Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）：AD,a neurodegenerative disorder and a significant cause of dementia throughout the world mostly affects the older adults but sometimes also seen in young age（early state AD）（Agrawal et a...Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）：AD,a neurodegenerative disorder and a significant cause of dementia throughout the world mostly affects the older adults but sometimes also seen in young age（early state AD）（Agrawal et al.,2017）.展开更多
Tropical diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, account for a large number of deaths annually. Herbs are an excellent source of tropical medicines. Many advancements and discoverie...Tropical diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, account for a large number of deaths annually. Herbs are an excellent source of tropical medicines. Many advancements and discoveries have taken place in the field of drug discovery but still, a major population of tropical diseases relies on herbal traditional medicine. There are some challenges related to policy implementation, efficacy, resistance and toxicity of tropical medicines. There are many tropical diseases such as such as schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness, filariasis and chagas disease which are neglected because very few pharmaceutical companies have shown their interest in developing therapeutics against these diseases of poor people. There are many benefits associated with herbal medicine such as the cost of production, patient tolerance, large scale availability, efficacy, safety, potency, recyclability, and environment friendly. A large number of natural extracts such as curcumin, artemisinin, morphine, reserpine, and hypericin, are in use for treatment of different tropical diseases for a long time. The current review is to discuss the overview of tropical medicinal herbs, its scope and limitations in the modern drug discovery process.展开更多
There are two general approaches to drug discovery. The oldest is the empirically-driven in vivo identification of a drug candidate, with little or no consideration given to identifying the active constituent. The alt...There are two general approaches to drug discovery. The oldest is the empirically-driven in vivo identification of a drug candidate, with little or no consideration given to identifying the active constituent. The alternative is mechanism-based, a process that entails the in vitro screening of purified chemical compounds to identify those that interact specifically with a selected biological target, after which they are tested for therapeutic potential. A major difference between these approaches is the extent to which the principles of pharmacology are employed to demonstrate safety and efficacy and to enable improvements in the therapeutic properties of the product. As a thorough pharmacological analysis of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a test agent requires that it be a stable, single, purified substance, such testing is more difficult with unpurified samples containing multiple compounds as compared to single agents. A lack of pharmacological information compromises the clinical utility of a test substance by leaving open questions about its bioavailability, metabolism, and mechanisms of therapeutic actions and toxicities. Although drug discovery success has be achieved with both the empirically-driven and mechanism-based approaches, the proper application of pharmacological techniques in the drug discovery process maximizes efficacy, safety and the chance for regulatory approval. In addition, pharmacological data provides information needed for improving the therapeutic properties of an agent, enhancing its clinical utility, and extending the product lifespan.展开更多
The author＇s research topics include economic and legal questions concerning prostitution and drug use. There are two extreme models in these two areas, one represented by Sweden and the other by the Netherlands. Swe...The author＇s research topics include economic and legal questions concerning prostitution and drug use. There are two extreme models in these two areas, one represented by Sweden and the other by the Netherlands. Sweden votes for the model of a ＂prostitution and drug free society＂, while the latter represents a looser, more liberal view. This presentation aims to answer the question whether the statistics support the presumptions of either model. To shed light on these issues, facts and figures published by the Swedish and Dutch statistics offices as well as other studies on the subject were analyzed. During the course of the past few decades. the income from the prostitution and drug markets in Sweden was virtually unchanged. This may be considered as a failure： prostitution and drug use could not be decreased further. It may also be considered as an achievement： while these two markets were growing in many countries, at least in the case of Sweden the situation did not become worse. It seems that the liberal regulation of drugs and prostitution in the Netherlands has not been a successful venture. It is no wonder that there are plans for changes and limitations to the prostitution sector with new regulations, although complete prohibition has not been raised as an issue. The consumption of drugs has been increasing. In this respect, alongside the liberal stance on the issue, increasing emphasis is placed on deterrence from light drugs.展开更多
文摘Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）：AD,a neurodegenerative disorder and a significant cause of dementia throughout the world mostly affects the older adults but sometimes also seen in young age（early state AD）（Agrawal et al.,2017）.
文摘Tropical diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, account for a large number of deaths annually. Herbs are an excellent source of tropical medicines. Many advancements and discoveries have taken place in the field of drug discovery but still, a major population of tropical diseases relies on herbal traditional medicine. There are some challenges related to policy implementation, efficacy, resistance and toxicity of tropical medicines. There are many tropical diseases such as such as schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness, filariasis and chagas disease which are neglected because very few pharmaceutical companies have shown their interest in developing therapeutics against these diseases of poor people. There are many benefits associated with herbal medicine such as the cost of production, patient tolerance, large scale availability, efficacy, safety, potency, recyclability, and environment friendly. A large number of natural extracts such as curcumin, artemisinin, morphine, reserpine, and hypericin, are in use for treatment of different tropical diseases for a long time. The current review is to discuss the overview of tropical medicinal herbs, its scope and limitations in the modern drug discovery process.
文摘There are two general approaches to drug discovery. The oldest is the empirically-driven in vivo identification of a drug candidate, with little or no consideration given to identifying the active constituent. The alternative is mechanism-based, a process that entails the in vitro screening of purified chemical compounds to identify those that interact specifically with a selected biological target, after which they are tested for therapeutic potential. A major difference between these approaches is the extent to which the principles of pharmacology are employed to demonstrate safety and efficacy and to enable improvements in the therapeutic properties of the product. As a thorough pharmacological analysis of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a test agent requires that it be a stable, single, purified substance, such testing is more difficult with unpurified samples containing multiple compounds as compared to single agents. A lack of pharmacological information compromises the clinical utility of a test substance by leaving open questions about its bioavailability, metabolism, and mechanisms of therapeutic actions and toxicities. Although drug discovery success has be achieved with both the empirically-driven and mechanism-based approaches, the proper application of pharmacological techniques in the drug discovery process maximizes efficacy, safety and the chance for regulatory approval. In addition, pharmacological data provides information needed for improving the therapeutic properties of an agent, enhancing its clinical utility, and extending the product lifespan.
文摘The author＇s research topics include economic and legal questions concerning prostitution and drug use. There are two extreme models in these two areas, one represented by Sweden and the other by the Netherlands. Sweden votes for the model of a ＂prostitution and drug free society＂, while the latter represents a looser, more liberal view. This presentation aims to answer the question whether the statistics support the presumptions of either model. To shed light on these issues, facts and figures published by the Swedish and Dutch statistics offices as well as other studies on the subject were analyzed. During the course of the past few decades. the income from the prostitution and drug markets in Sweden was virtually unchanged. This may be considered as a failure： prostitution and drug use could not be decreased further. It may also be considered as an achievement： while these two markets were growing in many countries, at least in the case of Sweden the situation did not become worse. It seems that the liberal regulation of drugs and prostitution in the Netherlands has not been a successful venture. It is no wonder that there are plans for changes and limitations to the prostitution sector with new regulations, although complete prohibition has not been raised as an issue. The consumption of drugs has been increasing. In this respect, alongside the liberal stance on the issue, increasing emphasis is placed on deterrence from light drugs.
