The Problems of the Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology Derived Drugs

Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in the toxicologic assessment of biotechproducts.Safety assessment of a biotech product is a complex and multiple process.This includes a knowledge of its pharmaco-biological characteristics,and identifyingthe target patient population and the proposed clinical application. To make a decision on the safe human application(the products are administering tohumans for therapeutic purposes),besides the identity and purity of the final product,

A study of drug therapy problems in pharmaceutical care

We evaluated the frequency and category distribution of drug therapy problems in young and elderly patients. A retro- spective study of the medical conditions, drug therapies, and drug therapy problems identified in 102 patients was performed. The patients were divided into young patient group （〈65 years of age） and elderly patient group （〉~ 65 years of age） in a hospital pharmacy setting. Inclusion criteria： patients who were referred by the treating doctors and received evaluation by the clinical pharmacists. Exclusion criteria： patients who were unable to or refused to be evaluated by the clinical pharmacists. We found that 1） Patients in young and elderly groups had a mean of 3 and 5 medical conditions per person, respectively （P = 0.001）. 2） On the average, they took 4 and 7 drug therapies per person, respectively. The elderly patients took a significantly higher number of drug therapies （P = 0.001）. 3） Totally 85 drug therapy problems in 7 categories were identified within 102 patients. 4） 36.8% of young patients experienced 1 to 4 drug therapy problems whereas 61.8% of elderly patient experienced I to 5 drug therapy problems. Drug therapy problems were significantly more prevalent in elderly patients （P = 0.017）. 5） The drug therapy problem by category had similar distribution in young and elderly patients. The elderly patients in this study encountered more drug therapy problems than young patients. Accordingly, more attention should be paid to elderly patients in pharmaceutical care practice.

Acupuncture Treating Heart Disease Based on Eight Palaces or Eight Veins <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (IV)

Theory of eight palaces (八宫) or eight veins (八脉) is useful in understanding the basic sick subsystems that may be to fall ills as the root-cause. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Even if all changed, it is hard to change one’s nature” (江山易改, 本性难移). The eight palaces or eight veins can be used to diagnose basic sick subsystems that may be to fall ills as the root-cause. The first or second transfer law of human body energies of the eight palaces or eight veins according to the different blood pH values of a human body whether in the normal range or not, respectively, assuming that the range of blood pH value is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of human body energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of human body energies. A disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat atrial premature beats as a congenital heart disease.

Pharmaceutical Care:An Additional and Personalized Service in Health Care

The Pharmaceutical Care(PC)service is a growing sector.The continuous development of the role of the professional pharmacist in the sector of health services within the pharmacy leads to having an active role in the primary care.The PC service has been in operation for years in other western countries such as Spain,the United Kingdom and the United States.Several studies have been carried out,which confirm the benefits of the service in reducing morbidity,hospital admissions and the cost of the health care system.This article sets out the concept of PC and the financial benefit to health expenditure.It also analyzes the Drug Therapy Problem(DTP)and the Patient Care Process.To conclude,a patient case is presented to understand the practical implementation of the theory of the PC and to show how the professional pharmacist reports the pharmacotherapeutic case.

Acupuncture Treating Heart Diseases Based on Sixty JiaZi and Eight Palaces <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (V)

Theory of Sixty JiaZi (60 甲子) is useful in understanding a human body disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “seize the momentum of development, hasten lucky avoids disaster” (顺势而为, 趋吉避凶). Sixty JiaZi is hidden behind eight palaces. The first or second transfer law of human body energies of Sixty JiaZi changes according to the different blood pH values of a human body whether in the normal range or not, respectively, assuming that the range of blood pH values of a human body is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of human body energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of human body energies. The treating disease of a human body should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat atrial premature beats as congenital heart disease.

Problem drug use

A 24 year old man asks you for help with his heroin problem. He has been taking the drug for about a year and is spending at least ￡60 ( = 90; $110) a day on it. Abstract: What issues you should cover You should do a full assessment before deciding on any action; this is likely to take more than one consultation. An empathic and non-judgmental approach will engage him and help him to begin the process of change. You need to clarify why he has come to you now and what he wants-often, but not always, this is a prescription. All GPs should be able to gather the information they need for an appropriate referral and to provide general care. Current drug use-Ask about all illicit drugs he has taken in the past month (including cannabis). Record quantity and frequency of use, together with route of administration. Also note his smoking and drinking habits. Past drug history and treatment experience-Ask about onset of drug use and when it first became a problem. What do drugs do for him? Has he tried stopping previously?