Effect of Steel Slag and Granulated Blast-furnace Slag on the Mechanical Strength and Pore Structure of Cement Composites

Reuse of solid industrial wastes is an effective approach to develop low-carbon construction materials. This paper examines how two materials, steel slag（ST） and granulated blast-furnace slag（SL） impact the mechanical performance and pore structure of cement-based systems. Analysis was done on the variations of the porosity, pore size, and pore volume distribution with the curing age and replacement content, and the fractal dimensions of pore surfaces. The results suggested that systems with both supplementary materials had lower early strengths than pure cement, but could generally surpass pure cement paste after 90 d; higher SL content was particularly helpful for boosting the late strengths. The addition of ST increased the porosities and mean pore sizes at each age, and both increased with ST content; SL was helpful for decreasing the system＇s late porosity（especially harmless pores below 20 nm）; The lowest porosity and mean pore size were obtained with 20% SL. Both systems had notably fractal characteristics on pore surfaces, with ST systems showing the highest dimensions at 10% ST, and SL systems at 20% SL. Compressive strength displayed a significant linear increase with fractal dimension.

Influence of Carbonation on Fatigue of Concrete with High Volume of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag

The effect of carbonation on fatigue performance of ground granulated blast-furnace slag concrete was investigated. Based on the static compression tests of carbonated GGBS-concrete, the correlation between carbonation depth and compressive strength was analyzed and an equation between carbonation depth and compressive strength was put forward. Meanwhile, fatigue S-N curves of various carbonation depths were fitted, and the infl uence of carbonation on fatigue life and strength was studied. Carbonation has a dual effect on the fatigue behavior of GGBS-concrete. A fatigue equation based on the depth of carbonation was established. Also, the probabilistic distribution of fatigue life of carbonated concrete at a given stress level was modeled by the two-parameter Weibull distribution.

Dredged marine soil stabilization using magnesia cement augmented with biochar/slag

Dredged marine soils(DMS)have poor engineering properties,which limit their usage in construction projects.This research examines the application of reactive magnesia(rMgO)containing supplementary cementitious materials(SCMs)to stabilize DMS under ambient and carbon dioxide(CO_(2))curing conditions.Several proprietary experimental tests were conducted to investigate the stabilized DMS.Furthermore,the carbonation-induced mineralogical,thermal,and microstructural properties change of the samples were explored.The findings show that the compressive strength of the stabilized DMS fulfilled the 7-d requirement(0.7-2.1 MPa)for pavement and building foundations.Replacing rMgO with SCMs such as biochar or ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS)altered the engineering properties and particle packing of the stabilized soils,thus influencing their performances.Biochar increased the porosity of the samples,facilitating higher CO_(2) uptake and improved ductility,while GGBS decreased porosity and increased the dry density of the samples,resulting in higher strength.The addition of SCMs also enhanced the water retention capacity and modified the pH of the samples.Microstructural analysis revealed that the hydrated magnesium carbonates precipitated in the carbonated samples provided better cementation effects than brucite formed during rMgO hydration.Moreover,incorporating SCMs reduced the overall global warming potential and energy demand of the rMgO-based systems.The biochar mixes demonstrated lower toxicity and energy consumption.Ultimately,the rMgO and biochar blend can serve as an environmentally friendly additive for soft soil stabilization and permanent fixation of significant amounts of CO_(2) in soils through mineral carbonation,potentially reducing environmental pollution while meeting urbanization needs.

Volume and Surface Nucleation of Crystals in Glass Based on Blast-Furnace Slag

Using differential thermal analysis, X-ray phase analysis, electron microscopy, and optical microscopy, the nucleation of crystals in glass obtained by blending metallurgical slag with silicon dioxide has been studied. The type of crystallization (homogeneous or heterogeneous, volume or surface) is revealed for each of nine compositions of synthesized glass. It is shown that the first crystalline phase in a volume crystallizing glass is perovskite (CaO·TiO2);in this phase a nucleation of the main phase occurs: melilite (solid solution of gehlenite 2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2 in akermanite 2CaO·MgO·2SiO2). The fundamental characteristics of homogeneous (for a catalizing phase, perovskite) and heterogeneous (for a catalyzed phase, melilite) of crystallization are determined: the steady state nucleation rate Ist, time of unsteady state nucleation τ, crystal growth rate U, and activation energy of frictional flow. The temperature dependences of Ist, τ, and U are obtained. The kinetics of the crystallization of glass is studied and the rates of the surface crystal growth are determined in the glass of nine compositions. The influence of grinding the particles of the original glass on the sequence of deposition of the crystalline phases was studied. Practical recommendations are presented for the use of blast-furnace slag as a raw material for the synthesis of glass and their further utilization.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part Two: Durability

This work investigates durability of cement-free mortars with a binder comprised of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) activated by high-calcium fly ash (HCFA) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3): the soundness, sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reactivity and efflorescence factors are considered. Results of tests show that such mortars are resistant to alkali-silica expansion. Mortars are also sulfate-resistant when the amount of HCFA in the complex binder is within a limit of 10 wt%. The fineness of fly ash determines its’ ability to activate GGBFS hydration, and influence soundness of the binder, early strength development, sulfate resistance and efflorescence behavior. The present article is a continuation of authors’ work, previously published in MSA, Vol. 14, 240-254.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part One: Hydration and Mechanical Properties

High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na2CO3 into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.

联合容积絮凝法去除污水中磷的最佳投药量研究

实验研究了在不同磷浓度下铁盐、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和钢渣三者联合处理水中磷的方法。探索了在不同磷浓度下铁盐、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和钢渣三者联合容积絮凝处理水中磷的最佳投药量。在综合考虑各种情况下,原水磷浓度为8 mg/L时,三者联合容积絮凝最佳投加量为n(Fe)∶n(P)=2.5,PAM投加量为0.1 mg/L,钢渣投加量为4 g/L;原水磷浓度为4 mg/L时,三者联合容积絮凝最佳投加量为n(Fe)∶n(P)=3.5,PAM投加量为0.05 mg/L,钢渣投加量为3 g/L;原水磷浓度为2 mg/L时,三者联合容积絮凝最佳投加量为n(Fe)∶n(P)=2.5,PAM投加量为0.1 mg/L,钢渣投加量为3 g/L。最佳投药量下的出水磷浓度均满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ标准。

钢渣石灰稳定土用于道路基层的性能研究

为了研究钢渣和石灰综合稳定土的路用性能,文章通过掺配不同比例的钢渣与石灰,对稳定后的土样进行了室内击实试验、无侧限抗压强度试验、渗水试验以及干缩试验。试验结果表明:当石灰掺量不变时,随着钢渣掺量的增加,钢渣石灰稳定土的最大干密度增大,最佳含水量减小;当钢渣掺量不变时,随着石灰掺量的增加,最大干密度减小,最佳含水量增大;当钢渣掺量为40%~60%,石灰掺量不超过8%时,随着石灰掺量的增加,无侧限抗压强度呈增长趋势,抗渗性能和干缩性能均明显改善,但当石灰掺量超过8%时,无侧限抗压强度出现下降趋势,抗渗性能和干缩性能改善均不明显,建议石灰掺量不宜超过8%;当石灰掺量一定时,随着钢渣掺量的增加,无侧限抗压强度增长趋势逐渐变慢,考虑到经济性和强度设计要求,建议合理选择钢渣的掺量。

矿渣粉掺合料对C50高性能混凝土综合性能的影响

矿渣粉通常被用作矿物掺合料来制备高性能混凝土,以S95级矿渣粉和C50高性能混凝土为研究对象,评价了不同矿渣粉掺量对C50高性能混凝土综合性能的影响。试验结果表明:随着S95级矿渣粉掺量的不断增大,C50高性能混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能、抗开裂性能、抗水渗透性能、抗收缩性能、抗冻性能和抗碳化能力均呈现出“先增强后减弱”的趋势,存在一个最佳的掺量使C50高性能混凝土的综合性能达到最佳,在文中所述的试验条件下,推荐S95级矿渣粉的最佳掺量为20%,此时C50高性能混凝土综合性能最佳。研究结果认为,S95级矿渣粉可以用作C50高性能混凝土的掺合料,合适掺量的矿渣粉不但能够有效降低混凝土中水泥的用量,还能有效提高混凝土的综合性能。

锰硅合金渣微粉在建材行业中的应用研究

锰硅合金渣是生产锰硅合金时产生的一种工业废渣,每年产量高达一千万吨左右,其处置方式与企业的可持续健康发展和对环境的影响息息相关,可见锰硅合金渣的废物资源化尤为重要。本文主要探究了锰硅合金渣经过预处理将惰性物质分离后制备的炉渣微粉,其不同细度和吉铁自主研发的激发剂的不同掺入量对矿渣微粉活性系数的影响。试验结果证明,当激发剂掺入量为5%,矿渣微粉比表面积为650~700 m^(2)/kg时,矿渣微粉的活性指数即可达到且高于GB/T 18046-2017中S95或S105级指标值。

硅质废渣低碳胶凝材料制备研究

为降低硅质废渣对环境的污染并实现其资源化利用,通过硅质废渣微粉和矿粉复配制备低碳胶凝材料,研究了不同复配比例对低碳胶凝材料活性的影响以及对混凝土性能的影响。结果表明,互掺粉磨有利于低碳胶凝材料比表面积的提升和活性指数的提高。随着低碳胶凝材料中硅质废渣微粉掺入比例的增加,混凝土的坍落度和抗压强度先升后降;进一步通过低碳胶凝材料替代水泥发现,随着替代量增加混凝土坍落度和抗压强度先升高后下降、收缩率先下降后升高。在低碳胶凝材料替代量为55 kg/m^(3)时,混凝土性能最佳。

粉磨时间对低碳胶凝材料性能的影响

通过粒化高炉矿渣和硅质废渣微粉复配制备了低碳胶凝材料,研究了不同粉磨时间对低碳胶凝材料活性的影响以及对混凝土性能的影响。结果表明,延长粉磨时间有利于低碳胶凝材料比表面积的提升和活性指数的提高。低碳胶凝材料主要通过微集料效应和火山灰活性的提升来实现对水泥的替代,控制低碳胶凝材料粉磨时间有利于发挥其微集料填充作用,提高混凝土综合性能;过高的粉磨时间不仅对其比表面积提升效果有限,也会造成混凝土拌和物性能、力学性能和体积稳定性下降。

钢渣外掺再生稳定碎石材料的路用性能研究

将钢渣掺量和水泥剂量作为控制参数,设计了18组不同钢渣再生稳定碎石材料,分别对其无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度、回弹模量和干缩系数进行试验研究。研究表明:钢渣掺量的增加可以提升碎石材料的抗压强度和回弹模量,降低材料的干缩变形能力,劈裂强度呈先增长后下降的趋势,而水泥剂量的增加会提升材料的抗压强度、劈裂强度和回弹模量,但对材料的干缩系数产生不利影响。结合材料成本考虑,推荐5%水泥剂量和60%钢渣掺量作为钢渣再生稳定碎石适宜参数选择,其抗压强度、劈裂强度、回弹模量及干缩系数分别提升约6.2%、8.6%、7.2%及8.5%。

Tests on Alkali-Activated Slag Foamed Concrete with Various Water-Binder Ratios and Substitution Levels of Fly Ash

To provide basic data for the reasonable mixing design of the alkali-activated (AA) foamed concrete as a thermal insulation material for a floor heating system, 9 concrete mixes with a targeted dry density less than 400 kg/m3 were tested. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a source material was activated by the following two types of alkali activators: 10% Ca(OH)2 and 4% Mg(NO3)2, and 2.5% Ca(OH)2 and 6.5% Na2SiO3. The main test parameters were water-to-binder (W/B) ratio and the substitution level (RFA) of fly ash (FA) for GGBS. Test results revealed that the dry density of AA GGBS foamed concrete was independent of the W/B ratio an RFA, whereas the compressive strength increased with the decrease in W/B ratio and with the increase in RFA up to 15%, beyond which it decreased. With the increase in the W/B ratio, the amount of macro capillaries and artificial air pores increased, which resulted in the decrease of compressive strength. The magnitude of the environmental loads of the AA GGBS foamed concrete is independent of the W/B ratio and RFA. The largest reduction percentage was found in the photochemical oxidation potential, being more than 99%. The reduction percentage was 87% - 93% for the global warming potential, 81% - 84% for abiotic depletion, 79% - 84% for acidification potential, 77% - 85% for eutrophication potential, and 73% - 83% for human toxicity potential. Ultimately, this study proved that the developed AA GGBS foamed concrete has a considerable promise as a sustainable construction material for nonstructural element.

高铁钢渣作碱激发剂对过硫磷石膏矿渣凝结硬化性能的影响

磷石膏作为磷化工企业湿法生产磷酸产生的固体废弃物,由于其杂质含量高、晶体结构存在缺陷导致其应用性能远不如其他副产石膏,现已成为我国主要的工业固废之一。为实现磷石膏的低成本化、大掺量化及高性能化应用,本研究基于全固废胶凝材料设计思路,将活性较低的高铁钢渣作为碱激发剂制备过硫磷石膏矿渣水泥,并探究物理、化学活化处理钢渣对胶凝材料凝结硬化的影响。测试结果表明:球磨时间的延长有助于细化大粒径钢渣并分散部分团聚颗粒,提升钢渣各龄期的活性指数,最佳球磨时间为20~40 min。相较于CaO,利用高铁钢渣作为碱激发剂时不利于新拌浆体的早期凝结硬化,但是对后期强度发展具有较好的促进作用,28 d时抗压强度可超过50 MPa。SEM测试结果显示,随着水化的持续进行,基体内生成大量C-(A)-S-H凝胶包裹未反应的石膏,结晶良好的棒状钙矾石填充缝隙和孔洞,进一步提升了基体的密实度。

高炉矿渣对砂浆流变参数影响的试验研究及机理分析

为了确定高炉矿渣对砂浆初始剪切力τ_(0)和黏度系数η的影响,提出高炉矿渣对砂浆流变参数影响的试验研究。通过采用一种新型测试装置-L形管,测定新拌砂浆中浆体流动速度随矿渣掺量的变化规律。结合混凝土流变学及流体力学理论进行数值分析,得出砂浆流变参数τ_(0)和η的计算方法。通过计算对比分析得出矿渣掺量对砂浆流变参数的影响。结果表明:少量的矿渣掺入可以改善砂浆流变性能;玻璃管径与形状一定时,砂浆的流变参数τ_(0)和η回归曲线随矿粉掺量呈线性增加;在高炉矿渣的掺量在10%时砂浆的流变性能达到最佳。

Crystallization behavior of blast-furnace slag by single hot thermocouple technique

The crystallization behavior of blast-furnace slag under isothermal and continuous-cooling conditions was studied using the single hot thermocouple technique.The crystallization phases were obtained using FactSage software and X-ray diffractometry.The crystallization kinetic parameters were calculated by combining these results with the Johnson-Mehl—Avrami model.Under isothermal conditions,the shortest crystallization incubation time was 24 and 18 s when the temperatures were 1300 and 1150℃,and the corresponding critical cooling rates were 4.5 and 14.3℃/s,respectively.At 1270℃,the slag was difficult to crystallize and the fiber-forming rate improved.When the continuous-cooling rate was 6.5℃/s,the slag solidified into a glassy state.The main crystallization phases,gehlenite,akermanite,anorthite,and melangite,were most easily precipitated.The growth factors of melangite and anorthite were approximately 1.63 and 1.68,respectively,which indicated that the crystals nucleated on the surface and grew in two dimensions.

矿粉掺量对混凝土性能的影响

研究了矿粉掺量对混凝土力学性能、耐久性等相关性能的影响。试验结果表明,在相同水灰比条件下,掺入矿粉后混凝土7d及28d力学性能有所降低;抗渗性能得到了改善,但随着矿粉掺量的增加而有所降低;混凝土塑性收缩增大;抗氯离子渗透性能增强。

高MgO镍铁渣作为活性混合材使用的可行性分析

中国镍铁渣排放量很大,但目前尚未找到大量利用的途径。笔者在分析镍铁渣组成、性能的基础上,对镍铁渣作为活性混合材使用的可能性及效果进行了研究。结果表明:镍铁渣中非晶体矿物的含量为88.1%,含量高达27.07%的MgO主要以顽辉石和镁铁橄榄石两种晶体矿物形式存在。镍铁渣的比表面积影响其活性和在水泥中的掺量。作为活性混合材,镍铁渣比表面积需不低于454.6m^2/kg。比表面积越大,活性指数越大,掺量越大。镍铁渣水泥的压蒸安定性合格,即使在水泥中掺入50%比表面积842.9 m^2/kg的镍铁渣,水泥的压蒸膨胀率仅为0.11%,大大低于0.5%的GB750—1992要求,由此证明镍铁渣不会因为MgO含量高而影响其作为活性混合材的使用。

-3℃下不同矿粉掺量对水泥水化影响的试验研究

通过试验研究在-3℃环境下不同矿粉掺量的水泥浆体在一定龄期内的水化热以及水化程度,利用试验数据采用近似矩形法和直接法计算出水泥水化放热量,分析出不同矿粉掺量的水泥浆体在-3℃的水化程度,比较不同矿粉掺量水泥浆体水化放热量得出其水化规律,比较不同入模温度对水泥水化的影响程度,同时提出水泥浆体处于负温下水化热测定的方法。试验结果表明：-3℃下10%、20%、30%的矿粉替代量在1、3、7、14、28 d龄期下水化放出的热量比不加矿粉掺合料的水泥浆体放热量低1%~6%。通过试验得出入模温度以及水化温度对水泥水化过程影响至关重要,同时在一定龄期下,矿粉对水泥的水化有抑制作用,矿粉取代水泥的量越高水泥水化放热量越低。