grid side distributed energy storage cloud group end region layered timesharing configuration can be improved.

Supply modes for renewable-based distributed energy systems and their applications:case studies in China

Distributed energy systems(DES),as an integrated energy system with coupled distributed energy resources,have great potential in reducing carbon dioxide emissions and improving energy efficiencies.Considering the background of urbanization and the energy revolution in China,the study investigates the renewable-based DESs supply modes and their application in China.A new method is proposed to classify DESs supply modes into three categories considering the renewable resource in domination,and their application domains are discussed.A comprehensive model is given for economic and environmental evaluation.Typical case studies show that the renewable-based DES systems can supply the energy in a cost-effective and environment-friendly way.Among them,the biomass waste dominated supply mode can not only achieve"zero"carbon emissions but also"zero"energy consumption,even though not yet economically attractive under the present policy and market conditions.Thus,recommendations are given to promote the further deployment of renewable-based DESs,regarding their supply modes,policy requirements,and issues to be addressed.

Distributed energy storage node controller and control strategy based on energy storage cloud platform architecture

Based on the energy storage cloud platform architecture,this study considers the extensive configuration of energy storage devices and the future large-scale application of electric vehicles at the customer side to build a new mode of smart power consumption with a flexible interaction,smooth the peak/valley difference of the load side power,and improve energy efficiency.A plug and play device for customer-side energy storage and an internet-based energy storage cloud platform are developed herein to build a new intelligent power consumption mode with a flexible interaction suitable for ordinary customers.Based on the load perception of the power grid,this study aims to investigate the operating state and service life of distributed energy storage devices.By selecting an integrated optimal control scheme,this study designs a kind of energy optimization and deployment strategy for stratified partition to reduce the operating cost of the energy storage device on the client side.The effectiveness of the system and the control strategy is verified through the Suzhou client-side distributed energy storage demonstration project.

Design of the Multi-Energy Complementary Distributed Energy System for Towns

The multi-energy complementary distributed energy system (MCDES) covers a variety of energy forms, involves complex operation modes, and contains a wealth of control equipment and coupling links. It can realize the complementary and efficient use of different types of energy, which is the basic component of the physical layer of the Energy Internet. In this paper, aiming at the demand of the energy application for towns, a distributed energy system based on multi-energy complementary is constructed. Firstly, the supply condition of the distributed energy for the demonstration project is analyzed, and the architecture of the multi-energy complementary distributed energy system is established. Then the regulation strategy of the multi-energy complementary distributed energy system is proposed. Finally, an overall system scheme for the multi-energy complementary distributed energy system suitable for towns is developed, which provides a solid foundation for the development and promotion of the multi-energy complementary distributed energy system.

Risk Assessment of Distributed Energy System Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process

Risk assessment of distributed energy system often has uncertainty and subjective problems. The problems will have some impact on the results. To solve the problems, a method of improved fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is proposed. By using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method, a hierarchical analysis model is established. And then according to the given judgment matrix of each index layer, we calculate whether it meets the consistency condition. And then if the judgment matrix does not meet the consistency condition, the problem will be solved by the improving of particle swarm optimization (PSO) with Kalman filter. The practice in the distributed energy system shows that the method can not only fully reflect the fuzziness of assessment elements and process, but also reduce the influence of individual subjective factors and better evaluation results can be achieved.

Prospects for Distributed Energy Systems in China Released in Beijing

On the afternoon of October 30,the International Energy Agency(IEA)and china5e.com held a joint press conference in Beijing for the release of an IEA report:Prospects for Distributed Energy Systems in China.At present,China is at a crucial stage of economic restructuring,seeking to transform its mode of economic growth.At the same time,it is also facing increasingly serious environmental challenges such as air pollution.To meet these objectives and promote energy transformation,

Low-Carbon Dispatching for Virtual Power Plant with Aggregated Distributed Energy Storage Considering Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cleanness Value

The scale of distributed energy resources is increasing,but imperfect business models and value transmission mechanisms lead to low utilization ratio and poor responsiveness.To address this issue,the concept of cleanness value of distributed energy storage(DES)is proposed,and the spatiotemporal distribution mechanism is discussed from the perspectives of electrical energy and cleanness.Based on this,an evaluation system for the environmental benefits of DES is constructed to balance the interests between the aggregator and the power system operator.Then,an optimal low-carbon dispatching for a virtual power plant(VPP)with aggregated DES is constructed,where-in energy value and cleanness value are both considered.To achieve the goal,a green attribute labeling method is used to establish a correlation constraint between the nodal carbon potential of the distribution network(DN)and DES behavior,but as a cost,it brings multiple nonlinear relationships.Subsequently,a solution method based on the convex envelope(CE)linear re-construction method is proposed for the multivariate nonlinear programming problem,thereby improving solution efficiency and feasibility.Finally,the simulation verification based on the IEEE 33-bus DN is conducted.The simulation results show that the multidimensional value recognition of DES motivates the willingness of resource users to respond.Meanwhile,resolving the impact of DES on the nodal carbon potential can effectively alleviate overcompensation of the cleanness value.

Impact of Cascade Disconnection of Distributed Energy Resources on Bulk Power System Stability:Modeling and Mitigation Requirements

This work presents a new approach to establishing the minimum requirements for anti-islanding protection of distributed energy resources(DERs)with focus on bulk power system stability.The proposed approach aims to avoid cascade disconnection of DERs during major disturbances in the transmission network and to compromise as little as possible the detection of real islanding situations.The proposed approach concentrates on the rate-of-change of frequency(RoCoF)protection function and it is based on the assessment of dynamic security regions with the incorporation of a new and straightforward approach to represent the disconnection of DERs when analyzing the bulk power system stability.Initially,the impact of disconnection of DERs on the Brazilian Interconnected Power System(BIPS)stability is analyzed,highlighting the importance of modeling such disconnection in electromechanical stability studies,even considering low penetration levels of DERs.Then,the proposed approach is applied to the BIPS,evidencing its benefits when specifying the minimum requirements of anti-islanding protection,without overestimating them.

Modeling and management performances of distributed energy resource for demand flexibility in Japanese zero energy house

Zero-energy buildings(ZEBs)can contribute to decarbonizing building energy systems,while the energy mismatch between energy demand and on-site stochastic generation in ZEBs increases the need for energy flexibility.This study proposed mixed-integer linear programming energy management schemes for optimizing the flexible scheduling of distributed energy resources,including battery energy storage,heat pump,and building thermal mass as a passive thermal energy storage system.With optimally designed objectives,this study used case studies to evaluate the flexibility potential provided by the demand-side management,considering dynamic characteristics of the process.The results showed that the proposed demand-side management for battery storage offers significant potential in increasing photovoltaic(PV)self-consumption and reducing operational costs.Cost reduction ratios of flexible dispatch of combined PV and battery storage systems exceed 15%.Flexible coupling of PV and heat pump systems for meeting hot water demand can reduce energy cost by more than 20%.The flexible coupling of the heat pump and PV system also had a significant impact on the power consumption pattern of domestic heat pumps,the load-shifting potential highly depends on the available PV generation and hot water demand.The optimal trade-off between thermal energy use and thermal comfort violation may not reduce the total energy used for space heating,the increased PV consumption helped reduce grid imports.The study provides insights into the energy flexibility behavior and efficiency of the proposed demand-side management for ZEBs,which is expected to provide guidelines for exploring demand-side flexibility.

GRU-integrated constrained soft actor-critic learning enabled fully distributed scheduling strategy for residential virtual power plant

In this study,a novel residential virtual power plant(RVPP)scheduling method that leverages a gate recurrent unit(GRU)-integrated deep reinforcement learning(DRL)algorithm is proposed.In the proposed scheme,the GRU-integrated DRL algorithm guides the RVPP to participate effectively in both the day-ahead and real-time markets,lowering the electricity purchase costs and consumption risks for end-users.The Lagrangian relaxation technique is introduced to transform the constrained Markov decision process(CMDP)into an unconstrained optimization problem,which guarantees that the constraints are strictly satisfied without determining the penalty coefficients.Furthermore,to enhance the scalability of the constrained soft actor-critic(CSAC)-based RVPP scheduling approach,a fully distributed scheduling architecture was designed to enable plug-and-play in the residential distributed energy resources(RDER).Case studies performed on the constructed RVPP scenario validated the performance of the proposed methodology in enhancing the responsiveness of the RDER to power tariffs,balancing the supply and demand of the power grid,and ensuring customer comfort.

Optimal Bidding Strategies of Microgrid with Demand Side Management for Economic Emission Dispatch Incorporating Uncertainty and Outage of Renewable Energy Sources

In the restructured electricity market,microgrid(MG),with the incorporation of smart grid technologies,distributed energy resources(DERs),a pumped-storage-hydraulic(PSH)unit,and a demand response program(DRP),is a smarter and more reliable electricity provider.DER consists of gas turbines and renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems and wind turbines.Better bidding strategies,prepared by MG operators,decrease the electricity cost and emissions from upstream grid and conventional and renewable energy sources(RES).But it is inefficient due to the very high sporadic characteristics of RES and the very high outage rate.To solve these issues,this study suggests non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)for an optimal bidding strategy considering pumped hydroelectric energy storage and DRP based on outage conditions and uncertainties of renewable energy sources.The uncertainty related to solar and wind units is modeled using lognormal and Weibull probability distributions.TOU-based DRP is used,especially considering the time of outages along with the time of peak loads and prices,to enhance the reliability of MG and reduce costs and emissions.

Integration of Utility Distributed Energy Resource Management System and Aggregators for Evolving Distribution System Operators

With the rapid integration of distributed energy resources(DERs),distribution utilities are faced with new and unprecedented issues.New challenges introduced by high penetra-tion of DERs range from poor observability to overload and reverse power flow problems,under-/over-voltages,maloperation of legacy protection systems,and requirements for new planning procedures.Distribution utility personnel are not adequately trained,and legacy control centers are not properly equipped to cope with these issues.Fortunately,distribution energy resource management systems(DERMSs)are emerging software technologies aimed to provide distribution system operators(DSOs)with a specialized set of tools to enable them to overcome the issues caused by DERs and to maximize the benefits of the presence of high penetration of these novel resources.However,as DERMS technology is still emerging,its definition is vague and can refer to very different levels of software hierarchies,spanning from decentralized virtual power plants to DER aggregators and fully centralized enterprise systems(called utility DERMS).Although they are all frequently simply called DERIMS,these software technologies have different sets of tools and aim to provide different services to different stakeholders.This paper explores how these different software technologies can complement each other,and how they can provide significant benefits to DSOs in enabling them to successfully manage evolving distribution networks with high penetration of DERs when they are integrated together into the control centers of distribution utilities.

Optimal Planning of AC-DC Hybrid Transmission and Distributed Energy Resource System: Review and Prospects

With the highly-extensive integration of distributed renewable energy resources(DER)into the grid,the power distribution system has changed greatly in the structure,function and operating characteristics.On this ground,An AC-DC hybrid DER system becomes necessary for effective management and control over DER.This paper first summarizes the physical characteristics and morphological evolution of AC-DC hybrid DER system.The impact of these new features on system configuration planning is analyzed with respect to its flexible networking,rich operation control modes,and tight sourcenetwork-load-storage coupling.Then,based on a review of the existing research,problems and technical difficulties are figured out in terms of converter modeling,steady-state analysis,power flow calculation,operating scenarios management,and optimization model solution.In light of the problems and difficulties,a framework for the configuration optimization of AC-DC hybrid DER systems is proposed.At last,the paper provides a prospect of key technologies from six aspects including morphology forecasting,coupling interaction analysis,uncertainty modeling,operation simulation,optimization model solving algorithm and comprehensive scheme evaluation.

Transactive control:a framework for operating power systems characterized by high penetration of distributed energy resources

The increasing number of distributed energy resources connected to power systems raises operational challenges for the network operator, such as introducing grid congestion and voltage deviations in the distribution network level, as well as increasing balancing needs at the whole system level. Control and coordination of a large number of distributed energy assets requires innovative approaches. Transactive control has received much attention due to its decentralized decision-making and transparent characteristics. This paper introduces the concept and main features of transactive control, followed by a literature review and demonstration projects that apply to transactive control. Cases are then presented to illustrate the transactive control framework. At the end, discussions and research directions are presented, for applying transactive control to operating power systems, characterized by a high penetration of distributed energy resources.

Complete active-reactive power resource scheduling of smart distribution system with high penetration of distributed energy resources

In traditional power systems,besides the conventional power plants that provide the necessary reactive power in transmission system,the shunt capacitors along with the tap changers of transformers are also employed in distribution networks.In future years,because of the high number of distributed resources integrated into the distribution networks,it will be essential to schedule complete active-reactive power at distribution level.In this research work,an economic framework based on the active-reactive power bids has been developed for complete active-reactive power dispatch scheduling of smart distribution networks.The economical complete active-reactive power scheduling approach suggested in this study motivates distributed energy resources(DERs)to cooperate in both active power markets and the Volt/Var control scheme.To this end,using DER’s reactive power capability,a generic framework of reactive power offers for DERs is extracted.A 22-bus distribution test system is implemented to verify the impressiveness of the suggested active-reactive power scheduling approach.

Multi-stage Sensitivity Analysis of Distributed Energy Systems: A Variance-based Sobol Method

In the face of the pressing environmental issues,the past decade witnessed the booming development of the distributed energy systems(DESs).A notable problem of DESs is the inevitable uncertainty that may make DESs deviate significantly from the deterministically obtained expectations,in both aspects of optimal design and economic operation.It thus necessitates the sensitivity analysis to quantify the impacts of the massive parametric uncertainties.This paper aims to give a comprehensive quantification,and carries out a multi-stage sensitivity analysis on DESs from the perspectives of evaluation criteria,optimal design and economic operation.First,a mathematical model of a DES is developed to present the solutions to the three stages of the DES.Second,the Monte-Carlo simulation is carried out subject to the probabilistic distributions of the energy,technical and economic parameters.Based on the simulation results,the variance-based Sobol method is applied to calculate the individual importance,interactional importance and total importance of various parameters.The comparison of the multi-stage results shows that only a few parameters play critical roles while the uncertainty of most of the massive parameters has little impact on the system performance.In addition,the influence of parameter interactions in the optimal design stage are much stronger than that in the evaluation criteria and operation strategy stages.

Coalition Formation of Microgrids with Distributed Energy Resources and Energy Storage in Energy Market

Power grids include entities such as home-microgrids(H-MGs),consumers,and retailers,each of which has a unique and sometimes contradictory objective compared with others while exchanging electricity and heat with other H-MGs.Therefore,there is the need for a smart structure to handle the new situation.This paper proposes a bilevel hierarchical structure for designing and planning distributed energy resources(DERs)and energy storage in H-MGs by considering the demand response(DR).In general,the upper-level structure is based on H-MG generation competition to maximize their individual and/or group income in the process of forming a coalition with other H-MGs.The upper-level problem is decomposed into a set of low-level market clearing problems.Both electricity and heat markets are simultaneously modeled in this paper.DERs,including wind turbines(WTs),combined heat and power(CHP)systems,electric boilers(EBs),electric heat pumps(EHPs),and electric energy storage systems,participate in the electricity markets.In addition,CHP systems,gas boilers(GBs),EBs,EHPs,solar thermal panels,and thermal energy storage systems participate in the heat market.Results show that the formation of a coalition among H-MGs present in one grid will not only have a significant effect on programming and regulating the value of the power generated by the generation resources,but also impact the demand consumption and behavior of consumers participating in the DR program with a cheaper market clearing price.

Coordinated control for voltage regulation of distribution network voltage regulation by distributed energy storage systems

With more and more distributed photovoltaic(PV)plants access to the distribution system,whose structure is changing and becoming an active network.The traditional methods of voltage regulation may hardly adapt to this new situation.To address this problem,this paper presents a coordinated control method of distributed energy storage systems(DESSs)for voltage regulation in a distribution network.The influence of the voltage caused by the PV plant is analyzed in a simple distribution feeder at first.The voltage regulation areas corresponding to DESSs are divided by calculating and comparing the voltage sensitivity matrix.Then,a coordinated voltage control strategy is proposed for the DESSs.Finally,the simulation results of the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network verify the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control method.