The Potential Contribution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Water-Saving Agriculture in the Western USA

Water shortages within the western USA are resulting in the adoption of water-saving agricultural practices within this region. Among the many possible methods for saving water in agriculture, the adoption of subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） provides a potential solution to the problem of low water use efficiency. Other advantages of SDI include reduced NO3 leaching compared to surface irrigation, higher yields, a dry soil surface for improved weed control, better crop health, and harvest flexibility for many specialty crops. The use of SDI also allows the virtual elimination of crop water stress, the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of the root zone, protection of drip lines from damage due to cultivation and tillage, and the ability to irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact. Yet, SDI is used only on a minority of cropland in the arid western USA. Reasons for the limited adoption of SDI include the high initial capital investment required, the need for intensive management, and the urbanization that is rapidly consuming farmland in parts of the western USA. The contributions of SDI to increasing yield, quality, and water use efficiency have been demonstrated. The two major barriers to SDI sustainability in arid regions are economics （i.e., paying for the SDI system）, including the high cost of installation; and salt accumulation, which requires periodic leaching, specialized tillage methods, or transplanting of seedlings rather than direct-seeding. We will review advances in irrigation management with SDI.

RESEARCH & PRACTICE OF WATER-SAVING AGRICULTURE

China is one of the world’s major agricultural countries. About 80% of its annual water consumption is used for fanning undertakings. On the other hand, China is a country deficient in water resources and in particular, the water shortage is embarrassingly serious in the north. So the current development of water-saving agriculture (WSA) is a way of easing the strain between the supply and demand of water. This article expounds the WSA’s status in the development of the national economy, its research and implementation, and suggests an institutional system of WSA to be established in this country.

A Review on Water-Saving Agriculture in Europe

This paper aims to analyze the research on the current situation of water-saving agriculture development in Europe. Water-saving agriculture in Europe started early, governments and farmers in various countries have a strong awareness of water-saving in agriculture and have achieved certain results. Due to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of up-to-date field research, the complexity of various agricultural disciplines and categories, and the lack of information sharing, the current cognition of recent progress in the development of water-saving agriculture in Europe is not comprehensive enough. This paper selects four representative European countries: Spain, Germany, Italy, and Denmark as the research objects. Based on the existing research of Chinese and Western scholars, this paper analyzes and studies the current situation of water-saving agriculture in Europe. It has far-reaching significance for other countries in the world to have further development in water-saving agriculture and to protect water resources.

Research on Overall Planning and Implementation Evaluation of Land Use of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Agriculture-seven Division

Based on methods for evaluating the overall planning and implementation of land use of domestic scholars, a comprehensive and highly-operable index system and evaluating method for land use planning multi-type implementation has been established through selecting multi-type evaluating indicators and applied to the last-round overall planning of land use in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Agriculture-seven Division. The obtained comprehensive score was 86.40, indicating that land use overall planning has been excellently coordinated with land, society, economy as well as ecology and has exerted outstanding effect with the rank as "good". The evaluation results are in accordance with actual conditions, which displays that the established multi-type implementation evaluating system of land use overall planning is reasonable with scientific evaluating methods and can be the reference for evaluation of land use overall planning in other regiments and companies of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.

Study on the Functional Division of Agricultural Sightseeing in Handan City

Agricultural sightseeing in a new tourism pattern integrates ecological tourism functions into ecological agriculture and rural cultures. Handan City is located in southern Henan Province with excellent geographical conditions. In 2006-2008, agricultural sightseeing has achieved primary development in Handan City, and gradually become an indispensable component of the tourism market in this city. Promoting agricultural sightseeing in Handan City as well as the upgrading of its agriculture will be enhanced, which can be transformed from traditional and unitary function into the comprehensive functions of production, ecology, tourism, culture and education, thus is favorable for promoting the further development of tourism industry, enriching tourism products, realizing the sustainable development of agricultural tourism. Besides, surplus rural labors will be offered more opportunities, and industrial structure in rural areas will also be adjusted properly. Through dividing agricultural sightseeing in Handan City into the eco-agricultural sightseeing zone in the west, metropolis agricultural sightseeing zone in the middle, and economic agricultural sightseeing in the east, the authors clearly defined their ranges, orientation of typical functions, dominant development modes as well as projects, so as to figure out the reasonable development pattern for agricultural sightseeing in Handan City, specify its development context, and provide theoretical basis for the future development of agricultural sightseeing in this city.

Problems and Development Countermeasures of Agricultural Water-Saving Irrigation

Agriculture is the biggest water user in China,and the development of agricultural water-saving has great significance to the national economy and social development. In this paper,the present situation of water used in agriculture irrigation and water-saving potential were analyzed,and the ＂ bottleneck＂ and main problems existing in water-saving irrigation in China were discussed. From the aspects of engineering investment channels,agricultural water-saving policies and management system,reform of agricultural water price and water right transfer,improvement of farmers＇ water-saving consciousness,and promotion of rural land transfer,suggestions were proposed for the development of China＇s agricultural water-saving in future,which will provide a technical support for the sustainable use of agricultural water resources in China.

Analysis on the Water-saving Irrigation Technique Based on the Perspective of Food Safety

The paper analyzed the important role of water saving in protecting the food safety,introduced the present development of agricultural water-saving technique,pointed out the potential risks of water resources,and proposed the future development of water-saving irrigation.

十堰市农业外来入侵物种风险区划分评估指标体系研究

本研究依据国家相关规定、野外调查数据和文献资料,提出了一个综合反映湖北省十堰市农业外来入侵物种风险区划分评估指标体系;为完善农业外来入侵物种风险区划分提供了评价方法,并为后期农业外来入侵物种的监测和防控提供了一定的参考依据。

农业生产托管如何影响农户绿色技术采纳?

农户生产行为“绿色化”是农业绿色转型的关键,阐释与检验农业生产托管对农户绿色技术采纳的影响机理和促进效果具有现实意义。该研究基于中国土地经济调查(CLES)1268份农户数据,通过构建调节效应模型,从要素配置视角检验农业生产托管对农户绿色技术采纳的影响关系;运用倾向得分匹配(PSM)法解决样本“自选择”和内生性问题,揭示购买农业生产托管服务农户和未购买农户在绿色技术采纳方面的差异性;最后,根据农户对农业要素的依赖程度将农业生产托管服务分为劳动节约型服务和技术密集型服务,并运用分群组回归检验不同类型托管服务对差异性农户的异质性影响效果。研究结果表明:①农业生产托管不仅显著促进农户绿色技术采纳,且随着农业生产托管参与程度的提高,农户绿色技术采纳的效果越显著。②农业生产托管通过地块规模、土地肥力和劳动力非农就业的调节作用促进农户绿色技术采纳。③基于农户分化视角,根据非农收入占比将农户划分为以农业收入为主追求产量最大化的生产型农户和以兼业为主追求生活满足感的生活型农户。结果显示,劳动节约型托管服务对生活型农户绿色技术采纳促进效果显著,技术密集型托管服务对生产型农户促进效果更强。由此,该研究提出,应大力支持农业生产托管发展,通过政策支持或补贴等方式激励托管组织为农户提供多元服务;有效识别农户农业生产要素的作用,提升农业生产托管组织的服务能力,提供精准化托管服务。

华盛顿特区在美国农业强国建设中的地位作用和功能分工

华盛顿特区在美国农业强国建设中发挥着重要的前瞻性引领作用。本文基于城市功能与首都特性的分析框架,深入剖析华盛顿特区在美国农业强国建设中的地位作用和功能分工,即华盛顿特区在农业创新研究和尖端解决方案方面走在全国前列、华盛顿特区在增强食物供应体系韧性方面具有一定的前瞻性、华盛顿特区在推动都市农业方面发挥示范引领作用、华盛顿特区涉农活动开展是展示农业发展成果的重要窗口4个方面。基于此,本文提出要注重网络联动发展、加强体制机制建设、推进生态系统建立、激发首都特色功能、建立多元交流平台的政策启示。研究华盛顿特区在美国农业强国建设中的地位作用和功能分工,对于推进中国农业强国建设富有启发意义。

适度规模经营对农业绿色生产的影响

采用CiteSpace文件计量法分析中国知网中与“适度规模或规模经营”相关的1 768篇CSSCI期刊文献,揭示适度规模经营的内在逻辑与对农业绿色生产的影响。结果表明:适度规模经营研究经历了萌芽期、快速发展期,现在处于平稳发展期,与中央农业宏观政策相呼应。从理论逻辑而言,适度规模经营通过专业化横向分工、生产迂回纵向分工直接影响农业绿色生产,通过收益激励和缓解劳动力约束对农业绿色生产产生间接影响;从实践发展而言,适度规模经营可通过优化生产要素配置、推动绿色技术采纳、提升绿色生产效率以实现农业绿色生产。据此提出,在农业绿色生产背景下,未来推进适度规模经营需以要素市场化改革为前提,以农业社会化服务为途径,以实现小农户与现代农业的有机衔接为目标。

中国老人农业的生成逻辑、现状探析与发展路径

改革开放以来,中国在城乡二元结构、“半工半耕”家计选择以及家庭联产承包责任制共同作用下,逐步产生了具有中国特色的老人农业现象。中国老人农业的存在,一定程度上推进了中国城镇化进程、保障了国家粮食安全、缓解了老年农民养老压力。但当前中国老人农业也面临着突出问题,中国老人农业对农业技术的应用具有相对排斥性,农民市民化影响中国老人农业发展的持续性,农业基础设施不健全增加中国老人农业的挑战性。正视和关照中国老人农业问题,要坚持以人民为中心的发展理念,创新平原型老人农业经营方式和探索山地型老人农业合理发展路径。

农村三产融合利益联结机制:分工-交易-契约视角

【目的】农村三产融合是实现产业兴旺的关键路径,完善利益联结机制是农村三产融合的难点问题。【方法】从分工、交易、契约的视角构建了农村三产融合利益联结机制,以农业产业化联合体为例,深入考察了农村三产融合利益联结在分工内化、费用节约、契约选择三个层面的现实表现与主要困境。【结果】研究发现,合理契约安排有利于产业分工内化和交易费用节约,产业分工深化与交易成本节约促使联结利益产生,合理契约方式选择保证利益合理分配降低联结风险,最终实现农村三产融合利益稳定联结;农业产业化联合体中的家庭农场、农民合作社、农业企业依据各自的资源优势进行密切分工,通过分工内化减少联合体内交易的不确定性、资产专用性、交易频率和信息不对称,从而降低交易成本,通过商品契约、要素契约、服务契约、超市场契约等紧密型契约保证主体之间的利益合理分配,规避利益风险,实现主体间利益共享;主体之间依然存在分工地位不平等、要素供给不足、利益分配不均、风险约束不对等困境。【结论】需要密切主体分工协作机制,真正形成利益共同体;完善主体交易融合机制,切实破解要素融合瓶颈;强化主体契约安排机制,有效降低联结利益风险。

The Half-industrial and Half-agricultural Working Structure in Rural China

The half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure in rural China is a key phenomenon supporting China's industrialization and urbanization. Based on inter-generational division of labor, the current half-industrial and half-agricultural working structure has given birth to the elderly agriculture and mainstay agriculture, the latter of which has gone out of agricultural involution and to some extent changed the management philosophy of traditional agriculture, becoming a key direction of China's agricultural development. Such a structure has also shaped the "new three-generation family" and facilitated the expansion of middle-income rural groups. While supporting long-term farmers in rural China, it also paves the way for China's urbanization. This structure plays a significant role in the economic, political and social development of rural China. Therefore, this structure is a rural economic structure which concerns farmers' income structure and livelihood patterns. Meanwhile, it is also a rural political structure, village structure and family structure. Through development and refinement, the half-industrial and halfagricultural working structure in rural China has far extended the scope of a descriptive concept. As a dominant variable, the structure, along with its derivatives, through permutation and combination, can establish logical relationships and an interpretation chain among a variety of major economic, political and social phenomena in rural China. Therefore, it can expect to be constructed into an analyticity-oriented mid-level concept.

科技支撑农业特色小镇发展:理论逻辑、经验借鉴与政策引导

发展农业特色小镇是升级农村产业结构、建设新型城镇化的有效途径。厘清科技支撑农业特色小镇发展的理论逻辑,有助于农业特色小镇强化比较优势和提高产业附加值,形成内外双轮驱动、复杂适应的发展新路径。国内外农业特色小镇典型发展模式的经验显示,应构建引入社会资本和增加政府资金相结合、灵活招聘人才和科学引进智力相结合、创新管理体制与完善基础设施相结合的政策引导体系,以提高科技支撑效力,为农业特色小镇的高质量发展奠定基础。

基于DBSCAN和BPAdaboost的农机作业地块划分方法

农业机械(农机)在多个地块作业,费用和效率有时需按地块统计,现有的农机监控系统仅能记录农机定位信息和作业状态信息,难以实现地块的自动精准划分。本文通过研究轨迹点属性特征,分析作业地块数量不确定性和轨迹点分布规律,采用基于密度聚类方法(Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise, DBSCAN)和分类器集成算法(BP_Adaboost)结合的方法划分地块。根据DBSCAN算法对农机轨迹点多数有效、识别错误集中的特点,结合BP_Adaboost算法挖掘多维度信息关联、容错能力强、分类效果好等优势,先利用DBSCAN得到初步的轨迹点状态类别,再利用BP_Adaboost算法建立训练模型对农机轨迹点状态精准识别,根据时间序列和类别标记划分地块。本文方法既解决了只依靠阈值和经纬度信息聚类不准确的问题,也减少了大量样本标记工作。利用该方法轨迹点状态识别准确率达96.75%,地块划分准确率为97.74%。

农业社会化服务对化肥减量的影响——基于全国31个省区面板数据的双重检验

实现化肥减量是我国农业走向高质量发展的重要举措,也是实现农业绿色发展的关键所在。基于专业分工理论,利用2011—2020年统计年鉴数据,采用中介调节模型和工具变量模型实证分析了农业社会化服务对化肥减量的作用机制。研究发现,农业社会化服务对化肥使用总量和单位面积使用量具有显著负向影响,即农业社会化服务产值每增加1%,化肥使用总量和单位面积化肥使用量分别能降低0.055%和0.443%。中介和调节分析发现,农业社会化服务通过资源配置和科技进步两条路径实现化肥减量,分工深化和政府主导分别对该路径存在0.039的促进作用和-0.017的抑制作用。进一步研究发现,农业社会化服务可以显著降低服务规模小、农业发展程度高和东部地区省份的化肥使用量,而对中西部地区省份化肥减量未能发挥作用。其中,监管体系的缺失和分工深化的不足是目前我国农业社会化服务面临的主要问题,也是阻碍化肥减量实现的重要因素。

分工视角下交易效率对农村产业融合发展的影响

促进农村产业融合发展是实施乡村振兴战略的客观要求。分工是产业融合发展的前提和基础,产业融合发展的出现又必然形成新的分工,分工和产业融合发展相互渗透。研究分工问题要到交易活动中寻求答案。在揭示分工、交易效率影响农村产业融合发展内在机理的前提下,基于分工视角构建农村产业融合发展水平评价体系,运用熵值法测算31个省区市(不包括港澳台地区)2006—2018年的农村产业融合发展水平。测算结果表明,中国农村产业融合发展水平正从低水平起步阶段迈向加速发展阶段,分地区的整体农村产业融合发展水平呈现明显的“东高西低”区域格局,而增长速度呈现“中西部高于东部”的区域格局。对2006—2018年的中国农村交易效率进行测度显示,中国农村交易效率总体发展水平有了一定提升,但改进空间仍然很大。在农村产业融合发展水平和农村交易效率测度结果的基础上,使用Hansen门槛回归模型实证检验交易效率对农村产业融合发展水平影响,从回归结果来看,普通面板固定效应下农村交易效率显著提升了农村产业融合发展水平,农村交易效率每提高1单位,会引起农村产业融合发展水平增加0.1419单位。而门槛效应结果显示,当农村交易效率较低(即低于或等于0.5379)时,农村交易效率的提高对农村产业融合发展水平有抑制作用,当农村交易效率越过门槛值达到较高水平(即高于0.5379)时,农村交易效率的提高对农村产业融合发展水平有显著促进作用;农村交易效率对中国农村产业融合发展水平具有“U”型式的影响。但是,中国农村交易效率尚未越过“U”型门槛值,进一步提升农村交易效率短期内可能会制约农村产业融合发展,但从长期来看,提升农村交易效率、加大中央对地方政府的财政支持力度仍是未来较长时期内提高农村产业融合发展水平的关键举措。根据研究结论,从“持续提升农村交易效率、不断加大财税金融支农力度、有序推进市场体系一体化建设”等方面提出政策建议。研究对于如何改善农村交易效率,进而全面提升农村产业融合发展水平,推进乡村振兴战略具有重要参考意义。

农业全球价值链升级的度量、机理及影响因素——基于文献综述视角

农业全球价值链升级问题研究对农业现代化水平提升、高质量对外开放战略制定意义重大。从农业全球价值链的研究演进、升级度量、作用机理及影响因素梳理现有文献发现:农业全球价值链具有高前向参与度、低生产跨境次数和购买者驱动的特征;农业全球价值链升级通过反映增加值获取能力、技术创新能力或综合能力的指标度量;进口学习、投资溢出、标准转移及企业网络能力的知识溢出效应是实现农业全球价值链升级的重要渠道,表现为加工与生产专业化两条升级路径;一国贸易、投资和产业政策,及生产性服务投入、基础设施、人力资本和营商环境等都对农业全球价值链升级产生影响作用。针对当前研究不足,提出进一步揭示升级的复杂性机理、多元化路径、异质性影响及生产性服务效应的展望。

农业对外投资布局对母国参与全球价值链的影响——基于社会网络分析视角

参与全球农业价值链,是保障国家粮食安全、提高农业产业竞争力和影响力的重要举措。基于TiVA数据库和UN COMTRADE数据库测算64个国家全球农业价值链的参与程度与分工地位,采用社会网络分析方法构建全球农业对外投资网络,实证分析农业对外投资布局对一国参与全球农业价值链的影响。结果表明,当前全球农业对外投资网络由发达国家主导;网络中心性和网络异质性对全球价值链地位有显著正向影响,即一国越处于网络中心且投资金额越分散,其价值链地位越高;网络规模有负向影响,盲目拓展投资网络的规模化优势难以抵消农业对外投资的高风险。基于研究结果,从分环节优化农业对外投资布局、深耕既有农业对外投资网络、逐步嵌入发达国家主导的农业对外投资网络等方面提出促进中国价值链地位攀升的建议。