Research Progress of Drug Therapy for Diabetes

Diabetes is mainly a series of symptoms of glucose metabolism disorder caused by relative or absolute insufficiencies of insulin.Most patients are accompanied by protein,fat,water and electrolyte disorders,including diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2,of which diabetes type 2 accounts for more than 90%.The incidence rate of diabetes is high,the course of disease is long,and it is difficult to cure.Most patients need long-term medication.This study analyzed the clinical manifestations and predisposing factors of diabetes,and explored the progress of drug treatment of diabetes,which is summarized as follows.

Observation on the Clinical Effect of Applying Venetoclax Combined with Demethylation Drug Therapy in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of applying venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: Eighty cases of AML patients treated with venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in our hospital were selected from March 2021 to March 2024, including 40 cases of primary treatment patients and 40 cases of relapsed and refractory patients. The efficacy and safety of the combined drug therapy was analyzed. Results: The primary treatment group was presented with a complete remission (CR) rate of 40.5%, partial remission (PR) rate of 47.50%, no response (NR) rate of 12.50%, and a remission rate of 87.50%. The relapsed- refractory group was presented with a CR rate of 37.50%, PR rate of 42.50%, NR rate of 17.50%, and a remission rate of 87.50%. There was no statistical significance between the groups (P > 0.05). The hematological adverse reactions of the combined treatment for AML were leukopenia and the non-hematological adverse reactions were mainly infections, with an incidence rate of 87.50%. Conclusion: The efficacy of venetoclax combined with demethylating drugs in AML was remarkable and the treatment regimen can be adjusted according to the treatment-resistant response.

Advances in Drug Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that mainly causes dementia.It is a serious threat to the health of the global elderly population.Considerable money and effort has been invested in the development of drug therapy for AD worldwide.Many drug therapies are currently under development or in clinical trials,based on two known mechanisms of AD,namely,Aβtoxicity and the abnormal Tau hyperphosphorylation.Numerous drugs are also being developed for other AD associated mechanisms such as neuroinflammation,neurotransmitter imbalance,oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction,neuron loss and degeneration.Even so,the number of drugs that can successfully improve symptoms or delay the progression of the disease remains very limited.However,multi-drug combinations may provide a new avenue for drug therapy for AD.In addition,early diagnosis of AD and timely initiation of treatment may allow drugs that act on the early pathological processes of AD to help improve the symptoms and prevent the progression of the condition.

Endovascular treatment vs drug therapy alone in patients with mild ischemic stroke and large infarct cores

BACKGROUND Treatment decision making is strictly associated with the outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke who show a large core infarct.Medical care alone may result in suboptimal treatment efficacy,and endovascular treatment may be accompanied by safety issues.Whether endovascular treatment is superior to medical care is not well investigated in the clinical studies.AIM To investigate the efficacy of endovascular treatment and drug therapy alone in mild ischemic stroke patients with large infarct cores.METHODS Fifty patients with mild ischemic stroke and 50 patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by anterior large vessel occlusion were selected at the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University between January 2021 and December 2021.Patients were divided into an endovascular therapy group and a drug therapy group according to different treatment methods.In the endovascular therapy group,there were 28 patients with minor stroke and 22 patients with large infarct cores.The drug therapy group had 22 patients with minor stroke and 28 patients with large infarct cores.The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) scores were collected and compared between the two groups immediately after the operation and 24 h and 7 d after the operation.The modified Rankin scale(m RS) and/or activity of daily living were assessed at hospital discharge.RESULTS There was no significant difference in NIHSS scores between the two groups before the operation(P > 0.05).NIHSS scores were lower in the endovascular therapy group than in the drug therapy group at 24 h and 7 d after the operation and at hospital discharge(all P < 0.05).The incidence of early neurologic deterioration was significantly lower in the endovascular therapy group than in the drug therapy group(P < 0.05).At hospital discharge,the m RS score was lower in the endovascular treatment group than in the drug therapy group,and the activity of daily living score was better in the endovascular treatment group than in the drug therapy group(all P < 0.05).During a follow-up of 3 mo,17 patients(34.0%) had good prognosis(m RS ≤ 2),33 patients(66.0%) had poor prognosis(m RS > 2),and 11 patients(22.0%) died.In the medical treatment group,16 patients(m RS ≤ 2) had good prognosis(32.0%),34 patients(m RS > 2) had poor prognosis(68.0%),and 14 patients(28.0%) died.There was no significant difference in prognosis and mortality between the two groups(P > 0.05).CONCLUSION Endovascular therapy can improve NIHSS score and m RS score in patients with mild ischemic stroke and large infarct cores.It is suitable for clinical application.

Improving cancer therapy by combining cell biological, physical, and molecular targeting strategies

Successful cancer therapy depends on selective killing of tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Selectivity can be achieved through treatment strategies that target tumor cells. A recent report from the Li laboratory （1） describes an elegant strategy to selectively kill tumor cells by combining several targeting strategies based on cell biological, physical, and molecular （genetic） properties of tumor and normal cells that enhances tumor cell killing in vitro and in an in vivo tumor xenograft model. The idea of using a multiplex targeting approach is reminiscent of strategies in which several antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections while minimizing the chance that rare antibiotic-resistant mutants will arise within a population.

DRUG THERAPY OF PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN THE ELDERLY OVER 75 YEARS OLD

Objective To investigate the effectiveness and safety of various agents on paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the elderly over 75 years old.Methods Totally 264 in-patients (75-91 years old, 185 males and 79 females) with atrial fibrillation history of less than 7 days were enrolled in this study.A total of 611 atrial fibrillation episodes were recorded, but 130 episodes (22.3%) of atrial fibrillation were auto-converted to sinus rhythm.The rest 481 episodes of atrial fibrillation were divided into six groups based on the drug used.Results The cardioversion ratio of atrial fibrillation were 9.5%, 46.9%, 71.7%, 55.9%, 32.7%, and 73.6% in control, cedilanid, amiodarone, propafenone, verapamil, and quinidine groups, respectively.Ventricular rate control were 5.4%, 83.6%, 84.9%, 77.9%, 78.8%, and 11.3% in those groups, respectively.The total effective rates of amiodarone and cedilanid groups were the highest. When the ventricular rate was controlled to below 90 bpm, the patients would almost complain of no discomfort. No severe side-effect was observed in each group.Conclusion Amiodarone and cedilanid may be the proper drugs for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the elderly.The above antiarrhythmics in each therapeutic group were relatively safe and effective.

Real world studies are essential for drug therapy in Parkinson's disease

Prospective real-world data from large patient samples, which re- port on the long-term effectiveness of the employed different drug therapies, are rare in Parkinson＇s disease （PD）. The non interven- tional ＂Transdermal Rotigotine User Surveillance Study＂ （TRUST） trial represents such a real-world study. It investigated long-term treatment with different dopamine substituting treatment regimens in 2195 PD patients （Mfiller et al., 2018）. Participation in TRUST meant that the treating neurologists were only asked to document and modify the dopaminergic drug regimen without any prior PD patient selection criteria. Thus this unique trial design reflects the real world of patient maintenance.

Drug Therapy Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension

The aim of this paper is to detect, prevent and resolve DRP （drug-related problems） and NOM （negative outcomes associated with medication） in hospitalized patients with DM2 （type 2 diabetes） with HTN （hypertension） in a tertiary care clinic. Descriptive cross-sectional interventional study is used. DTM （drug therapy monitoring） was conducted in 73 patients using data obtained from clinical histories and interviews. NOM were detected based on symptoms and laboratory test results. The statistical significance was 0.05. It can be found that 23 DRP were detected, primarily in the category ＂likelihood of adverse effects＂ （30.43%） causing NOM in the ＂non-quantitative safety problem＂ category. The NOM detected were related to safety （62%）, effectiveness （24.5%） and necessity （13.5%）. Of the 68.57% of pharmacist interventions accepted, 48.57% were resolved and 20% were not resolved. A simple linear correlation （r = -0.34） analysis indicated a weak association between patient age and severity ofNOM. DTM made it＇possible to detect suspected DRP and NOM, which were then prevented or resolved, improving the control of HTN and DM2 and helping ensure better drug therapy outcomes for patients.

New Developments in Drug Therapy and Research of Cerebral Vasospasm

In this manuscript a comprehensive coverage of recent developments in the drug therapy of vasospasm while providing the background information that neuroscientists need to understand its rationale. The range of new agents available for treatment of cerebral vasospasm is expanding rapidly along with rapid advances in pharmacology and physiology that are uncovering the mechanisms of this disease. Although there are many publications for treatment of cerebral vaso-spasm, most are focusing on different aspects of vasospasm treatment and many have limited value due to insufficient quality. Moreover, the complexity of this, in many cases deleterious condition, is enormous and the information needed to understand drug effects is accordingly often not readily available in a single source. A number of pharmacological and medical therapies are currently in use or being investigated in an attempt to reverse cerebral vasospasm, but only a few have proven to be useful. Current research efforts promise the eventual production of new medical therapies. At last, recommendations for the use of different treatment stages based on currently available clinical data are provided.

Non-Drug Therapy to Combat Coronavirus

Novel coronavirus is threatening the health of people all over the world and all possible treatment strategies are in urgent. The sensitive of virus to heat proposed temperature treatment as an effective method against coronavirus. Here, we proposed several non-drug therapies including far-infrared, thermal air, thermal oxygen, ozone, hydrogen therapy and plasma physical therapy for immediate clinical trial and implementation. Compared with the drug therapy, these methods are safe without side effects, the highest benefit-to-risk ratio, user-friendly, and low implementation costs. It is urgent and significant to start these non-drug therapeutic design and implementation as early as possible, to determine the safety and effectiveness of these therapeutic methods.

Clinical effects of psychological intervention and drug therapy against peptic ulcer

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of psychological interventions and drug therapy against peptic ulcer.Methods:96 patients with peptic ulcer were divided into control group with Tagamet 800 mg per evening p.o.and trial group with psychological intervention on the basis of drug treatment.Results:There were significant differences between the two groups(P【0.05), the trial group showed that the anxiety and depression cases declined obviously and effective rate of ulcer therapy was much higlier than control group.Conclusions:In sum,psychological intervention combined with drug therapy provides an effective method for ulcer treatment.

Complexity of drug therapy and its implications for quality of diabetes care

Diabetes is a leading cause of mortality,morbidity and disability around the globe.In the past two decades,diabetes care has grown more complex as patients have received multi-component care.Recent studies have illumined the complexity of drug therapy in patients with diabetes.A high level of drug utilization in diabetes patients has serious implications for quality of care,in terms of coordination of care,drug safety and access to care.Practitioners,researchers,payers and policy makers should be aware of these implications and incorporate the complexity of diabetes care into practice guidelines,benefit design and policy formulation to improve the quality of care.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents: Early Prevention and Non-Drug Therapy

The global rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in youth has increased dramatically in the last 30 years. This increase mirrors the global epidemic of childhood obesity. Studies show that, compared to adults who develop T2DM, youth with T2DM ultimately suffer from more harmful symptoms. The prevalence of T2DM and obesity in youth signals a significant public health issue that financially burdens governments, families, and individuals. Since evidence suggests that T2DM in youth is different from both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults, researchers and clinicians face many difficulties in developing new treatments. Most treatment efforts have relied on drugs;however, recent studies suggest that non-drug therapy also effectively reduces obesity and diabetic symptoms. Healthier eating, increased physical exercise, and positive mental health, are often underappreciated factors towards managing obesity. Yet these lifestyle changes empower both young and older patients to independently fight diseases and attain better health. To manage the global health risk of obesity, further research addressing the prevention and nondrug early intervention of T2DM and obesity in youth is urgently needed. The present review focuses on the latest updates in the field.

Progress in the pathogenesis and related drug therapy of primary open angle glaucoma

Glaucoma is the second major cause of blindness in the world, and primary open angle glaucoma has a high incidence, complicated pathogenesis and difficult clinical diagnosis and treatment. Its main features are optic nerve damage and visual field defect, which seriously affect the quality of patients' life. The pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma is closely related to genetic factors, and MYOC, OPTN, WDR36 and CAV1/CAV2 genes are related to primary open angle glaucoma. The risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma mainly include intraocular pressure, high myopia, race, age and family history, and the pathogenesis may be aqueous humor outflow obstruction, trabecular meshwork changes, intra-scleral canal changes, Schlemm's canal collapse, hemodynamic abnormalities, related gene abnormalities as well as the effects of aqueous humor. At present, most of the clinical treatment is through drugs, laser and surgery, and local drug therapy is the first choice for primary open angle glaucoma. The study on the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma has not been uniformly defined, and the corresponding new methods for diagnosis and treatment have been emerging one after another. In clinical practice, the features of the disease should be combined with the patients' actual situation to reasonably use operation and medicines and constantly improve the clinical treatment effect of POAG.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2(SARS-COV-2)infection of pneumocytes with vaccination and drug therapy:Mathematical analysis and optimal control

We propose a mathematical model studying a within-host infection dynamics of SARSCoV-2 in pneumocytes.This model incorporates immune response,vaccination and antiviral drugs.The crucial properties of the model-the existence,positivity and boundary of solutions are established.Equilibrium points and the basic reproduction number are calculated.The stability of each equilibrium point is analyzed.Optimal control is applied to the model by adding three control variables:vaccination,treatment by Favipiravir and treatment by Molnupiravir.Numerical results show that each individual control could reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection in some aspects;however,with a combination of three controls,we obtain the best results in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection.This study has emphasized the importance of prevention by vaccine and the antiviral treatments.

Association between glucose-lowering drugs and circulating insulin antibodies induced by insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND Insulin antibodies(IAs)affect blood glucose control in patients receiving insulin therapy.AIM To investigate the relationship between different hypoglycemic treatments and IAs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS This cross-sectional,retrospective study included 1863 patients with T2DM who were receiving exogenous insulin therapy.All patients received stable antidiabetic therapy in the last 3 months and IA levels were measured using an iodine-125 array.RESULTS A total of 1863 patients were enrolled.There were 902(48.4%)patients who had positive IAs(IA level>5%),with a mean IA level of 11.06%(10.39%-11.72%).IA levels were positively correlated with high fasting blood glucose(odds ratio=1.069,P<0.001).The proportion of positive IAs was lowest in patients using glargine only(31.9%)and highest in patients using human insulin only(70.3%),P<0.001.The IA levels in patients using sulfonylureas/glinides(8.3%),metformin(9.6%),and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors(8.2%)were all lower than in patients without these drugs(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION Nearly half of patients on insulin therapy have positive IA antibodies,and IA antibody levels are associated with blood glucose control.Insulin glargine and a combination of oral glucose-lowering drugs were correlated with lower IA levels.

Using multi-omics analysis to explore diagnostic tool and optimize drug therapy selection for patients with glioma based on cross-talk gene signature

Background:The heterogeneity of prognosis and treatment benefits among patients with gliomas is due to tumor microenvironment characteristics.However,biomarkers that reflect microenvironmental characteristics and predict the prognosis of gliomas are limited.Therefore,we aimed to develop a model that can effectively predict prognosis,differentiate microenvironment signatures,and optimize drug selection for patients with glioma.Materials and Methods:The CIBERSORT algorithm,bulk sequencing analysis,and single-cell RNA(scRNA)analysis were employed to identify significant cross-talk genes between M2 macrophages and cancer cells in glioma tissues.A predictive model was constructed based on cross-talk gene expression,and its effect on prognosis,recurrence prediction,and microenvironment characteristics was validated in multiple cohorts.The effect of the predictive model on drug selection was evaluated using the OncoPredict algorithm and relevant cellular biology experiments.Results:A high abundance of M2 macrophages in glioma tissues indicates poor prognosis,and cross-talk between macrophages and cancer cells plays a crucial role in shaping the tumor microenvironment.Eight genes involved in the cross-talk between macrophages and cancer cells were identified.Among them,periostin(POSTN),chitinase 3 like 1(CHI3L1),serum amyloid A1(SAA1),and matrix metallopeptidase 9(MMP9)were selected to construct a predictive model.The developed model demonstrated significant efficacy in distinguishing patient prognosis,recurrent cases,and characteristics of high inflammation,hypoxia,and immunosuppression.Furthermore,this model can serve as a valuable tool for guiding the use of trametinib.Conclusions:In summary,this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between M2 macrophages and cancer cells in glioma;utilizes a cross-talk gene signature to develop a predictive model that can predict the differentiation of patient prognosis,recurrence instances,and microenvironment characteristics;and aids in optimizing the application of trametinib in glioma patients.

Research Progress of Atomizers and Drugs Used in Atomization Therapy

At present,the commonly used treatment methods for chronic respiratory diseases are drug,oxygen,interventional and atomization therapy.Atomization therapy is the most widely used because of its characteristics of fast effect,high local drug concentration,less drug dosage,convenient application and few systemic adverse reactions.In this paper,the mechanism,characteristics,commonly used drugs and clinical application of atomization therapy are discussed.

Advances in Transdermal Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy

Transdermal drug delivery offers a promising alternative to traditional cancer therapies by providing a non-invasive,controlled,and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents.This paper explores the advancements,benefits,and challenges associated with transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDS)in cancer treatment.It highlights the mechanisms of action,key technologies,and the potential impact on patient outcomes.By examining recent studies and clinical trials,this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the efficacy,safety,and prospects of transdermal drug delivery in oncology.

Treatment of 482 Cases of Cervical Spondylopathy by Combining Point-injection and Needle-warming via Moxibustion

From January 1993 to December 1996, we treated 482 cases of cervical spondylopathy with a combined method of point-injection and needle-warming via moxibustion. Except for the cases of sympathetic nerve type and spinal cord type, the combined method was superior to traction therapy in the control group and reported as follows.Clinical DataThe Criteria of Diagnosis and Curative Effect in TCM issued by the State Administrative Bureau of TCM and Pharmacy in 1994 was adopted for the enrollment of patients of cervical spondylopathy and the pathological typing. Only the patients who had completed the treatment and with complete records were collected for analysis.