Incidence, risk factors and clinical outcome of multidrug-resistant organisms after heart transplantation

BACKGROUND Transplant recipients commonly harbor multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs),as a result of frequent hospital admissions and increased exposure to antimi-crobials and invasive procedures.AIM To investigate the impact of patient demographic and clinical characteristics on MDRO acquisition,as well as the impact of MDRO acquisition on intensive care unit(ICU)and hospital length of stay,and on ICU mortality and 1-year mortality post heart transplantation.METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed 98 consecutive heart transplant patients over a ten-year period(2013-2022)in a single transplantation center.Data was collected regarding MDROs commonly encountered in critical care.RESULTS Among the 98 transplanted patients(70%male),about a third(32%)acquired or already harbored MDROs upon transplantation(MDRO group),while two thirds did not(MDRO-free group).The prevalent MDROs were Acinetobacter baumannii(14%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(12%)and Klebsiella pneumoniae(11%).Compared to MDRO-free patients,the MDRO group was characterized by higher body mass index(P=0.002),higher rates of renal failure(P=0.017),primary graft dysfunction(10%vs 4.5%,P=0.001),surgical re-exploration(34%vs 14%,P=0.017),mechanical circulatory support(47%vs 26%P=0.037)and renal replacement therapy(28%vs 9%,P=0.014),as well as longer extracorporeal circulation time(median 210 vs 161 min,P=0.003).The median length of stay was longer in the MDRO group,namely ICU stay was 16 vs 9 d in the MDRO-free group(P=0.001),and hospital stay was 38 vs 28 d(P=0.006),while 1-year mortality was higher(28%vs 7.6%,log-rank-χ2:7.34).CONCLUSION Following heart transplantation,a predominance of Gram-negative MDROs was noted.MDRO acquisition was associated with higher complication rates,prolonged ICU and total hospital stay,and higher post-transplantation mortality.

Analysis of Multi-Drug Resistant Organism Surveillance and Antimicrobial Resistance Early Warning in a Hospital in 2022

Objective:To determine the clinical distribution of multi-drug resistant organism(MDRO)in Jiangyan Hospital and the monitoring and warning of drug-resistance bacteria to provide an important basis for guiding the application of broad-spectrum antibiotics in clinical treatment and reducing the occurrence of nosocomial infection.Methods:Retrospective screening and analysis were conducted on the pathogenic strains of hospitalized patients in our hospital in 2022.Results:A total of 2,769 strains of pathogenic bacteria and 390 strains of MDRO were detected and isolated in our hospital in 2022;the detection rate of MDRO was 14.08%.A total of 516 strains(18.64%)Klebsiella pneumoniae(KP)and 62 strains(12.02%)of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CR-KP)were detected;436 strains(15.75%)of Escherichia coli(ECO)were detected,including 8 strains(1.83%)of CR-ECO;342 strains(12.35%)of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA)and 116 strains(33.92%)of CR-PA were detected;there were 194 strains(7.01%)of Acinetobacter baumannii(AB),among which 125 strains(64.43%)were CR-AB;there were 291 strains(10.51%)of Staphylococcus aureus,among which 79 strains(27.15%)of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)were detected;78 strains(2.82%)of Enterococcus faecalis were detected,and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus(VRE)was not detected.The first five MDROs were CR-AB,CR-PA,MRSA,CR-KP,and CR-ECO.The top five departments with the highest MDRO detection rate in 2022 were the ICU(37.44%),the Pulmonology Department(ward 13;31.03%),the Department of Rehabilitation(ward 5;6.67%),the Department of Neurosurgery(ward 11;4.62%),and the Department of General Surgery(ward 10;3.59 The resistance rate of antibacterial drugs is divided into four levels for early warning:30%to 40%,41%to 50%,51%to 75%,and 75%or more.Conclusion:Our hospital should strengthen the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance warning related to MDRO and the abuse of antimicrobial drugs.Based on the results of drug sensitivity and antimicrobial resistance warning,the use of antibiotics should be standardized in clinical practice to reduce nosocomial infection。

Multidrug-resistant organisms in intensive care units and logistic analysis of risk factors

BACKGROUND Intensive care unit(ICU)patients are critically ill and have low immunity.They will undergo various trauma medical procedures during diagnosis and treatment.The use of high-dose hormones and broad-spectrum antibiotics will increase the incidence of nosocomial infection in ICU patients.Therefore,it is necessary to explore the causes of nosocomial infection in ICU and provide basis for the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in ICU.AIM To explore major pathogens of nosocomial infection in ICUs,methods of detection and drug resistance trends.METHODS Risk factors of multidrug-resistant infection were analyzed to provide a basis for clinical rational use of antimicrobial drugs in the ICU.These findings were used to standardize rational use of antimicrobial agents.BD PhoenixTM100 automatic bacterial identification analyzer was used to for cell identification in specimens collected from the ICU between January 2016 and December 2019.Drug sensitivity tests were carried out and drug resistance trends were analyzed using the optical disc diffusion method.Odds ratios and corresponding 95%CI of independent variables were calculated using a logistic regression model.Backward elimination(trend=0.1)was used as an inclusion criterion for multivariate analysis.All data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS We collected 2070 samples from ICU patients between January 2016 and December 2019.Sample types comprised sputum(1139 strains,55.02%),blood(521 strains,25.17%),and drainage fluid(117 strains,5.65%).A total of 1051 strains of major pathogens,including Acinetobacter baumannii,Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)and Staphylococcus aureus,were detected,with a detection rate of 35.97%(378/1051).Most of these strains were resistant to antibiotics.Detection rate of E.coli was 21.79%(229/1051),and it was generally sensitive to many antimicrobial drugs.Detection rate of P.aeruginosa was 24.74%(260/1051),and showed low sensitivity to most antibiotics.Detection rate of K.pneumoniae was 9.42%(99/1051),which was generally resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs and resistant forms.K.pneumoniae was resistant to imipenem for approximate 4 years,and showed a 19.9%(19/99)and 20.20%(20/99)rate of meropenem resistance.Logistic analysis showed that mechanical ventilation and ureteral intubation were risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.CONCLUSION This study showed a high incidence of ICU infections.Mechanical ventilation and urine tube intubation were risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Multidrug resistant organism infections in patients with COVID-19:risk factors and outcomes

Background:Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has now spread to most countries and regions of the world.Risk factors associated with multi-drug resistant organism(MDRO)infections in patients with COVID-19 have not been well studied yet.In the present study,we aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the MDRO infections and their impact on in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients.Methods:This retrospective cohort study was conducted between December 2019 and April 2020 at two tertiary hospitals in Wuhan,China.Data of cases were collected through electronic medical records system.This study was focused on cases with bacterial culture records.Risk factors and outcomes associated with MDRO infections were analyzed using logistic regression model.Results:Of the 2891 patients,370 patients have bacterial culture results,and MDROs were isolated in 38 patients.Respiratory tract infections(67.3%)were the most common hospital acquired infections.Variables independently associated with MDRO infections were dyspnea at admission(odds ratio(OR)4.74;95%confidence interval(CI)2.06-10.88;P<0.001),intensive care unit(ICU)admission(OR 5.02;95%CI 1.99-12.63;P<0.01),and invasive mechanical ventilation(OR 5.13;95%CI 2.15-12.27;P<0.001),adjusted for age and gender.MDROs infection was also a significant risk factor of death for the patients,adjusted for age,gender,severity of illness,ICU admission and mechanical ventilation(OR 1.12,95%CI:0.43-2.96,P=0.817).Conclusion:In our study,dyspnea at admission,ICU admission and invasive mechanical ventilation were associated with the presence of MDRO infections,and clinicians should be alert in MDRO infections in COVID-19 hospitalized patients.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Primary Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in China

Objective To investigate the prevalence of primary drug-resistant tuberculosis（TB） and associated risk factors in China. We also explored factors contributing to the transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis（MDR-TB）. Methods A total of 2794 representative, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from treatment-naive patients were subjected to drug susceptibility testing, and risk factors for drug-resistant TB were analyzed. We also analyzed MDR-TB strain sublineages, drug-resistance-conferring mutations, and risk factors associated with clustered primary MDR strains. Results Among 2794 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from treatment-naive patients, the prevalence of any resistance to first-line drugs was 33.2% and the prevalence of MDR-TB was 5.7%. We did not find any risk factors significantly associated with resistance to first-line drugs. The 93 primary MDR-TB isolates were classified into six sublineages, of which, 75（80.6%） isolates were the RD105-deleted Beijing lineage. The largest sublineage included 65（69.9%） isolates with concurrent deletions of RD105, RD207, and RD181. Twenty-nine（31.2%） primary MDR strains grouped in clusters; MDR isolates in clusters were more likely to have S531 L rpoB mutation. Conclusion This study indicates that primary drug-resistant TB and MDR-TB strains are prevalent in China, and multiple measures should be taken to address drug-resistant TB.

Long interspersed nuclear element ORF-1 protein promotes proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To clarify the specific roles and mechanisms of long interspersed nuclear element-1 ORF-1 protein [human long interspersed nuclear element-1(LINE-1),ORF-1p] in chemotherapeutic drug resistance and cell proliferation regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) cells.METHODS:MTT assays were performed to identify the effect of the chemotherapeutic drug toxicity on HepG2 cells.Cell proliferation inhibition and the IC 50 were calculated by the Origin 8.0 software.Western blotting assays were performed to investigate whether LINE-1 ORF-1p modulates the expression of some important genes,including p53,p27,p15,Bcl-2,mdr,and p-gp.To corroborate the proliferation and anchor-independent growth results,the HepG2 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to investigate the effect of LINE-1 ORF1p on the apoptosis regulation.RESULTS:LINE-1 ORF-1p contributed to the resistance to several chemotherapeutic drugs(cisplatin and epirubicin) in HepG2 cells.The IC 50 of the epirubicin and cisplatin increased from 36.04 nmol/L to 59.11 nmol/L or from 37.94 nmol/L to 119.32 nmol/L.Repression of LINE-1 ORF-1p expression by the siRNA could markedly enhance the response of HepG2 cells to the epirubicin and cisplatin.The IC 50 correspondingly decreased from 28.06 nmol/L to 3.83 nmol/L or from 32.04 nmol/L to 2.89 nmol/L.Interestingly,down-regulation of LINE-1 ORF-1p level by siRNA could promote the response of HepG2 cells to the paclitaxel.The IC 50 decreased from 35.90 nmol/L to 7.36 nmol/L.However,overexpression of LINE-1 ORF-1p did not modulate the paclitaxel toxicity in HepG2 cells.Further Western blotting revealed that LINE-1 ORF-1p enhanced mdr and p-gp gene expression.As a protein arrested in the nucleus,LINE-1 ORF-1p may function through modulating transcriptional activity of some important transcription factors.Indeed,LINE-1 ORF-1p promoted HepG2 cell proliferation,anchor-independent growth and protected the cells against apoptosis through modulating the expression of p15,p21,p53,and Bcl-2 genes.CONCLUSION:LINE-1 ORF-1p promotes HepG2 cell proliferation and plays an important role in the resistance of chemotherapeutic drugs.By establishing novel roles and defining the mechanisms of LINE-1 ORF1p in HCC chemotherapeutic drug resistance and cell proliferation regulation,this study indicates that LINE-1 ORF-1p is a potential target for overcoming HCC chemotherapeutic resistance.

Assessment of colistin resistance in Gram negative bacteria from clinical samples in resource-limited settings

Objective:To find a proper method to assess colistin resistance in multidrug resistant Gram negative bacteria(MDR-GNB)on a routine basis in resource limited settings.Methods:Clinical samples were processed.MDR-GNB were identified and were examined for colistin resistance by colistin broth elution method,colistin agar method,and colistin disk elution screening method.Broth microdilution method was used the gold standard.Results:A total of 10235 clinical samples were processed,in which 857(8.4%)MDR-GNB were identified.The very significant errors,categorical agreement,major errors,positive predictive values,negative predictive values,specificity and sensitivity of all the phenotypic methods were 5.5%,0%,94.4%,100%,99.6%,100%and 94.4%,respectively for the detection of colistin resistance.The colistin elution screening method was cheap and easy to perform with similar results to broth microdilution method.Conclusions:All the evaluation methods for colistin resistance showed similar results.So the laboratories can choose any method for detection of colistin resistance.However,we recommend colistin disk elution screening method because,it is easy and cheap and can be performed in limited resources.

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria from Treated and Untreated Hospital Wastewater at Ayder Referral Hospital, Mekelle, North Ethiopia

The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens has become one of the most serious challenges in Ethiopia. This study determined the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from treated and untreated wastewater released from Ayder Referral Hospital in Northern Ethiopia. A cross sectional study design was conducted from September-December, 2015 in wastewater released from Ayder referral hospital. A total of 40 composite samples were aseptically collected, transported and processed for enumeration of indicator organisms, bacteriological identification and susceptibility testing following standard procedure. Data obtained were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Mean heterotrophic plate count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count and E. coli count were found to be 1.6 × 106 CFU/mL, 2.2 × 106 CFU/100 mL, 2.0 × 105 CFU/100 mL and 1.1 × 104 CFU/100 mL from treated wastewater respectively. Among the total samples 134 bacterial isolates were detected and [84 (62.7%)] were from untreated wastewater and [50 (37.3%)] were from treated wastewater. The most frequently isolated bacteria from untreated wastewater samples was Klebsiella spp [14 (16.7%)] followed by S. aureus [13 (15.5%)] and P. aeruginosa [12 (14.3%)], similarly in treated wastewater samples Klebsiella spp [10 (20%)], P. aeruginosa [8 (16%)] and S. aureus [8 (16%)] were frequently detected. The overall multi-drug resistance (MDR) in this study was [79/134 (79.1%)]. MDR from untreated wastewater sample was [64/84 (76.2%)] while from treated wastewater sample was [42/50 (84%)] and shows significant difference with (COR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.15 - 3.29, P: 0.001). It is concluded that treated hospital wastewater contains large numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Therefore, there should be continuous monitoring and evaluation of the effluent quality of the ponds and chlorination of the final effluent should be developed.

The Increased Frequency of Carbapenem Resistant Non Fermenting Gram Negative Pathogens as Causes of Health Care Associated Infections in Adult Cancer Patients

Background and Aim: Multi drug resistant Non fermenting gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) have emerged as a major cause of health-care associated infections especially in immunocompromised hosts. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of NFGNB as a cause of health-care associated infections (HAI) in cancer patients and determine their resistance pattern. Patients and Methods: During the study period, 158 NFGNB isolates were collected. Microscan Walk Away 9 was used for identification and testing for the metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) was done by Imipenem-EDTA combined disk synergy test (CDST-IPM). Results: NFGNB represented 29.0% of infections caused by gram negative organisms. Carbapenem resistance, the multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype, and MBL production were documented in 70%, 63%, and 59% of NFGNB isolates, respectively. MDR-NFGNB rates were significantly higher among hospitalized patients, medical department and those with longer duration of hospital stay (p = 0.034, 0.026, 0.019;respectively) than non MDR-NFGNB. Conclusion: A high level of carbapenem and multi-drug resistance were detected among the non-fermenter pathogens isolated from hospitalized cases and were more frequently encountered in high risk adult cancer patients requiring longer duration of hospitalization. The MDR-NFGNB are constituting important causes of health-care associated infections in cancer patients.

Multi-drug loaded vitamin E-TPGS nanoparticles for synergistic drug delivery to overcome drug resistance in tumor treatment

A facile self-assembly strategy to labricate vitamin E-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate （TPGS） based nanoparticles with a high drug loading level for co-delivery of multiple drugs was developed. To overcome multi-drug resistance, a chemotherapeutic agent （paclitaxel, PTX） and a drug resistance inhibitor （tariq- uidar, TQR） were co-loaded in the vitamin E-TPGS based nanoparticle to obtain TPGS/PTX/TQR nanoparticles. The sizes of mono-drug loaded TPGS/PTX nanoparticles and dual-drug loaded TPGS/PTX/TQR nanoparticles were below 150 nm with relatively narrow size distributions. The efficiencies of the drug delivery systems on tumor cells inhibition and reversal of drug resistance were evaluated in drug resistant cancer cells （MCF-7/ADR） as compared with nonresistant cells （HeLa）. Due to the effective inhibition of the P-gp efflux by TQR, the dual-drug loaded nanoparticles exhibited significantly improved tumor cell inhibitory efficiency. To study the immunostimulatory effect, the effect of the drug delivery system on the production of IL- 10, a cytokine related to tumor development, in the drug resistant cells was determined. After the treatment by the drug delivery systems, the concentration of IL-10 in the cell supernatant decreased. The multi-drug loaded vitamin E-TPGS nanoparticles for synergistic drug delivery have promising applications in reversal of drug resistance in tumor treatments.

In situ-prepared homogeneous supramolecular organic framework drug delivery systems(sof-DDSs)：Overcoming cancer multidrug resistance and controlled release

Water-soluble three-dimensional porous supramolecular organic frameworks（SOFs） have been demonstrated as a new generation of homogeneous polycationic platforms for anti-cancer drug delivery.The new SOF drug delivery systems（sof-DDSs） can adsorb dianionic pemetrexed（PMX）,a clinically used chemotherapeutic agent instantaneously upon dissolving in water,which is driven by both electrostatic attraction and hydrophobicity.The in situ-prepared PMX@SOFs are highly stable and can avoid important release of the drug during plasm circulation and overcome the multidrug resistance of human breast MCF-7/Adr cancer cells to enter the cancer cells.Acidic microenvironment of cancer cells promotes the release of the drug in cancer cells.Both in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that sofDDSs considerably improve the treatment efficacy of PMX,leading to 6-12-fold reduction of the IC50 values,as compared with that of PMX alone.The new drug delivery strategy omits the loading process required by most of reported nanoparticle-based delivery systems and thus holds promise for future development of low-cost drug delivery systems

Albumin-based nanoparticles: a promising strategy to overcome cancer drug resistance

Circumvention of cancer drug resistance is one of the major investigations in nanomedicine.In this regard,nanotechnology-based drug delivery has offered various implications.However,protein-based nanocarriers have been a versatile choice compared to other nanomaterials,provided by their favorable characteristics and safety profiles.Specifically,albumin-based nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be an effective drug delivery system,owing to the inherent targeting modalities of albumin,through gp60-and SPARC-mediated receptor endocytosis.Furthermore,surface functionalization was exploited for active targeting,due to albumin’s abundance of carboxylic and amino groups.Stimuli-responsive drug release has also been pertained to albumin nano-systems.Therefore,albumin-based nanocarriers could potentially overcome cancer drug resistance through bypassing drug efflux,enhancing drug uptake,and improving tumor accumulation.Moreover,albumin nanocarriers improve the stability of various therapeutic cargos,for instance,nucleic acids,which allows their systemic administration.This review highlights the recent applications of albumin nanoparticles to overcome cancer drug resistance,the nano-fabrication techniques,as well as future perspectives and challenges.

基于大数据挖掘下多重耐药菌风险评估的研究价值

目的 基于大数据构建多重耐药菌感染的风险预测模型,并对其应用价值进行评估。方法 收集2018年1月至2022年12月于新疆医科大学第五附属医院诊治的405例患者,根据是否发生多重耐药菌(multidrug-resistant organisms,MDRO)感染分为非MDRO组(n=324)和MDRO组(n=81),比较并分析各指标与MDRO发生风险的相关性。构建大数据风险预测模型,分析各指标重要性,验证其准确性。结果 MDRO组合并糖尿病、原发肺部感染的患者比例,机械通气、广谱抗菌药物使用时间及降钙素原水平显著高于非MDRO组,而血红蛋白、白蛋白水平显著低于非MDRO组(均P <0.05);相关性分析显示,合并糖尿病、原发肺部感染等因素与MDRO风险的相关性较高,且合并糖尿病与原发肺部感染及联合使用抗生素等指标间相关性较高;大数据模型示抗生素使用时间、吞咽功能障碍等因素重要性较高,而血红蛋白及白蛋白重要性较低;大数据模型预测MDRO发生风险的AUC显著高于Logistic回归模型(Z=2.415,P=0.016),两种预测模型的训练集预测准确率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但测试集大数据模型预测准确率、敏感度及特异度均显著高于Logistic回归模型(χ^(2)=9.062,5.385,4.267;均P<0.05)。结论 合并糖尿病、原发肺部感染及联合使用抗生素等因素与MDRO发生风险具有一定相关性,基于MDRO危险因素指标的大数据模型对MDRO发生风险具有较高预测价值。

重症监护病房多重耐药菌感染分布情况及影响因素分析

目的分析重症监护病房(ICU)患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染的分布情况及其危险因素,并提出相关的预防和控制措施。方法本研究以2021年7月至2022年12月汕头市某三级甲等医院ICU收治的1407例患者为对象,回顾性收集其住院期间是否发生MDRO感染,分析MDRO感染发生率和分布情况,并分为MDRO感染组和非MDRO感染组进行比较,采用多因素logistic回归筛选MDRO感染的相关危险因素。结果ICU共有1407例住院患者均接受细菌培养及耐药菌株检测,其中男性患者为880例,女性患者为527例;MDRO感染发生率为18.69%(263/1407)。ICU中MDRO感染菌株主要涉及大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌等。多因素分析结果显示,合并心血管病(OR=1.453,95%CI 1.006~2.079)、广谱抗生素使用时长≥1周(OR=1.900,95%CI 1.377~2.620)、使用≥2联抗生素(OR=1.913,95%CI 1.378~2.655)、留置血管内导管(OR=2.456,95%CI 1.416~3.241)与MDRO感染风险增高有关(P<0.05)。结论ICU患者中MDRO的感染发生率相对其他普通病区仍处于较高水平,应针对MDRO感染的特点和相关的高危因素及时采取预防和控制措施,有效降低MDRO的感染发生率。

单元综合安全项目在呼吸科多重耐药感染防控中的应用

目的 探讨基于单元的综合安全项目在呼吸科多重耐药菌感染防控中的应用价值。方法 以某院呼吸科2019年1—12月在院患者1093例为对照组,实施常规管理方案;2020年4月—2021年4月在院患者1028例为观察组,启动单元的综合安全项目(Comprehensive unit-based safety program, CUSP)计划,将一系列循证干预措施纳入临床管理方案。比较两组患者多重耐药菌(Multi-drug Resistant Organism, MDRO)感染发生率、标本送检正确率、标本送检及时率、抗生素使用规范率、医务人员安全文化、MDRO感染患者住院日数及防控措施落实率。结果 观察组MDRO感染发生率低于对照组(χ^(2)=21.380,P<0.001),患者标本送检正确率、送检及时率及抗菌药物使用规范率高于对照组(χ^(2)=58.039,P<0.001;χ^(2)=64.590,P<0.001;χ^(2)=36.169,P<0.001),医务人员安全文化总评分高于对照组(t=-26.666,P<0.001),MDRO感染患者住院日数低于对照组(Z=-2.866,P=0.004),MDRO防控措施落实率高于对照组(χ^(2)=37.854,P<0.001;χ^(2)=21.328,P<0.001;χ^(2)=4.423,P=0.035;χ^(2)=5.985,P=0.014)。结论 在呼吸内科多重耐药菌感染防控中,开展单元的综合安全项目干预能够有效降低MDRO感染发生率,提高病房管理质量,提升病区患者安全文化,缩短MDRO感染患者住院日数及提高病区MDRO防控措施落实率。

北京某医院2018~2022年耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌的临床分布及耐药菌变迁

目的了解北京市某三甲医院耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌(Carbapenem-resistant organism,CRO)的临床分布及耐药性变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药提供依据。方法收集首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院石景山院区2018年1月至2022年12月CRO菌株,使用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果共收集CRO菌株930株,其中耐碳青霉烯类抗生素铜绿假单胞菌(Carbapenem-resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa,CRPA)279株(30%),耐碳青霉烯类抗生素鲍曼不动杆菌(Carbapenem-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii,CRAB)233株(25.05%),耐碳青霉烯类抗生素肺炎克雷伯菌(Carbapenem-resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae,CRKP)196株(21.08%)。统计分析CRO科室分布,显示CRO主要分布在重症监护室(ICU)(250株,26.88%),其次是急诊留观(146株,15.70%)和呼吸科(126株,13.55%)。标本来源分析显示,CRO主要标本类型是痰标本(638株),其次是尿液标本(99株)。3种主要的CRO菌株耐药性分析显示,CRPA对阿米卡星和妥布霉素较为敏感,敏感率分别为90.6%和84.6%;CRAB和CRKP耐药情况较为严重,对常用抗菌药物普遍耐药。2018-2022年,Kpn对亚胺培南(Imipenem,IPM)和美罗培南(Meropenem,MEM)耐药率逐年上升;Aba和Pae对碳青霉烯类的耐药率呈波动性变化,2022年较2021年耐药率有所下降,但较2018年有所增长。结论CRO主要分布在ICU,以呼吸道标本居多,CRPA、CRAB、CRKP整体耐药情况严重,Pae、Aba、Kpn对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率呈总体上升趋势。医院应加强院感防控措施,临床医生应根据药敏结果合理制定用药方案,合理使用碳青霉烯类抗生素以减少CRO菌株的爆发和流行。

重症监护病房患者多重耐药菌感染的危险因素分析和列线图模型评价

目的分析重症监护病房(ICU)患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染的危险因素,构建列线图模型并评价模型预测拟合效果。方法收集2020年1月至2022年12月四川省人民医院905例ICU患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。依据患者是否发生MDRO感染,将患者分为MDRO感染组(303例)和非MDRO感染组(602例)。对收集的患者相关资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。利用R4.3.1软件构建MDRO感染风险的列线图模型,并通过受试者工作特征曲线和校准曲线评价模型的预测拟合效果。结果多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、混合感染、呼吸衰竭、慢性呼吸系统疾病、神经系统疾病、有创机械通气时间、胃管插管、使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物、使用第三代头孢菌素、使用四环素类抗菌药物是ICU患者MDRO感染的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。基于Logistic回归分析结果构建的列线图模型,受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.849,95%置信区间:0.823~0.874,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验显示χ^(2)=139.69,P=0.332,且校准曲线预测发生率与实测发生率之间偏差小,模型校准度好、预测拟合效果好。结论男性、APACHEⅡ评分、一些合并症、胃管插管、使用某些抗菌药物等因素是ICU患者MDRO感染的独立危险因素。基于危险因素构建的列线图风险预测模型具有良好的预测能力,可以为及时采取预防性感染控制措施提供参考。

ICU患者多重耐药菌感染危险因素及列线图模型构建

目的分析ICU患者感染多重耐药菌(Multi-drug resistance organism,MDRO)的危险因素,并构建列线图模型。方法回顾性分析新疆医科大学第一附属医院2020年1月-2023年12月入住ICU的383例MDRO感染患者临床资料,按照1︰1比例随机选取本院同时期入住ICU的非MDRO感染患者383例的临床资料作对照。通过Logistic回归分析确立独立危险因素,建立模型方程,使用R软件绘制列线图模型。结果单因素分析结果显示,MDRO感染患者与非MDRO感染患者入院类型、手术、简化急性生理学评分Ⅱ(SAPSⅡ)评分、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、骨科疾病、使用激素类药物、气管切开、机械通气、中心静脉置管、抗生素联用、抗生素使用时间、白介素-6水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,抗生素使用时间、使用激素类药物、入院类型、手术、SAPSⅡ评分、气管切开是ICU患者MDRO感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。基于以上6种因素构建列线图模型,经Hosmer-Lemeshow检验,χ^(2)=4.857,P=0.773;模型校准曲线与理想曲线吻合良好;受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线显示6种因素联合预测ICU患者MDRO感染的曲线下面积(Area under curve,AUC)为0.829[95%CI:(0.800~0.858)],最佳截断值为0.548,灵敏度为0.708,特异度为0.841。结论本研究构建的列线图模型拥有良好的临床实用价值,可为临床医务人员早期识别ICU患者MDRO感染风险及制定相应的防控措施提供参考。

皮肤科住院患者多重耐药菌感染风险诺莫图预测模型的建立与验证

目的通过分析皮肤科住院患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染风险的影响因素建立诺莫图预测模型,并进行验证。方法选取2018年1月—2022年6月皮肤科住院患者8950例作为研究对象,统计其MDRO感染发生情况,采用Lasso-Logistic回归分析法筛选MDRO感染影响因素,构建诺莫图预测模型,并验证预测模型预测MDRO感染的价值。结果8950例皮肤科住院患者发生MDRO感染782例,发生率为8.74%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、免疫性皮肤疾病、侵入性操作、糖尿病、住院天数、长期应用糖皮质激素/免疫抑制剂、抗生素联用、C反应蛋白(CRP)为皮肤科住院患者MDRO感染的独立危险因素(P<0.01);采用R软件rms程序建立皮肤科住院患者MDRO感染的诺莫图预测模型,该模型预测风险能力指数为0.920,校准度为0.885;受试者工作特征曲线分析显示,该模型预测MDRO感染的曲线下面积为0.945(95%CI:0.903,0.991),敏感度为0.905,特异度为0.918。结论皮肤科住院患者MDRO感染风险较高,影响因素包括年龄、免疫性皮肤疾病、侵入性操作、糖尿病、住院天数、长期应用糖皮质激素/免疫抑制剂、抗生素联用、CRP,根据上述因素构建的诺莫图预测模型具有较高的预测效能。

阑尾炎多重耐药菌感染者的不同抗感染方案及疗效与药事指标比较分析

目的以急性阑尾炎切除术后多重耐药菌患者为研究对象,研究不同的初始经验性抗感染治疗方案对后续治疗结果是否存在差异性。同时探讨经验性抗感染方案的耐药率是否会对临床疗效和抗感染方案的更换产生影响。方法选取2021年1月至2023年11月深圳市龙华区人民医院收治的138例阑尾炎术后患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,按照初始经验性抗感染方案的不同分为A组头霉素组、B组头孢呋辛组和C组β内酰胺类/β内酰胺酶抑制剂组。比较3组的临床疗效、术后胃肠道功能恢复情况、手术前后炎症因子检验水平变化、抗菌药物使用强度及累计限定日剂量(DDD数)、抗菌药物费用、累计静脉输液袋数等。分析全部样本的经验性治疗耐药率与治疗效果的相关性、以及多耐类型与换药率的相关性。结果3组患者在临床疗效、术后胃肠道功能恢复情况、手术前后炎症因子水平变化方面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在抗菌药物使用强度及DDD数方面,A组0.05)。结论头霉素类药物、头孢呋辛和β内酰胺类/β内酰胺酶抑制剂在应用于急性阑尾炎术后患者的抗感染疗效及总体临床疗效上差异无统计学意义,临床选用头霉素类药物能够显著降低住院抗菌药物使用强度和累计静脉输液袋数,在降低医疗成本同时维持较好抗菌疗效的边际效应,是值得推广的治疗方案之一。