Geomagnetic diurnal-variation anomalies and their relation to strong earthquakes

The diurnal-variation anomalies of the vertical-component in geomagnetic field are mainly the changes of phase and amplitude before strong earthquakes. On the basis of data recorded by the network of geomagnetic observato- ries in China for many years, the anomalous features of appearance time of the minima of diurnal variations (i.e, low-point time) of the geomagnetic vertical components and the variation of their spatial distribution (i.e, phe- nomena of low-point displacement) have been studied before over 30 strong earthquakes with MS≥6.6 such as Kunlunshan MS=8.1 earthquake on November 14, 2001; Bachu-Jashi MS=6.8 earthquake on February 24, 2003; Xiaojin MS=6.6 earthquake on September 22, 1989, etc. There are good relations between such rare phenomena of geomagnetic anomalies and the occurrence of earthquakes. It has been found that most earthquakes occur in the vicinity of the boundary line of sudden change of the low-point displacement and generally within four days before and after the 27th or 41st day counting from the day of appearance of the anomaly. In addition, the anomalies of diurnal-variation amplitude near the epicentral area have been also studied before Kunlunshan MS=8.1 earthquake and Bachu-Jiashi MS=6.8 earthquake.

Short-term and imminent geomagnetic anomalies of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake and exploration on earthquake forecast

The diurnal variation of the geomagnetic vertical component is exhibited mainly by changes of phase and amplitude before strong earthquakes. Based on data recorded by the network of geomagnetic observatories in China for many years, the anomalous features of the appearance time of the minima of diurnal variations （i.e, low-point time） of the geo- magnetic vertical components and the variation of their spatial distribution （i.e, phenomena of low-point displacement） have been studied before the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. The strong aftershocks after two months＇ quiescence of M6 aftershocks of the Ms8.0 event were forecasted based on these studies. There are good correlativities between these geomagnetic anoma- lies and occurrences of earthquakes. It has been found that most earthquakes occur near the boundary line of sudden changes of the low-point time and generally within four days before or after the 27th or 41st day counting from the day of the appearance of the anomaly. In addition, the imminent anomalies in diurnal-variation amplitudes near the epicentral areas have also been studied before the Wenchuan earthquake.

Longitude correction method for the field magnetic surveyed diurnal-variation correction

Solar quiet daily variation(Sq)are dependent on local time.Herein,we applied the moving superposition method to separate the Sq component of correction observatory data and performed a time diff erence correction on the Sq component according to the longitudinal diff erence between the correction observatory and the field station while maintaining the time of other data components.The data were then reconstructed and used for diurnal-variation correction to improve the accuracy of the daily variations correction resu;lts The moving superposition method employs data of“nonmagnetic disturbance days”obtained 15 d before and after to perform the superposing average calculation on a daily basis,aiming to obtain the Sq of continuous morphological changes.The effect of longitude correction was tested using the observatory record and field survey data.The average correction distance of the test observatories was 2114 km,and the correction accuracies of the H(horizontal component of geomagnetic field),D(geomagnetic declination),and Z(vertical component of geomagnetic field)were improved by 28.4%,45.0%,and 21.7%,respectively;the average correction distance of the field stations was 2130 km,and the correction accuracies of the F(geomagnetic total intensity),D,I(geomagnetic inclination)components were improved by 35.2%,26.7%,and 13.9%,respectively.The test results also demonstrated that the longitude correction eff ect was greater with an increased correction distance.

Analysis of Anomalous Enhancement in TEC and Electron Density in the China Region Prior to the 17 March 2015 Geomagnetic Storm Based on Ground and Space Observations

Total Electron Content(TEC)and electron density enhancement were observed on the day before 17 March 2015 great storm in the China Region.Observations from ground-and space-based instruments are used to investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of the pre-storm enhancement.TEC enhancement was observed from 24°N to 30°N after 10:00 UT at 105°E,110°E and 115°E longitudes on March 16.The maximum magnitude of TEC enhancement was more than 10 TECU and the maximal relative TEC enhancement exceeded 30%.Compared with geomagnetic quiet days,the electron density of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly(EIA)northern peak from Swarm A/C satellites on March 16 was larger and at higher latitudes.NmF2 enhanced during 11:30—21:00 UT at Shaoyang Station and increased by 200%at~16:00 UT.However,TEC and electron density enhancement were not accompanied by a significant change of hmF2.Most research has excluded some potential mechanisms as the main driving factors for storm-time density enhancements by establishing observational constraints.In this paper,we observed pre-storm enhancement in electron density at different altitudes and Equatorial Electrojet(EEJ)strength results derived from ground magnetometers observations suggest an enhanced eastward electric field from the E region probably played a significant role in this event.

Simultaneous Study of VLF/ULF Anomalies Associated with Earthquakes in Japan

We carried out a simultaneous study of ground-based magnetic field and lower ionospheric anomalies during major earthquakes occurring around Japan in 2010 and 2012. Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) geomagnetic field waveforms of Esashi station and Very Low Frequency (VLF) Japanese transmitter (JJY) electric signal amplitude received in Moshiri station Hokkaido during nighttime (22:00-02:00 LT) were used to minimize the local interference. Twenty earthquakes having magnitude greater than 5.5 were considered for the data analysis for two years. Nighttime amplitude fluctuations and polarization from the received VLF transmitter signal amplitude and ULF magnetic field respectively were calculated to identify anomalous signatures in relation to every earthquake. We found most earthquakes analyzed indicating VLF amplitude anomalies simultaneously occurred with ULF magnetic field anomalies within a week prior to the earthquakes. Stronger anomalies were observed for larger magnitude and shallower earthquakes. Focal mechanism of earthquakes was also examined to identify the effectiveness of generating anomaly. Both VLF and ULF anomalies were observed for reverse fault type earthquakes occurring under the strong pressure in the crust. Obtained results may indicate the common anomaly source both for VLF and ULF in the lithosphere and are consistent with currently proposed Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere (LAI) coupling scenarios during the earthquake preparation period.

Results of Geomagnetic Studies on the Problem of Forecasting Strong Earthquakes in Uzbekistan

The article is devoted to the problem of forecasting strong earthquakes by the geomagnetic method. The geomagnetic method is widely used on this problem in seismically active regions of the world as one of the promising, informative and operational geophysical methods. The results of long-term geomagnetic studies on the problem of forecasting strong earthquakes in Uzbekistan are presented. Geomagnetic studies were carried out on the territories of the Tashkent, Ferghana, and Kyzylkum geodynamic polygons in the epicentral zones of strong earthquakes that occurred. Long-term, medium- and short-term precursors of earthquakes have been identified. Anomalous changes in the geomagnetic field associated with the decline in aftershock activity were also revealed. The dependence between the duration of the manifestation of long-term magnetic precursors and the magnitude of earthquakes is determined. Absolute proton magnetometers MMP-1, MV-01 (Russia), and G-856 (USA) were used to measure the geomagnetic field.

基于多期累积岩石圈磁场变化分析唐山M_(S)5.1地震震磁异常

利用2016—2021年河北及周边地区的6期流动地磁矢量观测资料,针对2020年7月12日唐山M_(S)5.1地震,建立了震前1~4年和震后1年的岩石圈磁场变化模型,对比分析了研究区岩石圈磁场的总强度、磁偏角、磁倾角和水平矢量4个要素的时空演化过程。结果表明:①震前累积4年和3年的岩石圈磁场各要素变化中区域整体趋势强,与大地构造有一定的相关性;震前2年和1年的岩石圈磁场变化中,局部特征显著;震前1~4年变化中震中附近总强度、磁偏角、磁倾角变化量值均较小,且多有变化零值线分布,水平矢量呈现出持续的弱变化特征;震后震中附近的磁偏角和变化量值大。②从震前岩石圈磁场变化的时空演化过程,可以看出,越接近发震时间,局部正、负变化空间分布将取代区域的整体趋势。

地壳磁异常的全球模型

从全球磁场减去地核主磁场和变化磁场及其感应磁场后,就得到岩石圈磁场,又称地壳磁场,或地磁异常.地壳磁场是地磁场的重要组成部分,对导航、通信、地球物理勘探等有重要意义.本文简要综述近年来在地壳磁场基本信息获取方面取得的重大进展,特别是Oersted、CHAMP等卫星磁侧的最新成果,介绍在此基础上建立的全球磁异常模型,展望地壳磁场研究的发展趋势和应用前景.

地磁场与电离层异常现象及其与地震的关系

利用中国地磁台网与电离层台站资料,总结了大地震前出现的地磁低点位移、地磁日变异常及电离层f_0F_2(F_2层临界频率)异常现象。对比研究了1997年11月8日玛尼7.5级与2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震前磁场与电离层异常分布及特征。结果显示,两次巨大地震前磁场与电离层短临异常时空分布特征有较好的一致性,震中周围出现日变异常、拉萨台出现电离层f_0F_2明显异常;震前约1个月出现地磁低点位移,其突变分界线通过震中地区。

云南地区地壳磁异常与地质构造

根据美国地球物理数据中心的地磁场模型(NGDC-720),研究云南地区地壳磁异常的空间变化,包括磁异常及其梯度的分布、磁异常随高度的衰减、不同波长成分对总体磁异常的贡献.比较磁异常与重力异常、大地热流、地震活动等地球物理信息的异同特征,探讨地壳磁异常与地质构造的关系.研究结果表明:丽江—小金河、红河断裂带以西的三江、滇西造山带的异常较弱,菱形地块的异常相对较强.研究区域的地壳磁异常主要是弱磁性基底背景下叠加的浅源磁性体产生.卫星磁异常显示滇中坳陷区具有清晰的偶极场特征.沿红河断裂带分布的正负磁异常带与断裂构造走向一致.围限菱形地块的丽江—小金河断裂、红河断裂、康定—奕良—水城断裂和弥勒—师宗—水城断裂带是磁异常的强弱过渡带.强烈地震发生的地点、大地热流值高的地区,地壳磁异常为负值或相对较弱.

喜马拉雅东构造结周边地区地壳磁异常分布特征研究

根据波茨坦地磁场模型(POMME6.2),研究喜马拉雅东构造结周围地区地壳磁异常的空间分布、磁异常随高度的衰减特征.利用二维小波变换方法对地表磁异常进行分解,分析小波细节组合和逼近信号的异常特点.讨论磁异常与地质构造的联系.结果表明,研究区内地壳磁异常分布相当不均匀.喜马拉雅—东构造结—龙门山—大巴山地区分布着较强的负磁异常;四川盆地为正磁异常,其他地区磁异常较弱.东构造结对周围地区磁异常有重要影响,它及其周围地区的地壳磁异常都是在负磁或弱磁异常背景上,叠加着中短波长的正负磁异常.这些中小尺度磁异常由中、上层地壳磁性物质产生,走向与地质构造基本一致.沿金沙江、红河断裂带分布着清晰的弱磁异常带.龙门山断裂带、丽江—小金河断裂带和红河断裂带是磁异常强弱过渡带.青蒇高原中部东西向的磁异常,在东构造结弧顶地区呈弧形分布.青藏高原中部和滇中地块带状、团状磁异常具有相同的衰减规律.

东大别构造带地震地磁监测试验区岩石圈磁场特征分析

本文利用东大别构造带地震地磁监测试验区的地磁三分量观测数据,建立了试验区的岩石圈磁场模型,并将其与2005.0年代该区域的岩石圈磁场进行对比分析,研究试验区岩石圈磁场的时空变化特征.结果显示试验区内岩石圈磁场的分布从河南商城、安徽金寨、霍山至六安之间围绕梅山—龙河口、青山—晓天等断裂存在异常变化.

1997—2016年中国大陆地区地磁台站观测环境变化定量分析

本文利用CHAOS-6地磁场模型计算1997-2016年中国大陆地区34个地磁台站模型值,分析比较模型计算值与台站实测值之间的差异,利用国际参考场模型IGRF12计算结果进行佐证。结果表明:地磁异常场模量△T作为地磁台站观测环境的一种标志,年变化显示:(1)中国大陆地区34个地磁基准台绝大部分位于地磁正常区或弱磁异常区,只有少数几个地磁台位于强磁异常区;(2)判断1个地磁台的地磁场环境,只测量总强度(F)是不够的,必须进行三分量绝对观测,利用地磁异常场模量△T评价地磁台的地磁场环境更全面、更科学合理。

地磁场的漂移运动和强度变化

在修正了Briggs提出的移动变形图案相关分析法基础上 ,对全球非偶极子磁场以及 6个行星尺度磁异常区的漂移特性和强度变化进行了研究 .结果表明 ,在 1 90 0— 2 0 0 0年期间 ,全球非偶极子磁场以 0 1 5°/a的平均速度向西漂移 ,强度累计增长了 2 9% ;6个行星尺度异常区的西漂运动存在明显差异 ,其中漂移最快的是赤道附近的非洲异常 ,平均西漂速度为 0 2 6°/a,其次是南半球的澳大利亚异常 (0 2 3°/a) ,最慢的是欧亚异常 (0 0 9°/a) .除西漂外 ,大多数异常区还有较小的北向漂移 .在 1 940— 1 955年期间北半球的欧亚、北美和北大西洋 3个异常区以及赤道地区的非洲异常几乎同时由西漂或西南漂转为西北向漂移 ;紧接着 ,南半球的南大西洋和澳大利亚两个异常区的漂移特征也发生明显变化 ,主要是漂移明显减慢 ,而不是漂移方向的转折 .在 6个异常区中 ,澳大利亚、南大西洋、非洲和欧亚 4个异常区的强度有明显增加 。

邻井套管对井斜方位角的影响

为了明确邻近油井套管对井眼轨迹描述的影响,测试研究了套管在不同倾斜角状态、距离和方位对在钻井井斜方位角的影响。试验中用测斜仪记录井斜方位角数据,通过井斜方位角失真值来表征受干扰后的井斜方位偏转状态和趋势,总结了数据失真规律。试验表明,竖直套管引起的井斜方位角严重失真区域在0.9m范围内,相对方位角0°~180°对应的方位失真值是正值,相对方位角180°~360°对应的方位失真值是负值;倾斜和水平套管引起井斜方位角失真区域分布类似,严重失真区域在1.5m范围内,相对方位角0°~120°和300°~360°对应的方位失真值是正值,相对方位角120°~300°对应的方位失真值是负值。研究结果表明,可以用方位失真值表征邻井对井斜方位角的干扰,为有邻井存在时的井眼轨迹描述和矫正提供了技术支持。

地磁垂直分量日变幅逐日比及其与地震关系的探讨

分析了地磁垂直分量日变幅逐日比值的高值异常与其后地震的关系，发现它们之间有良好的对应，通过分析地磁垂直分量谐波幅度的逐日比，作者认为这种高值变化可能与其间地下介质电阻率下降有关，但也有可能是外场变化所致。

非洲磁异常对地磁场结构及其长期变化的控制作用

地球非偶极磁场在主磁场结构及其长期变化中起着重要作用.非偶极磁场主要表现为行星尺度磁异常,它们是南大西洋磁异常、非洲磁异常、欧亚大陆磁异常、澳洲磁异常和北美磁异常.在这5块磁异常中,非洲磁异常对磁赤道的形状和位置以及全球长期变化特征有极大的影响.非洲磁异常的重要性主要表现在3方面:第一,由于异常区位于赤道这一特殊的地理位置,所以它极大地影响磁赤道的形状和位置.相对于偶极场的地磁赤道而言,异常区所在的中北非洲和中大西洋地区的磁赤道向北移动,最大移动量可达约15°.第二,非洲磁异常的快速西漂对全球长期变化的分布起着决定性作用,它在该异常区西边的中美洲形成了全球最主要的长期变化区,在1900～2005年期间,最大年变率_(max)超过200 nT/a.第三,非洲负磁异常区与其南面的南大西洋正磁异常区相结合,它们的变化使西半球地磁场强度大大减弱,也使全球磁场发生显著畸变.这两块磁异常与深部的反极性斑区有着成因联系.

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前电离层与磁场短期异常对比研究

利用中国电离层台站和地磁台网资料,总结了8.1级地震前出现的电离层f0F2(F2层临界频率)异常以及地磁低点位移、地磁日变化异常现象。对比研究了电离层与磁场短期异常分布及特征,结果显示:磁场与电离层时空异常特征有较好的一致性。2001年10月8日出现低点位移,其突变分界线通过震中地区;震前1.5个月之内震中及周围地区出现地磁日变化异常,拉萨台电离层f0F2出现明显异常。

藏北羌塘盆地的航磁特征

将羌塘盆地的航空磁场按不同的异常面貌特征分成八大区进行了详述描述。羌塘盆地航空磁场的展布总体以东西向或近东西向为主 ,其次为北东向和北西向 ,随着向上延拓高度的增加 ,该特征更加明显 ,磁异常具有鲜明的分区性和分带性 ,且从北向南异常由平稳到复杂逐渐变化 。

多台站地磁观测资料综合处理的一种方法

通过利用空间线性度方法，分析处理地磁场前兆观测资料，并从“场”的角度综合计算多台站的地磁场观测资料，确立地磁基本场的统一信息量─—空间线性度地分析处理华北地区多个台站1975～1994年的地磁场前兆观测资料。结果表明，中强地震之前约1a左右的时间内，空间线性度α可能出现明显的下降异常，有些在临震前回升，因此地磁场空间线性度α有可能作为中强地震前兆预报的指标。