Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Influence of Bottomhole Pressure Drawdown on Terrigenous Reservoir Permeability and Well Productivity

During oil and gas fields development,a decrease in reservoir and bottomhole pressure has often a detrimental effect on reservoir properties,especially permeability.This study presents the results of laboratory tests conducted to determine the response of terrigenous reservoir core-sample permeability to changes in the effective stresses and a decrease in the reservoir pressure.The considered samples were exposed for a long time to a constant high effective stress for a more reliable assessment of the viscoplastic deformations.According to these experiments,the decrease of the core samples permeability may reach 21%with a decrease in pressure by 9.5 MPa from the initial reservoir conditions.Numerical simulations have been also conducted.These have been based on the finite element modeling of the near-wellbore zone of the terrigenous reservoir using poroelasticity relations.The simulation results show a limited decrease in reservoir permeability in the near-wellbore zone(by 17%,which can lead to a decrease in the well productivity by 13%).

Drawdown mechanism of light particles in baffled stirred tank for the KR desulphurization process

To improve the efficiency of the desulfurization process, the drawdown mechanism of light particles in stirred tank is studied in this paper. For both up and down pumping modes, the just drawdown speeds(Njd) of floating particles in transformative Kanbara Reactor(KR) are measured in one and four baffled stirred tanks experimentally. Then numerical simulations with standard k-ε model coupled with volume of fluid model(VOF) and discrete phase model(DPM) are conducted to analyze the flow field at the just drawdown speed Njd. The torques on the impeller obtained from experiments and simulations agree well with each other, which indicates the validity of our numerical simulations. Based on the simulations, three main drawdown mechanisms for floating particles, the axial circulation, turbulent fluctuation and largescale eddies, are analyzed. It's found that the axial circulation dominates the drawdown process at small submergence(S = 1/4 T and 1/3 T) and the large-scale eddies play a major role at large submergence(S = 2/3 T and 3/4 T). Besides, the turbulent fluctuation affects the drawdown process significantly for up pumping mode at small submergence(S = 1/4 T and 1/3 T) and for down pumping mode at large submergence(S = 2/3 T and 3/4 T). This paper helps to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the KR desulphurizer drawdown process in the baffled stirred tank.

Influence of groundwater drawdown on excavation responses e A case history in Bukit Timah granitic residual soils

Performances of a braced cut-and-cover excavation system for mass rapid transit （MRT） stations of the Downtown Line Stage 2 in Singapore are presented. The excavation was carried out in the Bukit Timah granitic （BTG） residual soils and characterized by significant groundwater drawdown, due to dewatering work in complex site conditions, insufficient effective waterproof measures and more permeable soils. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed for back analysis of retaining wall movement and ground surface settlement. Comparisons of these measured excavation responses with the calculated performances were carried out, upon which the numerical simulation procedures were calibrated. In addition, the influences of groundwater drawdown on the wall deflection and ground surface settlement were numerically investigated and summarized. The performances were also compared with some commonly used empirical charts, and the results indicated that these charts are less applicable for cases with significant groundwater drawdowns. It is expected that these general behaviors will provide useful references and insights for future projects involving excavation in BTG residual soils under significant groundwater drawdowns.

Centrifuge model tests on pile-reinforced slopes subjected to drawdown

Piles are generally an effective way to reduce the risk of slope failure.However,previous approaches for slope stability analysis did not consider the effect of the piles coupled with the decrease of the water level(drawdown).In this study,a series of centrifuge model tests was performed to understand the deformation and failure characteristics of slopes reinforced with various pile layouts.In the centrifuge model tests,the pile-reinforced slopes exhibited two typical failure modes under drawdown conditions:across-pile failure and through-pile failure.In the through-pile slope failure,a discontinuous slip surface was observed,implying that the assumption of the slip surface in previous stability analysis methods was unreasonable.The test results showed that drawdown led to instability of the piles in cohesive soil,as the saturated cohesive soil failed to provide sufficient constraint for piles.The slope exhibited progressive failure,from top to bottom,during drawdown.The deformation of the piles was reduced by increasing the embedment depth and row number of piles.In addition,the deformation of soils outside the piles was influenced by the piles and showed a similar distribution shape as the piles,and the similarity degree weakened as the distance from the piles increased.This study also found that the failure mechanism of unreinforced and pile-reinforced slopes induced by drawdown could be described by coupling between the deformation localization and local failure,and it revealed that pile-reinforced slopes could reduce slope deformation localization during drawdown.

Numerical analysis of rapid drawdown: Applications in real cases

In this study, rapid drawdown scenarios were analyzed by means of numerical examples as well as modeling of real cases with in situ measurements. The aim of the study was to evaluate different approaches available for calculating pore water pressure distributions during and after a drawdown. To do that, a single slope subjected to a drawdown was first analyzed under different calculation alternatives, and numerical results were discussed. Simple methods, such as undrained analysis and pure flow analysis, implicitly assuming a rigid soil skeleton, lead to significant errors in pore water pressure distributions when compared with coupled flow-deformation analysis. A similar analysis was performed for the upstream slope of the Glen Shira Dam, Scotland, and numerical results were compared with field measurements during a controlled drawdown. Field records indicate that classical undrained calculations are conservative but unrealistic. Then, a recent case of a major landslide triggered by a rapid drawdown in a reservoir was interpreted. A key aspect of the case was the correct characterization of permeability of a representative soil profile. This was achieved by combining laboratory test results and a back analysis of pore water pressure time records during a period of reservoir water level fluctuations. The results highlight the difficulty of predicting whether the pore water pressure is overestimated or underestimated when using simplified approaches, and it is concluded that predicting the pore water pressure distribution in a slope after a rapid drawdown requires a coupled flow-deformation analysis in saturated and unsaturated porous media.

模糊厌恶下最小Drawdown概率的最优投资再保险策略

该文考虑了模糊厌恶下保险公司的最优投资和再保险问题,得到了保险市场和金融市场均存在模糊厌恶时,保险公司盈余的最小drawdown概率及其最优鲁棒投资和再保险策略的解析解.通过数值分析得出一些重要参数对值函数的影响.

Ground Subsidence Following Groundwater Drawdown by Excavating of 500 m Deep Investigation Shafts in Granite Body in Mizunami, Central Japan in 2004-2012

Two 500 m deep investigation shafts were excavating in the granite body in Mizunami, central Japan by JAEA (Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute) in 2004-2012. Groundwater with volume of 700 m3 was generally pumping a day to prevent the shafts from submerging in 2012 following the excavating. As a result of pumping the groundwater, the ground water level lowered to 60 m in the borehole with the distance of 200 m from the excavating shafts in 2012. Leveling network extending 2 km × 2 km around the shafts was established to detect the vertical deformation around the shafts in 2004, and precise leveling was done every year. An 18 mm ground subsidence was detected in the benchmark close to the shafts for 8 years in 2004-2012, and time series of subsidence at benchmark was consistent with the groundwater drawdown. The groundwater drawdown and ground subsidence were caused by the pumping ground water in excavating shafts.

Factors Influencing the Iterative Accuracy of Ground Water Level in Forecasting the Water Burst of Deep Drawdown Mines

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the influential factors of iteration accuracy when we use iteration to determine the numerical model for predicting water yield of deep drawdown mines and calculating the groundwater level. The relationship among the calculation error of groundwater level, the pumping rate, the limit of iteration convergence error, the calculation time, and the aquifer parameters were discussed by using an ideal model. Finally, the water yield of Dianzi iron mine was predicted using the testified numerical model. It is indicated that the calculation error of groundwater level is related to the limit of iteration convergence error, the calculation time and the aquifer parameters, but not to the pumping rate and the variation of groundwater level.

Approach to quantification drawdown of groundwater wells:a case study from Sana'a City,Yemen

Although research on a field investigation about quantification drawdown of ground water wells has hitherto been conducted with emphasis on Sana'a basin which is 3 200 km2 in area characterized by general hazard in quantity and quality of water,there exist uncertainties about the size of the hazardous annual decline in the level of underground water. So the authors are trying to assess reliable hazard data on the depth of ground-water which were obtained by measuring static water level. The data set are twenty six wells from 9 regions which were selected to represent Sana'a basin and collected during the course of the 20 months groundwater monitoring survey from January 2008 to January 2009. The results show that the average drawdown during 20 months to be 3.22 m with an average 0.16 m per month and 2 m per year.

考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度

针对如何表征枯水期季节性特征、优化分期消落水位来指导水库群消落调度的科学问题,提出了考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度模型。以金沙江中下游6座水库与三峡水库为研究对象,综合运用多种数理统计方法划分流域枯水期;采用逐月滑动计算法推求梯级水库分期消落水位;以生态和发电效益最大为目标函数,利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解调度模型,得到不同来水情景下梯级水库枯水期消落调度方案。研究结果表明:不同来水情景下,相较于常规调度方案,选定的优化调度方案可增加梯级水库发电量30.20亿~52.27亿kW·h(增加2.3%~5.0%)和供水量83.15亿~87.14亿m3(增加5.8%~7.4%),并提高河道生态流量保证率2.6%~22.9%。研究成果可为协调梯级水库生态和发电调度提供技术支撑。

基于碳减排的梯级水库消落期多目标水碳调度研究

提出基于碳减排的梯级水库消落期多目标水碳调度模型,将碳排放因子法应用于梯级水库水碳调度研究,为梯级水库消落期水碳协同调度提供技术支撑。以发电量最大和温室气体排放量最小为调度目标,采用NSGA-II算法求解模型,并以金沙江中下游6座水库与三峡水库组成的梯级水库为研究对象进行实例研究。结果表明:相较现行调度方案,在丰、平、枯不同水文情景下,发电效益最佳方案可使梯级水库年发电量提高44.3~75.9亿kW·h,增长率为4.0%~5.2%;碳减排效益最佳方案可减少温室气体排放量(CO_(2)当量)37.5~42.5 Gg/a,降低4.2%~4.7%;协调调度方案可提高年发电效益36.4~73.8亿kW·h(增长率3.2%~5.0%),减少温室气体排放量(CO_(2)当量)36.3~41.4 Gg/a,降低4.0%~4.6%。

Mechanism analysis of landslide of a layered slope induced by drawdown of water level

The frequent drawdown of water level of Yangtze River will greatly influence the stability of the widely existing slopes in the Three Gorges reservoir zone, especially those layered ones. Apart from the fluctuating speed of water level, the different geological materials will also play important roles in the failure of slopes. Thus, it must be first to study the mechanism of such a landslide caused by drawdown of water level. A new experimental setup is designed to study the performance of a layered slope under the drawdown of water level. The pattern of landslide of a layered slope induced by drawdown of water level has been explored by means of simulating experiments. The influence of fluctuating speed of water level on the stability of the layered slope is probed, especially the whole process of deformation and development of landslide of the slope versus time. The experimental results show that the slope is stable during the water level rising, and the sliding body occurs in the upper layer of the slope under a certain drawdown speed of water level. In the process of slope failure, some new small sliding body will develop on the main sliding body, and the result is that they speed up the disassembly of the whole slope. Based on the simulating experiment on landslide of a layered slope induced by drawdown of water level, the stress and displacement field of the slope are calculated. The seepage velocity, the pore water pressure, and the gradient of pore water head are also calculated for the whole process of drawdown of water level. The computing results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Accordingly, the mechanism of deformation and landslide of the layered slope induced by drawdown of water level is analyzed. It may provide basis for treating this kind of layered slopes in practical engineering.

Numerical Study on Groundwater Drawdown and Deformation Responses of Multi-Layer Strata to Pumping in a Confined Aquifer

Pumping artesian water from porous media inevitably reduces the groundwater head and promotes soil consolidation,which may result in regional land subsidence.In this study,a fluid-mechanical coupled numerical model is developed to investigate the dewatering-induced groundwater drawdown and deformation responses for multi-layer strata.The relation bet ween the stra tum deformation and groundwater drawdown is discussed.The results show that the pumping process can be divided into four st ages.The development of vertical deformation is inconsistent with the change of the pore pressure for the strata except for the confined aquifer at the early stage of pumping.The st rata expand while the pore pressures reduce.This inconsistency may be due to the large unloading in the confined aquifer at the early stage of pumping.Soil arch comes into being owing to the constraint of the surrounding soils when the large unloading occurs in the confined aquifer;this can reduce the stratum compression and cause the expansion of the layers.It can be concluded that as the pumping continues,the decrease of the pore pressure dominates the vertical deformation and results in the soil compression in all strata.

Total stress rapid drawdown analysis of the Pilarcitos Dam failure using the finite element method

Rapid drawdown is a critical design condition for the upstream or riverside slope of earth dams and levees. A new total stress rapid drawdown method based on finite element analysis is used to analyze the rapid drawdown failure that occurred at Pilarcitos Dam in 1969. Effective consolidation stresses in the slope prior to drawdown are determined using linear elastic finite element analysis. Undrained strengths from isotropically consolidated undrained （ICU） triaxial compression tests are related directly to the calculated consolidation stresses and assigned to the elements in the model by interpolation. Two different interpretations of the undrained strength envelope are examined. Strength reduction finite element analyses are used to evaluate stability of the dam. Back analysis suggests that undrained strengths from ICU tests must be reduced by 30% for use with this rapid drawdown method. The failure mechanism predicted for Pilarcitos Dam is sensitive to the relationship between undrained strength and consolidation stress.

Performance of braced excavation in residual soil with groundwater drawdown

In densely built-up Singapore,relatively stiffsecant-bored piles and diaphragm walls are commonly used in cut-and-cover works to minimize the impact of ground movement on the adjacent structures and utilities.For excavations in stiffresidual soil deposits,the asso-ciated wall deflections and ground settlements are generally smaller than for excavations in soft soil deposits.However,if the residual soil permeability is high and the underlying rock is highlyfissured or fractured,substantial groundwater drawdown and associated seepage-induced settlement may occur.In this study,the excavation performance of four sites in residual soil deposits with maximum excavation depths between 20 and 24 m is presented.The maximum wall deflections were found to be relatively small compared to the significantly larger maximum ground settlements,owing to the extensive lowering of the groundwater table.In this paper,details of the subsurface conditions,excavation support system,field instrumentation,and observed excavation responses are presented,with particular focus on the large groundwater drawdown and associated ground settlement.Specific issues encountered during the excavation,as well as the effectiveness of various groundwater control measures,are discussed.The case studies will provide useful references and insights for future projects involving braced excavations in residual soil.

基坑内外水力联通对降水试验结果影响对比研究

地下连续墙能够起到隔断基坑内外水力联系的作用。然而在我国沿海城市中,由于承压水的埋深较深,有时地下连续墙等具有止水帷幕作用的围护结构,难以完全截断承压水,会使基坑内外产生较大的水力联系。已有研究与工程实践发现,基坑内外水力联通时进行基坑降水,会引发一系列环境问题。因此可在正式降水期间进行降水试验,以判断基坑内外是否存在水力联通。通过对基坑内外存在与不存在水力联系两种情况下的降水试验结果进行对比分析,总结分析基坑所在区域不同位置观测井的水位变化曲线特征,可为基于降水试验判断基坑内外是否存在水力联系提供参考。

基于分形理论的三峡库区消落带岸线形态特征研究

以消落带为基础数据,采用网格法计算了不同水位及各段岸线的分形维数,对其分布特征和空间分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:(1)145 m水位岸线、175 m水位线和消落带整体形态的分维值D分别为1.1996,1.3216,1.3192;(2)消落带145 m水位线相对于175 m水位线和消落带整体形态而言,相对平直简单,与岸线实际情况相符合;(3)消落带网格单元分维值整体均值为1.24,最大值为1.40,主要分布在1.05~1.3之间。

水位骤降对库岸边坡稳定性的影响分析

根据饱和-非饱和渗流理论,在Geo-slope (Seep/w)中采用Fredlund&Xing模型,分析了水位骤降条件下库岸边坡内的孔隙水压及边坡的安全系数变化情况,并根据分析结果提出应对策略和建议,为相关工程治理及库区管理工作提供一定的参考。

Effects of surface vortex on the drawdown and dispersion of floating particles in stirred tanks

The effects of surface vortex on the drawdown and dispersion of floating particles in stirred tanks were investigated.Particle distribution and power consumption were analyzed by experiments and numerical simulations in both baffled and unbaffled tanks agitated by a Rushton impeller.In unbaffled tanks,a non-aggregation rule was applied and the average dispersion index was found to serve as a reasonable prediction of the full drawdown of floating particles.The critical impeller speeds in an unbaffled tank were higher than those in a tank with vertical baffles.At each immersion depth in a baffled tank,particles distributed more uniformly and more power was consumed.Comparison of snapshots of the baffled and unbaffled tanks shows that the surface vortex increases the drawdown speed while it decreases the particle distribution uniformity and power consumption.Therefore,the use of baffles to suppress the surface vortex provides for a more uniform particle distribution in stirred tanks.

常规天然气藏均衡开发理论与关键核心技术

常规天然气藏(含致密气藏)是天然气产量的主力军和“压舱石”。为了推动我国气田开发水平的整体提升,基于气藏开发实践认识,剖析了常规天然气藏开发面临的非均衡动用与非均匀水侵两个核心问题,提出了常规气均衡开发理论,建立了天然气采收率数学评价模型,并依据模型关键参数确定了气藏均衡开发关键核心技术。研究结果表明:①气藏均衡开发理论内涵是通过打开压降通道或控制气水关系,降低气藏废弃压力,实现地层能量利用效率和采收率最大化;②气藏压降波及系数、压力衰竭效率、水侵波及系数及宏观水驱气效率是影响天然气采收率的4个关键参数,4个关键参数的乘积与叠加组合影响相应水侵与非水侵气藏的采收率;③气藏均衡开发基本原理包括储量均衡动用和气藏均衡压降2个方面,储量均衡动用核心技术包括开发单元精细划分、井型井网优化、储层改造与地面增压,气藏均衡压降核心技术包括水侵优势通道刻画、生产制度优化、水侵动态预警与综合治水等;(4)常规天然气藏开发始终要围绕提高4个关键参数开展工作,进而实现气藏的均衡开发,实现气藏开发效益最大化。结论认为,均衡开发理论的提出和实践有效支撑了鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格致密砂岩气藏和四川盆地安岳气田龙王庙组气藏的高效开发,该理论与技术对推动我国常规天然气藏提高采收率以及保障国家能源安全具有重要作用。