Observation of Doppler shift f_(D) modulated by the internal kink mode using conventional reflectometry in the EAST tokamak

In this paper we present a new experimental observation using a conventional reflectometry technique,poloidal correlation reflectometry(PCR),in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).The turbulence spectrum detected by the PCR system exhibits an asymmetry and induced Doppler shift f_(D)during the internal kink mode(IKM)rotation phase.This Doppler shift f_(D)is the target measurement of Doppler reflectometry,but captured by conventional reflectometry.Results show that the Doppler shift f_(D)is modulated by the periodic changes in the effective angle between the probing wave and cutoff layer normal,but not by plasma turbulence.The fishbone mode and saturated long-lived mode are typical IKMs,and this modulation phenomenon is observed in both cases.Moreover,the value of the Doppler shift f_(D)is positively correlated with the amplitude of the IKM,even when the latter is small.However,the positive and negative frequency components of the Doppler shift f_(D)can be asymmetric,which is related to the plasma configuration.A simulated analysis is performed by ray tracing to verify these observations.These results establish a clear link between f_(D)and IKM rotation,and are helpful for studying the characteristics of IKM and related physical phenomena.

Comparison of methods for turbulence Doppler frequency shift calculation in Doppler reflectometer

The Doppler reflectometer(DR),a powerful diagnostic for the plasma perpendicular velocity(u⊥)and turbulence measurement,has been widely used in various fusion devices.Many efforts have been put into extracting the Doppler shift from the DR signal.There are several commonly used methods for Doppler shift extraction,such as the phase derivative,the center of gravity,and symmetric fitting(SFIT).However,the strong zero-order reflection component around 0 kHz may interfere with the calculation of the Doppler shift.To avoid the influence of the zerofrequency peak,the asymmetric fitting(AFIT)method was designed to calculate the Doppler shift.Nevertheless,the AFIT method may lead to an unacceptable error when the Doppler shift is relatively small compared to the half width at half maximum(HWHM).Therefore,an improved method,which can remove the zero-frequency peak and fit the remaining Doppler peak with a Gaussian function,is devised to extract the Doppler shift.This method can still work reliably whether the HWHM is larger than the Doppler shift or not.

Adaptive compensating method for Doppler frequency shift using LMS and phase estimation

The novel compensating method directly demodulates the signals without the carrier recovery processes, in which the carrier with original modulation frequency is used as the local coherent carrier. In this way, the phase offsets due to frequency shift are linear. Based on this premise, the compensation processes are： firstly, the phase offsets between the baseband neighbor-symbols after clock recovery is unbiasedly estimated among the reference symbols; then, the receiving signals symbols are adjusted by the phase estimation value; finally, the phase offsets after adjusting are compensated by the least mean squares （LMS） algorithm. In order to express the compensation processes and ability clearly, the quadrature phase shift keying （QPSK） modulation signals are regarded as examples for Matlab simulation. BER simulations are carried out using the Monte-Carlo method. The learning curves are obtained to study the algorithm＇s convergence ability. The constellation figures are also simulated to observe the compensation results directly.

Joint Doppler Shift and Channel Estimation for UAV mmWave System with Massive ULA

A joint Doppler shift and channel estimation method for the millimeter-wave communication system of an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) equipped with a large-scale uniform linear antenna(ULA) array has been proposed. Since Doppler shift induces intercarrier interference, the parameters of the channel paths have been decomposed into the Doppler shift and the channel information. In order to obtain the Doppler shift, a new estimation algorithm based on a combination of discrete Fourier transform and phase rotation has been proposed, which can determine the appropriate number of antennas. In addition to estimating the channel information, a low-complexity joint Doppler shift and channel estimation method has been designed that can quickly obtain accurate estimates. Furthermore, the achievable sum rate, the theoretical bounds of the mean squared errors, and the Cram?er-Rao lower bounds of the estimation method have been derived. The analysis and simulation results prove that the performance of the proposed approach is close to the theoretical inference.

An Orbit Determination Using SGP4 Propagator and Doppler Shifts for CubeSats

The two line elements(TLEs),released by the North American Aerospace Defense Command(NORAD),are chosen for CubeSats' mission operators.Unfortunately,they have errors and other accompanied problems,which cause large deviations in the in-track component.When a TLE value is available at a certain epoch,the dominant error is the angular error.It is proposed to correct the angular error by solving-for the mean argument of latitude at the desired epoch.A batch least squares technique and range rate measurements are used for the correction process.With the assistance of satellite tool kit(STK)software and Matlab,a simulation to verify the orbit determination(OD)technique is implemented.This paper provides an angular correction low cost OD method and presents a complete analysis for various test cases.This approach maintains high accuracy in cross-track and radial and makes great improvement in in-track at the same time,but it is exclusive for circular orbits.When it is applied to an elliptical orbit,the error will be unacceptable.Therefore,the angular error is corrected using the longitude of periapsis which totally mitigates the error at the epoch under consideration.For inclinations less than 20 o,the mean longitude is preferred for the angular correction as it provides more accuracy compared with the mean argument of latitude.

Simultaneous detection of the acoustic-field aberration and Doppler shift in forward acoustic scattering

The aberration in the received acoustic field and the Doppler shift in the forward scattered field are simultaneously induced when a submerged target crosses the source–receiver line. Formulations for the two variations are developed upon an ideal forward scattering configuration. Both the field aberration and the Doppler shift are expressed as functions of the same argument — the target motion time. An experimental validation was carried out in a tank, in which the continuous wave was transmitted. The field aberration and the Doppler shift were extracted from the collected data by the simple Hilbert transform and a hybrid technique, respectively. The measured aberration and Doppler shift agree with the theoretical results.Simultaneous detection outputs are beneficial to enhance the reliability on target detection by providing both the aberrations in the received acoustic field and the Doppler shift in the forward scattered field.

Investigation on the Doppler shifts induced by 1-D ocean surface wave displacements by the first order small slope approximation theory:comparison of hydrodynamic models

Based on the first order small slope approximation theory （SSA-I） for oceanic surface electromagnetic scattering, this paper predicts the Doppler shifts induced by wave displacements. Theoretical results from three distinct hydrody- namic models are compared： a linear model, the nonlinear Barrick model, and the nonlinear Creamer model. Meanwhile, the predicted Doppler shifts are also compared with the results associated to the resonant Bragg waves and the so-called long waves in the framework of the two-scale model. The dependences of the predicted Doppler shifts on the incident angle, the radar frequency, and the wind speed are discussed. At large incident angles, the predicted Doppler shifts for the linear and nonlinear Barrick models are found to be insensitive to the wind speed and this phenomenon is not coincident with the experimental data. The conclusions obtained in this paper are promising for better understanding the properties of time dependent radar echoes from oceanic surfaces.

Doppler shift of a laser pulse beam scattered by a rotating cone and cylinder

Based on laser radar equations, a Doppler shift model of a laser pulse beam scattered by a rotating arbitrary convex target is reported in this paper. The boundary relations between an incident pulse beam and the detected area elements are analyzed by geometric methods. The Doppler shift characteristics of the rotating cone and cylinder are discussed and the difference between the laser pulse beam and the plane wave scattered from the same rotating target is compared accordingly. Numerical simulations show that the Doppler shift is tightly relevant to their dimensions, speeds, and so on. In the same incidence conditions, the pulse beam and plane wave have difference peak values and the same Doppler shift bandwidth. If the waist radius of the pulse beam is larger, the peak value is higher, and the Doppler shifts are proportional to the speed of the rotating target. By virtue of our theoretical model, we probe into the scattered characteristics of the Doppler shifts of a laser pulse beam, which would benefit target identification in national defense.

A new model for Doppler shift of C-band echoes backscattered from sea surface

Within the framework of the two-scale scattering model,the Doppler shift of C-band radar return signals from the nonlinear sea surface are numerically evaluated.As an analytical approximation method,the Bragg resonance scattering method cannot accurately describe the backscattering field from sea surface.Therefore,in the twoscale scattering model,more accurate scattering coefficient(the normalized radar cross section,NRCS)evaluated by the C-band dual-polarized(HH/VV)empirical geophysical model function(CSAR model)is employed to replace the traditional Bragg NRCS to weight the Doppler shift.The numerical results indicate that there are obvious differences between the Doppler shift weighted by the CSAR NRCS and that weighted by the traditional Bragg NRCS.The hydrodynamic modulation of the large-scale waves is one of the important factors that affect the difference between the Doppler shift predicted in upwind and downwind directions.If the relaxation rate in the hydrodynamic modulation is set to be the angular frequency of the dominant water waves,the Doppler shift predicted by the numerical method can fit the results of the empirical model(C-band empirical geophysical model function,CDOP)well at moderate wind speed.Under low wind condition,the comparison shows that the empirical CDOP model appears to overestimate the Doppler shift.In order to facilitate the application,at the end of this paper a semi-empirical CSAR-DOP model,which is a polynomial fitting formula,is developed for evaluating the Doppler shift of C-band signals from time varying sea surface.

Doppler shift based stable clustering scheme for mobile ad hoc networks

This paper addresses the clustering problem for mobile ad hoc networks. In the proposed scheme, Doppler shift associated with received signals is used to estimate the relative speed between aelnster head and its members. With the estimated speed, a node can predict its stay time in every nearby cluster. In the initial clustering stage, a node joins a duster that can provide it with the longest stay time in order to reduce the number of re-affiliations. In the cluster maintaining stage, strategies are designed to help node cope with connection break caused by channel fading and node mobility. Simulation results show that the proposed clustering scheme can reduce the number of re-affiliations and the average disconnection time compared with previous schemes.

Measurement and analysis of Doppler shift for high-speed rail scenario

Based on the analysis of the impact of Doppler shift to the railway dedicated mobile communication quality under the condition of high-speed mobility,this paper presents a Doppler shift measurement approach based on the phase estimation of frequency correction channel(FCCH) which correctly reflects the time-varying characteristic of the channel with a testing system developed.The Doppler shift data under the high-speed condition is collected,processed,analyzed,and compared with the simulation results.The scientific laws of the Doppler shift distribution of radio channel under high-speed condition are obtained.These data and analysis are essential for the establishment of high-speed railway Doppler power spectrum model and the development of the key technology of antiDoppler shift.

Effect Due to the Particle Nature of the Doppler Shifted Radiation on the Dynamics of the Spherical Light Emitting Source

The Doppler effect is a phenomenon of intrinsic kinematic character. This paper analyzes the kinematic Doppler effect for the case where the source is moving and the observer is at rest in the classical limit. The particle nature properties of radiation are considered and how it affects the dynamics of the Source has been studied. The dynamical and kinematical equations have been derived by considering this effect. It has been conclusively shown that a moving light-emitting source experiences a finite recoil momentum in the direction opposite to the direction of motion and come to rest in finite time.

DS/FH扩频测控信号的一种同步方案分析

针对航天测控信号的高动态特点,提出了直扩/跳频混合扩频(DS/FH)测控信号的一种快速同步方案。阐述了采用频率快速扫描和基于FFT算法的三维快捕方法。通过对码多普勒及多普勒频移跳变现象的分析,得到了利用跳频图案和多普勒频移的跟踪结果来实时补偿最大为8.2kHz的多普勒跳变量的方法。在比较了几种载波跟踪方法的基础上,给出了采用算法嵌入式环路跟踪测控信号的建议。

Closed BER expression of multi-user DS UWB systemsin indoor fading channel

The bit error rate （BER） performance of multi-user direct spreading bi-phase shift keying （DSBPSK） direct impulse ultra wideband （UWB） systems is analyzed and simulated based on a statistical indoor multi-path fading channel model. The BER of the system is theoretically derived and given in closed form, which is expressed in terms of channel parameters and system parameters such as pulse width parameter, pulse repeat period, user number and pulse waveform. With this BER expression, the effect of these parameters on the system performance can be evaluated in a uniform way. Simulation results well match the theory numerical results, and prove that the multi-access interference （MAI） of DS-BPSK UWB is a normal distribution.

DS/FH测控信号伪码跟踪精度分析

针对基于直扩/跳频(DS/FH)混合扩频信号的航天测控系统存在高动态性和多普勒捷变的特点,推导了在一定前端带宽和动态环境下超前滞后伪码跟踪环的精度表达式,仿真和分析了前端带宽、环路带宽、载噪比以及多普勒捷变量等参数对跟踪精度的影响。结果表明了在跟踪环路中引入载波辅助和多普勒捷变补偿修正的必要性,并为跟踪精度的提高、跟踪环路设计等后续工作提供了有益参考。

大频移低信噪比下扩频通信的载频提取及其DSP实现

针对低轨卫星 DSSS通信中的信号载频提取难点 ,对载频 -码元的时频联合二维搜索的快速算法进行了改进。利用 FFT在频域处理循环相关 ,有效地降低了搜索的运算量 ,在 6ms内同时捕获扩频信号的载频和码起点。以 ADSP BF5 3 3构建其手持终端的硬件平台 ,体积、功耗小 ,抗干扰能力强 ,在 -2 1 d B的低信噪比下仍能够稳定工作。最后给出了试验数据并进行了分析。

基于混合时钟三阶DDS的信号多普勒模拟方法

在高动态卫星导航信号模拟器中,信号多普勒频移模拟是一项关键技术。结合现场可编程门阵列的特点,建立了分析混合时钟三阶直接数字频率综合(DDS)输出相位的仿真模型,推导了其输出相位表达式,给出了各阶DDS初始累加控制字的计算方法,并指出等时钟三阶DDS仿真模型仅为混合时钟仿真模型的特例。在分析了混合时钟速率对信号相位模拟造成的误差后,讨论了各阶DDS的字长设计方法,并与等时钟三阶DDS进行比较,说明了采用混合时钟三阶DDS可以降低实现资源消耗和功耗。仿真分析表明,所提方法可以实现对信号多普勒特性的高精度模拟。

大Doppler频移条件下基于导频信号的扩频码捕获

分析了Doppler频移对传统扩频码捕获算法的影响,提出了在发送导频信号期间,利用自适应谱线增强器(ALE)对部分匹配滤波输出进行处理以估计Doppler频移值,经过频偏校正后,采用传统全匹配捕获算法进行扩频码捕获判决的新方法。仿真结果表明,这种方法可以有效地消除大Doppler频移的影响,迅速完成扩频码的捕获。

基于变频转发RDSS信号模拟的参数生成算法

近年来,有源与无源体制兼容型的RDSS接收机技术的迅速发展对与之匹配的高精度卫星信号模拟器的研制提出了迫切需求。模拟器主要包含卫星轨道仿真、用户轨迹仿真、误差建模、信号生成参数计算等模块。其中信号生成参数的模拟是需要解决的一项关键技术。但由于RDSS卫星导航系统的信号播发具有变频转发的特点,使得信号参数的模拟变得比GPS等直播式系统复杂。为此,提出了一种适合变频转发的卫星信号生成参数算法,并推导了多普勒频移参数计算公式。仿真实验结果验证了文中算法的正确性。