Improvedforward—lookingimagingmethodforairbornearrayFMCWSAR

机载阵列前视合成孔径雷达（SAR）信号模型中忽略载机速度会影响成像。针对该问题，在调频连续波（FMCW）SAR信号模型中考虑了载机速度，分析了栽机速度的影响和裁机连续运动引入的多普勒频率偏移的特点，结合FrequencyScaling算法，研究了机载阵列FMCWSAR前视成像。成像仿真和性能参数分析表明：改进方法可精确实现载机运动条件下的FMCWSAR前视成像。

High-resolution forward-looking imaging algorithm for missile-borne detectors

Aiming at a novel missile-borne detector in the optional burst height proximity fuze, a self-adaptive high-resolution forward-looking imaging algorithm (SAHRFL-IA) is presented. The echo data are captured by the missile-borne detector in the target regions;thereby the azimuth angulation accuracy at the same distance dimension is improved dynamically. Thus, azimuth information of the targets in the detection area may be obtained accurately. The proposed imaging algorithm breaks through the conventional misconception of merely using azimuth discrimination curves under ideal conditions during monopulse angulation. The real-time echo data from the target region are used to perform error correction for this discrimination curve, and finally the accuracy of the azimuth angulation may reach the optimum at the same distance dimension. A series of experiments demonstrate the validity, reliability and high performance of the proposed imaging algorithm. Azimuth angulation accuracy may reach ten times that of the detection beam width. Meanwhile, the running time of this algorithm satisfies the requirements of missile-borne platforms.

CROSS-TRACK THREE APERTURES MILLIMETER WAVE SAR SIDE-LOOKING THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING

The airborne cross-track three apertures MilliMeter Wave (MMW) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) side-looking three-Dimensional (3D) imaging is investigated in this paper. Three apertures are distributed along the cross-track direction, and three virtual phase centers will be obtained through one-input and three-output. These three virtual phase centers form a sparse array which can be used to obtain the cross-track resolution. Because the cross-track array is short, the cross-track resolution is low. When the system works in side-looking mode, the cross-track resolution and height resolution will be coupling, and the low cross-track resolution will partly be transformed into the height uncertainty. The beam pattern of the real aperture is used as a weight to improve the Peak to SideLobe Ratio (PSLR) and Integrated SideLobe Ratio (ISLR) of the cross-track sparse array. In order to suppress the high cross-track sidelobes, a weighting preprocessing method is proposed. The 3D images of a point target and a simulation scene are achieved to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. And the imaging result of the real data obtained by the cross-track three-baseline MMW InSAR prototype is presented as a beneficial attempt.

Quantitative assessment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B and C: T1 mapping on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging

AIM To assess the accuracy of Look-Locker on gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid(GdEOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) for staging liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B/C(CHB/C).METHODS We prospectively included 109 patients with CHB or CHC who underwent a 3.0-Tesla MRI examination, including T1-weighted and Look-Locker sequences for T1 mapping. Hepatocyte fractions(He F) and relaxation time reduction rate(RE) were measured for staging liver fibrosis. A receiver operating characteristic analysis using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC) was used to compare thediagnostic performance in predicting liver fibrosis between He F and RE.RESULTS A total of 73 patients had both pathological results and MRI information. The number of patients in each fibrosis stage was evaluated semiquantitatively according to the METAVIR scoring system: F0, n = 23(31.5%); F1, n = 19(26.0%); F2, n = 13(17.8%); F3, n = 6(8.2%), and F4, n = 12(16.4%). He F by EOB enhancement imaging was significantly correlated with fibrosis stage(r =-0.808, P < 0.05). AUC values for diagnosis of any(≥ F1), significant(≥ F2) or advanced(≥ F3) fibrosis, and cirrhosis(F4) using He F were 0.837(0.733-0.913), 0.890(0.795-0.951), 0.957(0.881-0.990), and 0.957(0.882-0.991), respectively. He F measurement was more accurate than use of RE in establishing liver fibrosis staging, suggesting that calculation of He F is a superior noninvasive liver fibrosis staging method.CONCLUSION A T1 mapping-based He F method is an efficient diagnostic tool for the staging of liver fibrosis.

Nonlinear RCMC method for spaceborne/airborne forward-looking bistatic SAR

In the spaceborne/airborne forward-looking bistatic syn- thetic aperture radar （SA-FBSAR）, due to the system platforms＇ remarkable velocity difference and the forward-looking mode, the range cell migration （RCM） not only depends on the target＇s two- dimensional location, but also varies with the range location non- linearly. And the nonlinearity is not just the slight deviation from the linear part, but exhibits evident nonlinear departure in the RCM trajectory. If the RCM is not properly corrected, nonlinear image distortions would occur. Based on the RCM model, a modified two-step RCM compensation （RCMC） method for SA-FBSAR is proposed. In this method, firstly the azimuth-dependent RCM is compensated by the scaling Fourier transform and the phase multi- plication. And then the range-dependent RCM is removed through interpolation. The effectiveness of the proposed RCMC method is verified by the simulation results of both point scatterers and area targets.

Performance of global look-up table strategy in digital image correlation with cubic B-spline interpolation and bicubic interpolation

Global look-up table strategy proposed recently has been proven to be an efficient method to accelerate the interpolation, which is the most time-consuming part in the iterative sub-pixel digital image correlation （DIC） algorithms. In this paper, a global look-up table strategy with cubic B-spline interpolation is developed for the DIC method based on the inverse compositional Gauss-Newton （IC-GN） algorithm. The performance of this strategy, including accuracy, precision, and computation efficiency, is evaluated through a theoretical and experimental study, using the one with widely employed bicubic interpolation as a benchmark. The global look-up table strategy with cubic B-spline interpolation improves significantly the accuracy of the IC-GN algorithm-based DIC method compared with the one using the bicubic interpolation, at a trivial price of computation efficiency.

Railway Track Verification Using a Forward-Looking SAR GPR

It is a challenge to evaluate the conditions of railway track without interruption of regular traffic. In this paper, the authors introduce the detection of cavities under the railway substructure by using forward-looking ground penetrating radar （FLGPR）. Main advantages of FLGPR are that such a system can illuminate a large area and can stand off a long distance over its down-looking counterpart. Two methods, frequency wave-number （F-W） synthetic aperture imaging （SAI） and beam-forming by delay and sum （DAS）, are applied to process the collected data. Analysis and measuring show that the distinct radar image of the cavity beneath the substructure 1.2 m deep can be formed by these two methods.

一种基于太赫兹成像的复杂地形自适应定高方法

针对现有近感探测器难以适应复杂地形情况下的精确定高问题,提出一种基于成像的图像域自适应对地高度估计方法。该方法将多普勒锐化成像原理应用到前下视场景,利用太赫兹频段分辨力高、孔径合成长度短的优势,采用太赫兹前下视成像实现地形感知,将传统近感探测器的一维距离测量扩展为二维成像测量,实现对运动轨迹前下方地形地貌的精确感知。在获得地面目标图像后,利用地面图像特征,采用图像域特征拟合方法实现对地高度估计。对前下视多普勒锐化成像的参数设计和成像算法进行了理论分析和仿真验证,开发了一套工作于220 GHz频段的太赫兹近感探测系统,并开展了无人机挂载试验。试验表明,该方法能有效感知地表目标环境,排除角反、树木等其他目标对地面高度测量的干扰,测高精确度达0.5 m,证明了该基于太赫兹成像的对地高度估计方法的可行性,为基于图像域特征提升近感探测器对复杂地形适应能力和感知能力奠定了工作基础。

声呐图像水下目标识别综述与展望

随着海洋资源开发和水下作业的增加,声呐图像水下目标识别已成为热门研究领域。该文全面回顾了该领域的现状和未来趋势。首先,强调了声呐图像水下目标识别的背景和重要性,指出水下环境复杂和样本稀缺增加了任务难度。其次,深入探讨了典型的成像声呐技术,包括前视声呐、侧扫声呐、合成孔径声呐、多波束测深仪、干涉合成孔径声呐和前视三维声呐等。接下来,系统地审视了二维和三维声呐图像水下目标识别方法,比较了不同算法的优劣,还讨论了声呐图像序列的关联识别方法。最后,总结了当前领域的主要挑战,展望了未来研究方向,旨在促进水下声呐目标识别领域的发展。

针对回波数据异常时的雷达前视超分辨快速成像方法

机载扫描雷达前视成像可广泛应用于态势感知、自主导航和地形跟随。在雷达扫描过程中受到不经意的电磁脉冲干扰或设备性能异常等影响时,雷达回波数据出现异常值。已有的超分辨方法可以抑制回波中的异常值、提高角度分辨率,但没有考虑计算实时性问题。针对上述问题,该文提出了一种机载雷达超分辨方法实现回波数据异常时的快速前视成像。为了更好地拟合回波噪声,引入对异常值更加鲁棒的学生t分布,并采用期望最大化方法对成像参数进行估计。受截断奇异值分解方法的启发,将截断的酉矩阵引入目标散射系数的估计公式中。通过矩阵变换降低了求逆矩阵的尺寸,从而降低了参数估计的计算复杂度。仿真结果表明该文提出加速方法可以用更短的时间提高前视成像的角度分辨率,抑制回波数据中的异常值。

A Downward-looking Three-dimensional Imaging Method for Airborne FMCW SAR Based on Array Antennas

With regard to problems in conventional synthetic aperture radar （SAR）, such as imaging distortion, beam limitation and failure in acquiring three-dimensional （3-D） information, a downward-looking 3-D imaging method based on frequency modulated continuous wave （FMCW） and digital beamforming （DBF） technology for airborne SAR is presented in this study. Downward-looking 3-D SAR signal model is established first, followed by introduction of virtual antenna optimization factor and discussion of equivalent-phase-center compensation. Then, compensation method is provided according to reside video phase （RVP） and slope term for FMCW SAR. As multiple receiving antennas are applied to downward-looking 3-D imaging SAR, range cell migration correction （RCMC） turns to be more complex, and corrective measures are proposed. In addition, DBF technology is applied in realizing cross-track resolution. Finally, to validate the proposed method, magnitude of slice, peak sidelobe ratio （PSLR）, integrated sidelobe ratio （ISLR） and two-dimensional （2-D） contour plot of impulse response function （IRF） of point target in three dimensions are demonstrated. Satisfactory performances are shown by simulation results.

遥感卫星在侧视和偏航导引模式下太阳帆板光照角变化分析

遥感卫星通常工作在太阳同步轨道,姿态控制较为复杂。卫星可采用姿态侧视来扩大成像载荷探测范围,并通过姿态偏航导引来消除或补偿成像畸变。上面两种模式的姿态机动对太阳帆板光照角产生了较大影响,使得卫星一年当中不同时段太阳电池阵光照角差异很大,这对卫星电源系统设计有很大影响。文中通过分解卫星姿态和帆板安装位置影响因素,分析二者的影响,并利用坐标矩阵转换将光线矢量和帆板法线映射到同一坐标系下进行解算,从而得到光照角关系式。经过仿真验证该计算方法对光照角分析的有效性。

基于二维自适应稀疏匹配的弹载阵列雷达三维前视成像技术

弹载雷达高分辨成像技术能够获取打击区域的高分辨率图像,为后续的目标跟踪、干扰识别提供保障,是一种有效的抗无源干扰手段。然而,在末制导阶段,目标往往位于雷达的正前方,此时无法采用合成孔径雷达技术实现成像,成像处理只能通过前视成像算法完成。而现有的前视两维成像算法只能获得三维空间中的距离向和方位向信息,无法获取俯仰向的信息。为了进一步获取目标的三维信息,提升雷达后续干扰识别、对抗性能,文中提出了一种基于二维超分辨处理的弹载阵列雷达前视三维成像算法。该算法首先通过二维自适应稀疏匹配技术获得每个快拍在方位-俯仰域的二维超分辨谱,随后根据雷达实时波束扫描中心位置完成信号的积累,最终获取目标前视区域的三维图像。文中采用多组仿真数据进行了验证,结果表明,该算法可以在单快拍条件下重构信号源的方位、俯仰信息,有效提升现有弹载雷达系统的前视三维成像分辨率。

基于涡旋电磁波新体制的雷达前视三维成像

涡旋电磁波具有独特的波前相位调制特性,其作为一种新的雷达发射端分集模式,可实现目标雷达截面积(RCS)分集、提升信号与信息处理维度和性能,其探测与成像性能在多种雷达体制中得到了验证。该文针对前视雷达成像的应用背景,基于均匀圆阵发射与圆阵中心单天线接收的收发体制,在建立了电磁涡旋前视雷达信号模型与成像模型的基础上,提出了一种分时多模态扫描的成像方法,利用多模态涡旋电磁波在不同俯仰角的幅度差异性和在不同方位角的相位差异性,以及雷达与目标相对运动产生的多普勒效应,提出了改进的后向投影-距离多普勒算法,实现了目标三维成像。由于涡旋电磁波的能量发散特点,随着俯仰角增大,高模态方向图增益急剧下降,该文所提方法通过对多个模态在空域能量分布的有效利用,在较大视场角下具有较高的稳定性。基于点目标成像结果,验证了在多模态涡旋波覆盖的较大视场范围内,目标成像结果的归一化等效增益在低俯仰角与高俯仰角处基本相当。所提方法通过对飞机目标的实验验证,根据成像结果可较为准确地重构目标的三维结构。

基于CNN-LSTM神经网络的前视成像算法

雷达前视成像作为雷达成像领域的难点与重点,在自动驾驶、导航、精确制导等方面具有广阔的应用前景。传统的前视成像算法受限于天线孔径的宽度,无法实现高分辨率的成像,本文使用卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks,CNN)与长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)网络相结合实现前视成像中方位向的预测,首先介绍了扫描前视成像信号的类卷积模型及其病态性,利用脉冲压缩以及距离徙动校正对回波信号预处理,输入CNN-LSTM神经网络逐距离单元进行方位向估计。仿真结果表明:算法能有效提高前视成像的方位分辨率,实现前视成像的超分辨。

多尺度特征与注意力检测头的轻量化FOD检测

针对现阶段机场跑道异物碎片(FOD)目标检测算法存在的缺陷,进行了降低参数量和提高精度的改进。以你只看一次(YOLO)v5s目标检测算法为基础,提出多尺度特征与注意力检测头的轻量化FOD检测算法。首先,提出一种全新的轻量化网络结构。该结构使用深度可分离卷积和逐点卷积,并设计大卷积核架构,使模型感受野提升,从而解决大量特征图冗余问题。接着,融合多尺度特征图。通过移除大目标检测层、增加小目标检测层,在提升小目标检测能力的同时降低网络参数量。最后,提出一种动态头部框架来统一目标检测头和注意力,通过连贯地结合多个自注意力机制,进一步提升了网络检测精度。试验结果表明:所提出的使用鬼影卷积大卷积核架构下的多尺度特征注意力检测头的YOLOv5s(GRD-YOLOv5s)网络的参数量减少为3.39 MB,仅为原网络的48%;平均检测精度从98.40%提升至99.45%;检测速度为53.42帧/秒。该网络的提出为实现对小目标的准确检测提供了新思路。

晚清《点石斋画报》中海派建筑图像的个案解析——基于“焦点透视”的研究切入

本文以《点石斋画报》为研究对象,梳理了《点石斋画报》相关背景及其在我国近代出版史上的地位,阐释了蕴涵其中的建筑历史图像、“焦点透视”的绘制原理等方面的中西交融特质,并借助计算机辅助设计软件对个案图像的环境场景进行设计复原研究。同时强调了画报本身具有重要的建筑史学参考价值。其中,最为关键的是,历史图像文本能够为当下建筑设计提供诸多创意性素材引用的史学参照,在历史建筑保护、文旅景区开发等建造活动中,也可发挥“建筑史图谱”之功用。

改进的NLCS星弹双基SAR俯冲前视成像算法

在俯冲阶段由于导弹具有加速度,速度大小和方向会发生急剧变化,其收发瞬时斜距会变复杂,将导致距离-方位向耦合严重和方位空变性问题,若直接进行方位向聚焦压缩,会造成图像畸变。针对这两个难题,采用一种改进的非线性变标(Nonlinear Chirp Scaling,NLCS)算法运用到新型星弹双基系统模型中。首先建立了星弹双基系统模型;接着利用级数反演法推导了二维频谱表达式,在二维频域中通过完成距离压缩和徙动校正来消除距离-方位耦合的影响,再利用改进的NLCS算法对方位向多普勒调频率进行补偿解决方位向空变性问题,完成方位向压缩聚焦,从而得到良好的成像结果。与改进的距离多普勒(Range Doppler,RD)算法相比,该算法减少了1.013×10^(8)浮点运算量(Floating Point Operations per Second,FLOPS),边缘点方位向聚焦效果有了很大的改善,方位向峰值旁瓣比(Peak Sidelobe Ratio,PSLR)、积分旁瓣比(Integrated Sidelobe Ratio,ISLR)、分辨率分别提升了2.41 dB,1.29 dB,1.16 m,证明了该方法的有效性与可行性。

基于级数反演的星弹双基俯冲前视成像算法

由于导弹在俯冲阶段存在垂直向加速度,速度的大小和方向在不断变化,弹头沿曲线运动,导致瞬时斜距十分复杂,造成严重的距离徙动现象,方位向和距离向存在严重的二维耦合问题。针对此问题提出了一种基于级数反演的星弹双基俯冲前视成像算法。该算法根据星弹双基系统特性,搭建了星弹双基轨迹模型,在距离频域方位时域进行多普勒频率校正,再利用级数反演的思想,推导出回波信号的二维频谱表达式,接着在二维频域上进行距离徙动校正和距离向、方位向压缩,确定目标成像位置,完成成像聚焦。最后通过计算量的分析和仿真验证了算法的可行性和有效性。该算法可实现对多目标的探测和区分,对军方察打一体化研究具有理论指导意义,对中国军事行动方面具有一定价值。

高分辨率航空下视影像在林权三维指界的应用

林权存量数据中,大量林权宗地红线因精度低而存在相互压盖,但宗地实地四至清晰、权属也无争议。这类宗地需要通过重新指界、重新划定宗地红线来解决相互压盖的问题。目前用于内业指界的地形图、高清影像等工作底图都有其局限性,对群众读图判读能力要求高,指界工作效果不佳。地形级实景三维模型真实模拟现实世界,打破二维视角局限,对指界群众更友好,较地形图、高清影像更适合应用于内业指界和宗地重新划定工作。利用各地已有的高分辨率航空下视影像原始航片建立地形级实景三维模型,无需重新航拍,经济性也不错。对于地形级实景三维模型在实际应用中的不足之处,本文提出了有效解决方案,也为探索高精度、免外业的林权宗地划定的新模式起到一定的积极推动作用。