Velocity analysis of supersonic jet flow in double-cone ignition scheme

In the double-cone ignition schemes(DCIS), the deuterium–tritium target shell is ablated and compressed by a highpower nanosecond laser in Au-cones to generate plasmas. Under the actions of spherically symmetric compression and acceleration along the Au cone, they will be ejected out of the cone mouth and collide with each other. The plasmas experience conversion from kinetic energy to internal energy at the vertex of the geometric center of two Au cones that are symmetric to each other, because of which high-density fusion plasmas are preheated. This key physical process has undergone experimental verification on the Shenguang-II upgraded facility in China. Apparently, the improvement and optimization of the velocity of plasmas in hypersonic jet flow at the cone mouth are crucial for the success of the DCIS. In the DCIR7 experiment of the Shenguang-II upgraded facility, a velocity yield of approximately 130–260 km/s was achieved for the plasmas at the cone mouth, with a result of nearly 300 km/s based on numerical simulation. In this paper, theoretical analysis is performed as regards the process, in which target shells are ablated and compressed by laser to generate highvelocity plasmas ejected through jet flow. Based on this analysis, the formula for the velocity of plasmas in supersonic jet flow at the cone mouth is proposed. This study also provides measures that are more effective for improving the kinetic energy of plasmas and optimizing energy conversion efficiency, which can serve as theoretical references for the adjustment and optimization of processes in subsequent experiments.

Development of a monochromatic crystal backlight imager for the recent double-cone ignition experiments

We developed a monochromatic crystal backlight imaging system for the double-cone ignition(DCI) scheme, employing a spherically bent quartz crystal. This system was used to measure the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the head-on colliding plasma from the two compressing cones in the DCI experiments. The influence of laser parameters on the x-ray backlighter intensity and spatial resolution of the imaging system was investigated. The imaging system had a spatial resolution of 10 μm when employing a CCD detector. Experiments demonstrated that the system can obtain time-resolved radiographic images with high quality, enabling the precise measurement of the shape, size, and density distribution of the plasma.

A model for fast electron-driven high-density plasma in the double-cone ignition scheme

A model for fast electron-driven high-density plasma is proposed to describe the effect of injected fast electrons on the temperature and inner pressure of the plasma in the fast heating process of the double-cone ignition(DCI)scheme.Due to the collision of the two low-density plasmas,the density and volume of the high-density plasma vary.Therefore,the ignition temperature and energy requirement of the high-density plasma vary at different moments,and the required energy for hot electrons to heat the plasma also changes.In practical experiments,the energy input of hot electrons needs to be considered.To reduce the energy input of hot electrons,the optimal moment and the shortest time for injecting hot electrons with minimum energy are analyzed.In this paper,it is proposed to inject hot electrons for a short time to heat the high-density plasma to a relatively high temperature.Then,the alpha particles with the high heating rate and PdV work heat the plasma to the ignition temperature,further reducing the energy required to inject hot electrons.The study of the injection time of fast electrons can reduce the energy requirement of fast electrons for the high-density plasma and increase the probability of successful ignition of the high-density plasma.

Jet formation and penetration performance of a double-layer charge liner with chemically-deposited tungsten as the inner liner

This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 copper liners.The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays,slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests.The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-coated double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method.The results showed that the double-layer liners could form well-shaped jets.The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%.A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug.Compared with the traditional pure copper shaped charge jet,the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and>10.8% respectively.In summary,the test results are good,and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test,which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.

Integrated design and control technology of liner completion and drilling for horizontal wells

Aiming at the problems of large load of rotation drive system,low efficiency of torque transmission and high cost for operation and maintenance of liner steering drilling system for the horizontal well,a new method of liner differential rotary drilling with double tubular strings in the horizontal well is proposed.The technical principle of this method is revealed,supporting tools such as the differential rotation transducer,composite rotary steering system and the hanger are designed,and technological process is optimized.A tool face control technique of steering drilling assembly is proposed and the calculation model of extension limit of liner differential rotary drilling with double tubular strings in horizontal well is established.These results show that the liner differential rotary drilling with double tubular strings is equipped with measurement while drilling(MWD)and positive displacement motor(PDM),and directional drilling of horizontal well is realized by adjusting rotary speed of drill pipe to control the tool face of PDM.Based on the engineering case of deep coalbed methane horizontal well in the eastern margin of Ordos Basin,the extension limit of horizontal drilling with double tubular strings is calculated.Compared with the conventional liner drilling method,the liner differential rotary drilling with double tubular strings increases the extension limit value of horizontal well significantly.The research findings provide useful reference for the integrated design and control of liner completion and drilling of horizontal wells.

Machine learning optimization strategy of shaped charge liner structure based on jet penetration efficiency

Shaped charge liner(SCL)has been extensively applied in oil recovery and defense industries.Achieving superior penetration capability through optimizing SCL structures presents a substantial challenge due to intricate rate-dependent processes involving detonation-driven liner collapse,high-speed jet stretching,and penetration.This study introduces an innovative optimization strategy for SCL structures that employs jet penetration efficiency as the primary objective function.The strategy combines experimentally validated finite element method with machine learning(FEM-ML).We propose a novel jet penetration efficiency index derived from enhanced cutoff velocity and shape characteristics of the jet via machine learning.This index effectively evaluates the jet penetration performance.Furthermore,a multi-model fusion based on a machine learning optimization method,called XGBOOST-MFO,is put forward to optimize SCL structure over a large input space.The strategy's feasibility is demonstrated through the optimization of copper SCL implemented via the FEM-ML strategy.Finally,this strategy is extended to optimize the structure of the recently emerging CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy conical liners and hemispherical copper liners.Therefore,the strategy can provide helpful guidance for the engineering design of SCL.

Simulation Study of Solid Rocket Motor C/C Throat Liner Ablation Based on Two Regions

Based on the ablation micro-morphological characteristics, thermo-chemical ablation mechanism, and mechanical stripping mechanism, a dual-region solid rocket motor C/C throat liner ablation model and physical model are established. The ablation program was written and the experimental data of 70 lb BATES engine platform was used for model validation. The relative errors between the simulation calculation results and the experimental results were −6.83% - 10.20%. The ablation program was applied to study the effects of combustion chamber temperature, pressure, oxidation component concentration, throat particle concentration and particle scouring angle on the nozzle throat liner, which provides a reference for the design of the nozzle throat liner and the estimation of solid rocket motor ablation.

GO/HTPB composite liner for anti-migration of small molecules

Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene/toluene diisocyanate(HTPB/TDI)system is widely used in composite solid propellants.The migrations of plasticizers and water molecules from solid propellants and surrounding environment to the inhibitor have always been the important issues.This study focuses on the preparation,characterization and anti-migration behavior of graphene oxide(GO)/HTPB nanocomposite liner.The GO/HTPB(GH)composite liners affect the migration of small molecules through a tighter cross-linked structure and weakening function of small molecule adsorption.The anti-migration performance of the liner at different temperatures was analyzed,and the influence of the added amount of GO on the anti-migration performance and adhesion performance was also systematically studied.The overall performance of the liner is optimized when the amount of GO filler is 0.3 wt%.After adding 0.3 wt%GO,the concentration of dioctyl sebacate(DOS)migrated into the liner is decreased by 23.28%,and the concentration of water molecules is decreased by 51.89%,indicating that the introduction of GO can significantly improve the anti-migration performance of the liner.In addition,the bond strength is greatly increased from 0.25 MPa to 0.95 MPa,which meets the application requirements of the current propellant system.This research provides an important way for the preparation of structure-function synergistic anti-migration composite liners.

Viscoelastic Burger’s model for tunnels supported with tangentially yielding liner

This study proposed an analytical model for the tunnel supported with a tangentially yielding liner in viscoelastic ground.The efficiency of the developed analytical model was verified by comparing the calculated results with associated numerical simulation results.Using the analytical model,a comprehensive parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the effects of the rate of tunnel face advancement,concrete liner thickness,installation time of liner,and strength and thickness of yielding elements on the tunnel responses.The results highlight the significant benefit of the tangentially yielding liner to relieve overstress in the tunnel liner and improve the stability of the tunnel.The yield efficiency of the tangentially yielding liner depends highly on the yielding strength and deformable capacity of the yielding elements and less on the installation time.

The Efect of Rich Synthetic Copper-rich Solution on Antiseepage Dense Pre-hydration Geosynthetic Clay Liner

Dense pre-hydrated geosynthetic clay liners(DPH GCLs)were manufactured as innovative materials accompanied by the advantage of lower hydraulic conductivity(k).The k of DPH GCLs permeated with de-ionized water(DIW)was 9.8×10^(−12) m/s.The effect of Cu^(2+)synthetic solution on DPH GCLs was discussed.Furthermore,the effect mechanism was studied on the basis of test technologies.A significant adverse impact on hydraulic performance of DPH GCLs is found when the concentration of Cu^(2+)is greater than 1 g/L.SEM,XRD,XRF,FTIR,and XPS analyses show that the effect of Cu^(2+)on DPH GCLs includes two steps.Firstly,Cu^(2+)interacts with hydrophobic organic matter(HOM),and the adhesion of bentonite is destroyed,and some holes appear.The Cu^(2+)contacts with bentonite directly,and Cu^(2+)interacts with bentonite through ion exchange.Passivated phenomenon occurs on the surface of the bentonite,and swelling ability of bentonite is reduced,which causes permeable DPH GCLs.

Structural design of the fluted shaped charge liner using multi-section optimization method

Spin effect of the small diameter shaped charge results in the centrifugal stress during the jet stretching process. Consequently, the jet scatters, which deceases the jet penetration capability. In the present study, a multi-section method was proposed to design the spin-compensation liner. The spincompensation rate(SCR) of the liner was defined as the specific angular velocity that a fluted liner can offset. Based on the plain stress theory, SPH numerical method was applied to study the converging process of the 2D fluted structure. The spin-compensation mechanism of the fluted structure was illustrated. Then, nine cross sections were chosen along the liner axis equidistantly. On each of the section, a 2D fluted structure was designed to offset a given initial angular velocity. After, the optimized fluted structures were integrated into a 3D fluted liner. Jet appearances of the normal liner and the fluted liners under different initial angular velocities were compared, which verifies the practicality of the multi-sectional method. The multi-section optimization method provides a new efficient method of designing the shaped charge liner for a specific usage.

Parameter Study on a Composite Sound-Absorbing Structure Liner in Elevator Shafts

With the growing global environmental awareness,the development of renewable and green materials has gained increased worldwide interest to substitute conventional materials and are favorable for sustainable economic development.This paper proposed a novel eco-friendly sound absorbing structure(NSAS)liner for noise reduction in elevator shafts.The base layer integrated with the shaft walls is a damping gypsum mortarboard,and a rock wool board and a perforated cement mortarboard are used to compose the NSAS.Based on the acoustic impedance theory of porous materials and perforated panels,the sound absorption theory of the NSAS was proposed;the parameter effects of the rock wool board(flow resistivity,porosity,structure factor)and perforated panel(perforated rates,thickness,density,perforated diameter)on NSAS absorption were discussed theoretically for absorption improvement,and experiments were also conducted.Numerical results showed that the perforation rate,the thickness of the perforated plate,and the porosity,flow resistance,and volume density of the rock wool board played a key issue in the absorption performances of the NSAS.Experiments verified the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model.Wideband sound absorption performance of the NSAS at frequencies between 500–1600 Hz was achieved in both numerical analysis and experiments,and the sound absorption coefficient was improved to 0.72 around 1000 Hz after parameter adjustments.The NSAS proposed in this paper can also be made of other renewable materials with preferable structure strength and still has the potential to broaden the absorption bandwidth.It can provide a reference for controlling the elevator shaft noise.

压气储能地下储气库衬砌裂缝分布特征及演化规律研究

地下储气库衬砌的主要作用是将内压传递给围岩,且同时作为柔性密封层的附着基层。高内压作用下衬砌开裂可导致密封层出现反射型裂缝,进而引起高压气体的泄漏。为深入认识地下储气库衬砌的开裂特征,开发了基于FLAC3D平台的衬砌裂缝分析程序,研究了衬砌配筋方式、配筋率、钢筋保护层厚度、围岩类别和温压循环荷载作用等因素对衬砌开裂演化特征的影响。研究成果表明:对衬砌采取合理的配筋方式和改善围岩质量的措施可有效控制衬砌裂缝的宽度;采用分区配筋的方式可有效控制圆形断面隧洞式储气库衬砌中的最大裂缝宽度,同时降低衬砌的配筋量。空气压力和温度同步变化引起的热力耦合效应还有助于减小衬砌中出现的裂缝宽度。

基于改进EEMD-MB1DCNN的船用柴油机缸套-活塞环故障诊断

针对船用中高速柴油机缸套-活塞环振动信号非线性非平稳性以及同类型不同损伤程度故障发生时振动信号时频域特征相似、故障难以识别等问题,利用振动信号辨识故障,提出一种基于改进集成经验模态分解方法和多模块一维卷积神经网络端到端缸套-活塞环故障诊断方法,通过设计固有模态分量IMF信息质量筛选准则对EEMD分解出的IMFs进行重新排序,获得包含更多凸显故障特征成分的重构信号,输入到上述神经网络模型,通过振动信号分析并与现有方法比较,评估所设计IMF信息质量筛选准则与所搭建模型的性能,试验结果显示该方法能准确、有效地识别缸套-活塞环故障类型。在判断该易损件同类型不同磨损程度故障诊断中有较高的准确率,能对故障状况进行有效的特征提取与故障分类。

过盈量对干式缸套变形规律的影响研究

以某干式缸套柴油机为原型,采用有限元仿真的方法,建立了机体、缸盖、缸垫、缸套、螺栓等组合的有限元模型,分别在预紧工况和热机耦合工况下对比研究了施加过盈量前后的气缸套变形规律。研究结果表明:在装配工况下,从缸套顶部至缸套底部,缸套的变形量都逐渐变小,施加了过盈量后的缸套综合变形增加了近两倍,综合变形量最大出现在第四缸上部的290°区域,变形量为19.4μm。在多个载荷的耦合作用下,不同缸爆发时的缸套变形趋势和单独施加螺栓预紧力的变形趋势几乎一致,从缸套顶部至底部,变形量逐渐较小,第二、三缸变形较小,第一、四缸靠近自由端两侧变形较大,最大变形出现的位置从顶部90°方向移动至0°方向附近,变形量为302.8μm。

非晶合金药型罩的射流仿真及结构设计

采用Ls-dyna软件中的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法对非晶合金药型罩的射流成形进行数值仿真,侵彻仿真用软件中的多物质ALE算法和流固耦合,并进行试验验证。结果表明:72°锥角非晶合金药型罩的射流形态、性能更好,射流为连续性非凝聚态,锥角为72°,壁厚为2.5 mm的非晶合金药型罩穿深约为铜药型罩的86%,孔径约为铜药型罩的1.46倍,仿真结果与试验结果误差小于10%。药型罩中部对非晶合金射流成形和性能影响最大。根据非晶合金射流特征设计了一种新型药型罩结构,其侵彻45#钢穿深比锥形非晶合金药型罩提高约12%,达到相同锥角的锥形铜药型罩的穿深,孔径比铜药型罩高约44%,为非晶合金药型罩结构设计提供参考。

药型罩形状对活性聚能侵彻体成型的影响

结合理论与数值模拟,对3种不同形状药型罩活性聚能侵彻体的成型行为开展了研究.数值模拟结果表明,在聚能效应下,球缺罩和大锥角圆锥罩形成尾部带有碎片云的类杆状活性聚能侵彻体,而小锥角圆锥罩则形成活性射流.相比于活性射流,类杆状活性聚能侵彻体速度较低,但凝聚性较好.进一步结合活性材料反应动力学方程,对活性聚能侵彻体成型激活反应行为进行分析.分析结果表明:活性射流激活区位于杵体外壁、射流头部和轴线附近;随炸高增加,激活区内活性材料反应不断加剧,特别是射流头部和轴线附近材料的反应,将导致活性射流膨胀发散,不利于侵彻;而类杆状活性聚能侵彻体激活区域主要集中在尾部碎片区和杆尾中心部位,化学反应对其影响相对较小.

机体振动信号时频特性与燃烧压力相关性分析

为了探明机体振动信号与缸内燃烧状态间的相关性,本文通过改变转速、转矩、润滑油温度及配缸间隙形成不同的燃烧状态,利用连续小波变换算法得到了振动信号时频域特性,并与燃烧压力峰值进行对比分析。结果表明:随转速增加,燃烧压力峰值出现波动,8 kHz以上成分的能量总体呈增加的趋势;随转矩增加,燃烧压力峰值及振动信号的能量均增加;随润滑油温度升高,20 kHz以上主要频率成分的能量增加;随配缸间隙增加,10kHz以上频率成分的能量总体呈增加的趋势。

纤维尺寸效应对深井井壁衬砌支护层力学特性的影响

为探究纤维尺寸效应对深井井壁钢纤维混凝土力学特性及应变演化的影响,设计三种不同钢纤维尺寸和掺量的混凝土配方,通过测试试样的力学特性后得知,随着钢纤维尺寸、掺量的增加,试样单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗折强度以及弹性模量提升。借用数字图像相关技术对试验过程监测发现,钢纤维的加入使得试样破坏时表面裂纹数量、长度远大于素混凝土试样,随着钢纤维尺寸的增加,试样破坏时试样表面裂纹宽度有所下降,混凝土试样的轴向变形降低。当试样到达峰值荷载时,素混凝土迅速失稳破坏,而钢纤维混凝土试样在到达峰值荷载时仍然存在一定残余强度。运用随机森林模型对钢纤维混凝土测试强度进行训练、测试与预测,结果表明训练、测试、预测样本精度较高,R 2>0.8,均方根误差值较小,改进随机森林模型对钢纤维混凝土强度的预测较精确,利用此预测模型,可大幅度降低优化钢纤维混凝土配方所需要的人力与物力成本,结果可为现场混凝土配方强度预测提供参考。

锥形束CT评价人工耳蜗植入的电极深度和位置

目的分析人工耳蜗植入后电极植入深度、位置与耳蜗大小、盘旋方式的关系,探讨植入后电极深度的影响因素和电极移位的原因。方法选取植入CI24RE(CA)弯电极30例和SONATA ti100 Standard直电极人工耳蜗装置41例,利用锥形束CT测量术后电极植入长度、植入深度角、电极在耳蜗内的位置,分析上述指标与术前CT评估的耳蜗大小、倾斜角度的关系。结果①术后电极植入深度角和长度均存在较大的个体差异。直电极组平均植入深度角为702±53度,平均植入长度为30.02±1.29 mm;弯电极组平均植入深度角为441±45度,平均植入长度为18.4±1.0 mm,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。②电极植入深度角与耳蜗底回的长径和宽径均呈负相关:直电极组r=-0.768(P<0.001)、r=-0.678(P<0.001),弯电极组r=-0.467(P=0.008)、r=-0.471(P=0.008)。电极植入长度与植入深度角呈正相关:直电极组r=0.578(P<0.001),弯电极组r=0.748(P<0.001)。③术后电极移位6例,均为弯电极且位于耳蜗180度位置。弯电极组中电极移位者与未移位者耳蜗底回倾斜角以及第一回和第二回之间的夹角差异有统计学意义(10.28度vs 8.75度,P=0.006;15.23度vs 14.00度,P=0.033)。结论人工耳蜗植入术后电极植入长度和深度角存在较大的个体差异,与耳蜗大小密切相关;耳蜗盘旋方式不同是引起电极移位的原因之一。