The transition period of dairy cattle is characterized by a number of metabolic, endocrine, physiologic, and immune adaptations, including the occurrence of negative energy balance, hypocalcemia, liver dysfunction, ov...The transition period of dairy cattle is characterized by a number of metabolic, endocrine, physiologic, and immune adaptations, including the occurrence of negative energy balance, hypocalcemia, liver dysfunction, overt systemic inflammatory response, and oxidative stress status. The degree and length of time during which these systems remain out of balance could render cows more susceptible to disease, poor reproductive outcomes, and less efficient for milk production and quality. Studies on both monogastrics and ruminants have reported the health benefits of nutraceuticals(e.g. probiotics, prebiotics, dietary lipids, functional peptides, phytoextracts) beyond nutritional value, interacting at different levels of the animal's physiology. From a physiological standpoint, it seems unrealistic to disregard any systemic inflammatory processes. However, an alternate approach is to modulate the inflammatory process per se and to resolve the systemic response as quickly as possible.To this aim, a growing body of literature underscores the efficacy of nutraceuticals(active compounds) during the critical phase of the transition period. Supplementation of essential fatty acids throughout a 2-month period(i.e. a month before and a month after calving) successfully attenuates the inflammatory status with a quicker resolution of phenomenon. In this context, the inflammatory and immune response scenario has been recognized to be targeted by the beneficial effect of methyl donors, such as methionine and choline, directly and indirectly modulating such response with the increase of antioxidants GSH and taurine. Indirectly by the establishment of a healthy gastrointestinal tract, yeast and yeast-based products showed to modulate the immune response, mitigating negative effects associated with parturition stress and consequent disorders.The use of phytoproducts has garnered high interest because of their wide range of actions on multiple tissue targets encompassing a series of antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immune-stimulating, rumen fermentation, and microbial modulation effects. In this review, we provide perspectives on investigations of regulating the immune responses and metabolism using several nutraceuticals in the periparturient cow.展开更多
51枚可用胚胎,依次通过含有3.3%,6.7%,10%甘油的抗冻剂处理后,装入26支塑料细管,置于冷冻仪上,以每分钟降低1℃的速率从室温降-6.5℃,平衡5 min 后进行诱发植冰,又平衡5 min,再以每分钟降低0.3℃的速率降至-36℃,平衡10 min 后直接投入-...51枚可用胚胎,依次通过含有3.3%,6.7%,10%甘油的抗冻剂处理后,装入26支塑料细管,置于冷冻仪上,以每分钟降低1℃的速率从室温降-6.5℃,平衡5 min 后进行诱发植冰,又平衡5 min,再以每分钟降低0.3℃的速率降至-36℃,平衡10 min 后直接投入-196℃的液氮中保存。先后从液氮中取出16支冷冻保存不同时间(1,8,9,10,28,29,31,32,62天)的冷冻胚胎塑料细管,用30℃温水进行快速解冻,分3步脱除甘油,回收32枚胚胎,其中可用胚胎22枚分别移植给11头受体牛,结果4头妊娠(妊娠率为36.3%)并顺利生下4头发育正常的犊牛。展开更多
基金support from the “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi Foundation” (Milan, Italy)Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Piacenza, Italy)。
文摘The transition period of dairy cattle is characterized by a number of metabolic, endocrine, physiologic, and immune adaptations, including the occurrence of negative energy balance, hypocalcemia, liver dysfunction, overt systemic inflammatory response, and oxidative stress status. The degree and length of time during which these systems remain out of balance could render cows more susceptible to disease, poor reproductive outcomes, and less efficient for milk production and quality. Studies on both monogastrics and ruminants have reported the health benefits of nutraceuticals(e.g. probiotics, prebiotics, dietary lipids, functional peptides, phytoextracts) beyond nutritional value, interacting at different levels of the animal's physiology. From a physiological standpoint, it seems unrealistic to disregard any systemic inflammatory processes. However, an alternate approach is to modulate the inflammatory process per se and to resolve the systemic response as quickly as possible.To this aim, a growing body of literature underscores the efficacy of nutraceuticals(active compounds) during the critical phase of the transition period. Supplementation of essential fatty acids throughout a 2-month period(i.e. a month before and a month after calving) successfully attenuates the inflammatory status with a quicker resolution of phenomenon. In this context, the inflammatory and immune response scenario has been recognized to be targeted by the beneficial effect of methyl donors, such as methionine and choline, directly and indirectly modulating such response with the increase of antioxidants GSH and taurine. Indirectly by the establishment of a healthy gastrointestinal tract, yeast and yeast-based products showed to modulate the immune response, mitigating negative effects associated with parturition stress and consequent disorders.The use of phytoproducts has garnered high interest because of their wide range of actions on multiple tissue targets encompassing a series of antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immune-stimulating, rumen fermentation, and microbial modulation effects. In this review, we provide perspectives on investigations of regulating the immune responses and metabolism using several nutraceuticals in the periparturient cow.
文摘51枚可用胚胎,依次通过含有3.3%,6.7%,10%甘油的抗冻剂处理后,装入26支塑料细管,置于冷冻仪上,以每分钟降低1℃的速率从室温降-6.5℃,平衡5 min 后进行诱发植冰,又平衡5 min,再以每分钟降低0.3℃的速率降至-36℃,平衡10 min 后直接投入-196℃的液氮中保存。先后从液氮中取出16支冷冻保存不同时间(1,8,9,10,28,29,31,32,62天)的冷冻胚胎塑料细管,用30℃温水进行快速解冻,分3步脱除甘油,回收32枚胚胎,其中可用胚胎22枚分别移植给11头受体牛,结果4头妊娠(妊娠率为36.3%)并顺利生下4头发育正常的犊牛。
