Unequal and Universal:The Opposition and Unity of the Confucianism and Mohism in the View of Distributive Justice

Among the hundred schools of scholars in the pre-Qin period,Confucianism and Mohism were prominent.From the perspective of the emotional motivation of distribution and the fact that individual love is unequal,the Confucianism believes that there is an inevitable natural and reasonable distribution gap.From the perspective of distribution results,Mohism,from the ideal inverse of overall utilitarianism,requires the group to“love without unequal”,and believes that the distribution of selfless“universal love”is reasonable.However,the Confucianism and Mohism views on distributive justice are basically the same in the following five aspects.First,equal distribution of basic means of production and livelihood;second,give priority to the elderly and other vulnerable groups in society;third,oppose extreme individualism;fourth,criticize the polarization of too large distribution gap;fifth,public power should be appropriately opened.Therefore,the view of distributive justice of Confucianism and Mohism is both opposite and unified.

Distributive Justice Concept as a Panacea to the Political,Religious,Socio-Economic and Integrity Challenges in the Nigerian Society

It is observed that one of the causes of conflicts and crises in Nigeria society is the inability of the government,religious leaders,politicians and social groups to share equitably benefits,rewards,duties,rights,obligations,and opportunities to the society fairly and excusably to achieve social justice.In the context of the nation’s recent awakening to economic inequalities,it is most helpful here to revisit the meaning and roots of the concept of distributive justice.Distributive justice,requires that the allocation of income,wealth,and power in Nigerian society be evaluated in light of its effects on persons whose basic material needs are unmet.So to address the socio-political,economic,and security challenges of Nigerian society,the unequal distribution of wealth,power,and responsibilities,should be redressed to achieve a peaceful Nigerian society with justice,peace,and security.This work will use qualitative and quantitative methods to undergo the essay.The primary source will be through discussions and interactions with people that have idea on the problems generated by the unequal sharing of the societal power and economic benefits in Nigeria.The secondary source will be the use of the library materials,the Holy Scripture,books,internet,encyclopedia,and journals.Historical,sociological,and analytical approaches will be employed to analyze the data obtained from the sources.The work will dictate the setbacks which Nigeria has suffered by not implementing the principles of distributive justice in the sharing of rewards and responsibilities in Nigerian society.The challenges generated:insecurity,economic depression,political instability that resulted to the creation of different ethnic,religious,and regional militant groups which are strangulating the Nigerian society.To resolve the challenges,the work will address the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria,provisions on the principles of Federal character,Quota System,Fundamental Objectives of State Policy,and the Principles of Fundamental Human Rights as well as considering the implications of the provisions and its effect on the issues to be discussed.Equally,the paper will make recommendations and contribute to how to resolve the irregularities in the sharing of benefits,rewards,and responsibilities in Nigeria society in order to stabilize socio-political,religious,and economic challenges of Nigerian State which will enable us to achieve a peaceful and stable Nigeria with good religion and politics with integrity.

Education, Political Trust, and Perceptions of Distributive Justice - A Survey Study in China

Using data from the General Social Survey of Wuhan,China in 2014,this study designs three paths to analyze the direct and indirect relationships between education and perception of distributive justice of income.The first path explores whether education directly affects people’s perception of distributive justice.The second path connects education to socioeconomic status to determine whether higher status results in a higher perception of distributive justice.The last path introduces political trust as a mediating variable to evaluate the relationship between political trust and justice perception.Results show that education is the significant factor that affects people’s political trust and perception of distributive justice.

Organizational Justice and Gender Equity:The Contingent Effect of Islamic Work Ethics

Organizations are facing challenges to cope with gender equity in the presence of a diverse workforce.The present study investigates the moderating impact of Islamic work ethics on the organizational justicegender equity relationship.Self-administered questionnaires were sent to employees working in a large private university in a State of Qatar.This study collected data from 250 employees with 66.12%response rate.The present study employed structural equation modelling to analyse data in SmartPLS 3.0 and SPSS version 24.Empirical findings revealed the significant relationship of distributive justice and interactional justice with gender equity.Procedural justice did not relate to gender equity.Furthermore,Islamic work ethics also moderated the relationship of interactional justice with gender equity.Limitations and implications have been added at the end of paper.This study is first in its nature revealing the conditional factor of Islamic work ethics on the organizational justicegender equity relationship.

Fairness in Climate Change Mitigation: The Case of Carbon Taxation

Environmental economists have advocated carbon taxation for its efficiency and effectiveness in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, whether the policy would be fair in any given context needs to be better realized. While the distributive effects of carbon taxation have been widely discussed, a more comprehensive understanding of tax fairness is lacking. This paper reviews the academic literature through the lens of three justice concepts -recognition, procedure, and distribution—to understand the implications of previous studies for fair carbon tax policy-making. Upon examining the relevant literature, the findings highlight the limited evidence concerning recognition and procedural justice in carbon taxation, particularly in developing country context. This calls for more assessments through these perspectives. It also emphasizes the importance of recognition for vulnerable groups, such as women, with an intersectionality approach;a fair policy process through information provision, inclusive representation, fair level playing field;and proportionate burden sharing through context-specific design elements such as targeted revenue use.

Liver transplantation during global COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory disease respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has significantly impacted the health care systems globally.Liver transplantation(LT)has faced an unequivocal challenge during this unprecedented time.This targeted review aims to cover most of the clinical issues,challenges and concerns about LT during the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss the most updated literature on this rapidly emerging subject.

The Hierarchy of Distribution in Private Law

In terms of the theory of the three hierarchies of distribution in economics,private law can be seen as embodying a 2.5th distribution.Primary distribution confers equal objective rights on all private agents,who acquire subjective rights through de facto and de jure acts.The legal environment should be conducive to unleashing the energy and creativity of agents,supporting entrepreneurs,safeguarding competitive neutrality and promoting the mobility of factors of production in order to consolidate the material foundation of common prosperity.Redistribution changes the rules of primary distribution and is an inherent and rightful function of private law.By equalizing the strengths and weaknesses of the interactions of private agents,redistribution is better able to promote self-determination and defend human dignity than public law.Moreover,it enables private law to achieve the national goals of enhancing social welfare and reducing confrontation in the operation of power.Private law lies between redistribution and tertiary distribution,occupying the 2.5th distribution.Its most typical expression is"interference liability,"i.e.,justified harm inflicted in cases of necessity(Aufopferungshaftung).This includes the expansion of the social liability of profitmaking legal persons,the expansion of tort liability,and the limitation of the return of benefits.Private law enables distributive justice to serve as a common basis for the various hierarchies of distribution,incorporating the different values of private law and weighting them differently depending on the circumstances.Distributive justice can also help to transform all private law rules into laws of nature,thus highlighting the neutrality of private law.