Developing a novel drop counter by introducing the Internet of Things concept has been vigorously conducted in recent years. Understanding the newly introduced drop counter’s flow rate control accuracy and flow rate ...Developing a novel drop counter by introducing the Internet of Things concept has been vigorously conducted in recent years. Understanding the newly introduced drop counter’s flow rate control accuracy and flow rate count feature is essential for improving safety in infusion management. This study aimed to verify if the new drop counters could secure accurate flow rate and drip count by conducting actual flow rate measurements using gravimetry and functional evaluation. A drop counter was attached to each drip chamber of the infusion set, and an IV drip was conducted at the 100 ml/h flow rate. The weight of discharged physiological saline was measured to plot trumpet curves. Next, three different types of drop counters were evaluated to determine if they maintained drip count accuracy according to the changes in their position angles. The flow rate errors in all conditions indicated trumpet-like curves, exhibiting an overall error range within ±10% in all observation windows. Although every drop counter successfully detected and measured dripping, it was challenging in some counters to detect dripping when the drip chamber was tilted. In comparing adult and pediatric IV sets, the adult IV set was found to be less likely to detect dripping in the angled position. No significant differences in results were confirmed between high and low flow rates, suggesting that the drop count function would not be affected by the flow rate in the ranges of typical infusion practices. Doppler sensors have a wide range of measurements and high sensitivity;the dripping was detected successfully even when the drip chamber was tilted, probably due to the advantages of these sensors. In contrast, miscounts occurred in those equipped with infrared sensors, which could not detect light intensity changes in tilted positions. Understanding the tendencies in flow rate errors in infusion can be valuable information for infusion management.展开更多
The process of changing the channel associated with the current connection while a call is in progress is under consideration. The estimation of dropping rate in handover process of a one dimensional traffic system is...The process of changing the channel associated with the current connection while a call is in progress is under consideration. The estimation of dropping rate in handover process of a one dimensional traffic system is discussed. To reduce the sample size of simulation, dropping calls at base station is considered as rare event and simulated with importance sampling - one of rare event simulation approaches. The simulation results suggest the sample size can be tremendously reduced by using importance sampling.展开更多
We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the fo...We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the forwarding resources at a network node. Two buffers are setup on the node to temporarily store the packets for these two types of video applications. For streaming video, a big buffer is used as the associated delay constraint of the application is moderate and a very small buffer is used for conversational video to ensure that the forwarding delay of every packet is limited. A scheduler is located behind these two buffers that dynamically assigns transmission slots on the outgoing link to the two buffers. Rate-distortion side information is used to perform RD-optimized frame dropping in case of node overload. Sharing the data rate on the outgoing link between the con- versational and the streaming videos is done either based on the fullness of the two associated buffers or on the mean incoming rates of the respective videos. Simulation results showed that our proposed RD-optimized frame dropping and scheduling ap- proach provides significant improvements in performance over the popular priority-based random dropping (PRD) technique.展开更多
Deep analysis of call detail log of the alarming information indicates that reasons except user equipment(UE)issue are usually ignored.To effectively reduce call drop rate in wideband code division multiple access(WCD...Deep analysis of call detail log of the alarming information indicates that reasons except user equipment(UE)issue are usually ignored.To effectively reduce call drop rate in wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)mobile communication system,a novel method is presented.First,the reliable trace information is extracted to observe the distribution of all the exceptions from radio network controller(RNC)daily report.Then,the antenna angle of generalized clustering network in 024 base station’s c sector(GCN024C)for environmental test(ET)which is obtained from the radio frequency(RF)engineer is manually changed from 4° to 6°.Experimental results show that the proposed method can guarantee the key performance indicators(KPI)of WCDMA and have obvious effect on reducing call drop rate.展开更多
The rate of breakage of drops and bubbles(fluid particles) in stirred systems is of great consequence on mass,heat, and momentum transport phenomena. Therefore, over the years, the topic has gained a considerable atte...The rate of breakage of drops and bubbles(fluid particles) in stirred systems is of great consequence on mass,heat, and momentum transport phenomena. Therefore, over the years, the topic has gained a considerable attention from the researchers to study and characterize this phenomenon. In present work, the experimental studies of breakage phenomenon in a stirred tank in the last four decades were reviewed. The review highlighted the investigated experimental conditions and the major findings concerning the breakage mechanism and the effect of operating conditions. The discrepancy and contradictions of the outcomes of those studies were specified and discussed. Experimental observations and conclusions concerning the breakage characterization parameters,such as deformation, breakage probability, breakage time, and breakage location were presented and commented on. Possible future refinements and prospective were recommended. The review indicated that there are clear discrepancies and contradictions between previous studies regarding the effect of some operating parameters and the values of breakage time, breakage probability, number of daughter particles, and breakage location relative to the impeller. In addition, there are still many scientific gaps that need to be studied and characterized in future by overcoming specific experimental difficulties and uncertainties.展开更多
文摘Developing a novel drop counter by introducing the Internet of Things concept has been vigorously conducted in recent years. Understanding the newly introduced drop counter’s flow rate control accuracy and flow rate count feature is essential for improving safety in infusion management. This study aimed to verify if the new drop counters could secure accurate flow rate and drip count by conducting actual flow rate measurements using gravimetry and functional evaluation. A drop counter was attached to each drip chamber of the infusion set, and an IV drip was conducted at the 100 ml/h flow rate. The weight of discharged physiological saline was measured to plot trumpet curves. Next, three different types of drop counters were evaluated to determine if they maintained drip count accuracy according to the changes in their position angles. The flow rate errors in all conditions indicated trumpet-like curves, exhibiting an overall error range within ±10% in all observation windows. Although every drop counter successfully detected and measured dripping, it was challenging in some counters to detect dripping when the drip chamber was tilted. In comparing adult and pediatric IV sets, the adult IV set was found to be less likely to detect dripping in the angled position. No significant differences in results were confirmed between high and low flow rates, suggesting that the drop count function would not be affected by the flow rate in the ranges of typical infusion practices. Doppler sensors have a wide range of measurements and high sensitivity;the dripping was detected successfully even when the drip chamber was tilted, probably due to the advantages of these sensors. In contrast, miscounts occurred in those equipped with infrared sensors, which could not detect light intensity changes in tilted positions. Understanding the tendencies in flow rate errors in infusion can be valuable information for infusion management.
文摘The process of changing the channel associated with the current connection while a call is in progress is under consideration. The estimation of dropping rate in handover process of a one dimensional traffic system is discussed. To reduce the sample size of simulation, dropping calls at base station is considered as rare event and simulated with importance sampling - one of rare event simulation approaches. The simulation results suggest the sample size can be tremendously reduced by using importance sampling.
基金Project (No. STE1093/1-1) supported by the German ResearchFoundation, Germany
文摘We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the forwarding resources at a network node. Two buffers are setup on the node to temporarily store the packets for these two types of video applications. For streaming video, a big buffer is used as the associated delay constraint of the application is moderate and a very small buffer is used for conversational video to ensure that the forwarding delay of every packet is limited. A scheduler is located behind these two buffers that dynamically assigns transmission slots on the outgoing link to the two buffers. Rate-distortion side information is used to perform RD-optimized frame dropping in case of node overload. Sharing the data rate on the outgoing link between the con- versational and the streaming videos is done either based on the fullness of the two associated buffers or on the mean incoming rates of the respective videos. Simulation results showed that our proposed RD-optimized frame dropping and scheduling ap- proach provides significant improvements in performance over the popular priority-based random dropping (PRD) technique.
文摘Deep analysis of call detail log of the alarming information indicates that reasons except user equipment(UE)issue are usually ignored.To effectively reduce call drop rate in wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)mobile communication system,a novel method is presented.First,the reliable trace information is extracted to observe the distribution of all the exceptions from radio network controller(RNC)daily report.Then,the antenna angle of generalized clustering network in 024 base station’s c sector(GCN024C)for environmental test(ET)which is obtained from the radio frequency(RF)engineer is manually changed from 4° to 6°.Experimental results show that the proposed method can guarantee the key performance indicators(KPI)of WCDMA and have obvious effect on reducing call drop rate.
基金Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for supporting a research fellowship in the Technical University of Berlin
文摘The rate of breakage of drops and bubbles(fluid particles) in stirred systems is of great consequence on mass,heat, and momentum transport phenomena. Therefore, over the years, the topic has gained a considerable attention from the researchers to study and characterize this phenomenon. In present work, the experimental studies of breakage phenomenon in a stirred tank in the last four decades were reviewed. The review highlighted the investigated experimental conditions and the major findings concerning the breakage mechanism and the effect of operating conditions. The discrepancy and contradictions of the outcomes of those studies were specified and discussed. Experimental observations and conclusions concerning the breakage characterization parameters,such as deformation, breakage probability, breakage time, and breakage location were presented and commented on. Possible future refinements and prospective were recommended. The review indicated that there are clear discrepancies and contradictions between previous studies regarding the effect of some operating parameters and the values of breakage time, breakage probability, number of daughter particles, and breakage location relative to the impeller. In addition, there are still many scientific gaps that need to be studied and characterized in future by overcoming specific experimental difficulties and uncertainties.
