Dynamic of Root Dry Weight of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

ObjectiveThis study was to investigate the dynamic of root dry weight of Salvia miltiorrhiza to provide a basis for optimal management in field cultivation. MethodThe Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge seedlings were transplanted at three different dates November 26, 2009 （T 1 ）, March 9, 2010（T 2 ） and March 27, 2010（T 3 ）, and at three different densities 20 cm × 25 cm （D 1 ）, 25 cm × 25 cm （D 2 ）, 25 cm × 30 cm （D 3 ）. So a total of nine treatments were finally set. The samples were collected regularly for measuring the root dry weight and plotting the dynamic curves. Normalized root weight was fitted with CURVE EXPERT 1.3. ResultLogistic equation was the most superior equation, and estimated respectively two inflection points and length of fast growing time of S. miltiorrhiza. ConclusionThe fast-growing time of S. miltiorrhiza root was in 1 900 ℃·d to 2 200 ℃·d GDD.

Root Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Two Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen-Use Efficiency

The variation in nitrogen （N） uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low （1 mmol N L^-1） and high （5 mmol N L^-1） N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-6170 greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.

Numerical Simulation of Root Growth Dynamics of CO_2-Enriched Hybrid Rice Cultivar Shanyou 63 Under Fully Open-Air Field Conditions

Hybrid indica rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars play an important role in rice production system due to its heterosis, resistance to environmental stress, large panicle, and high yield potential. However, no attention has been given to its root growth dynamic responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration （[CO2]） in conjunction with nitrogen （N） availability. Free air COz enrichment （FACE） and N have significant effects on rice root growth. In this experiment, a hybrid cultivar Shanyou 63 （Oryza sativa L.） was used to study the effects of FACE and N levels on roots growth of rice. The results showed a significant increase in both adventitious root volume （ARV） and adventitious root dry weight （ARD） under the FACE treatment. The application of nitrogen also increased ARV and ARD, but the increase was smaller than that under FACE treatment. On the basis of the FACE experiment, numerical models for rice adventitious root volume and dry weight were built with the time as the driving factor. The models illustrated the dynamic development of rice adventitious root volume and dry weight after transplanting, regulated either by the influence factor of atmospheric [CO2] or by N application. The models were successfully used to predict ARV and ARD under FACE treatment in a different year with the predicted data being closely related to the actual experimental data. The model had guiding significance to growth regulation of rice root under the condition of atmospheric [CO2] rising in the future.

Nitrogen application levels based on critical nitrogen absorption regulate processing tomatoes productivity, nitrogen uptake, nitrate distributions, and root growth in Xinjiang, China

The unreasonable nitrogen(N)supply and low productivity are the main factors restricting the sustainable development of processing tomatoes.In addition,the mechanism by which the N application strategy affects root growth and nitrate distributions in processing tomatoes remains unclear.In this study,we applied four N application levels to a field(including 0(N0),200(N200),300(N300),and 400(N400)kg/hm^(2))based on the critical N absorption ratio at each growth stage(planting stage to flowering stage:22%;fruit setting stage:24%;red ripening stage:45%;and maturity stage:9%).The results indicated that N300 treatment significantly improved the aboveground dry matter(DM),yield,N uptake,and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),while N400 treatment increased nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N)residue in the 20–60 cm soil layer.Temporal variations of total root dry weight(TRDW)and total root length(TRL)showed a single-peak curve.Overall,N300 treatment improved the secondary root parameter of TRDW,while N400 treatment improved the secondary root parameter of TRL.The grey correlation coefficients indicated that root dry weight density(RDWD)in the surface soil(0–20 cm)had the strongest relationship with yield,whereas root length density(RLD)in the middle soil(20–40 cm)had a strong relationship with yield.The path model indicated that N uptake is a crucial factor affecting aboveground DM,TRDW,and yield.The above results indicate that N application levels based on critical N absorption improve the production of processing tomatoes by regulating N uptake and root distribution.Furthermore,the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for precise N management.

Root Characters of Maize as Influenced by Drip Fertigation Levels

The efficient use of water by modern irrigation systems is becoming increasingly important in arid and semi-arid regions with limited water resources. Field experiments were conducted during 2008-2010 to study the effect of drip fertigation with water soluble fertilizer on root growth of maize under maize based intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with three replications. The treatment consists of nine fertigation levels in main plots and four inter crops in sub plots. Root spread and root dry mass were increased under drip fertigation practices while rooting depth was more under surface irrigation. Drip fertigation with water soluble fertilizer improved the root system by inducing new secondary roots which are succulent and actively involved in physiological responses. Drip fertigation has pronounced effect on the root architecture especially in the production of highly fibrous root system.

Plant Growth Response of Eight Andean Dry Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris </i>L.) Genotypes to Phosphorus Fertilizer in the Greenhouse

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume in the tropics, with production limited by low availability of soil phosphorus (P). An experiment was conducted in the glasshouse to evaluate P use efficiency of eight dry bean genotypes (G122, Montcalm, Taylor Horticulture, Cardinal, Bukoba, Kijivu, Rojo and CAL 143) of Andean origin. The treatments included: no P (0 kg P ha-1), normal P (50 kg P ha-1), and high P (100 kg P ha-1). There was variation for the measured traits shoot biomass (g), shoot P (mg kg-1), root P (mg kg-1), seed P (mg kg-1) and seed yield (g) among genotypes and P treatments. Biomass and all P concentrations increased with increasing P level and the genotypes Kijivu, Bukoba, Montcalm and Taylor Horticulture had higher P concentrations than Rojo, G122, Cardinal and CAL 143 across treatments. Genotype × treatment interactions were observed for shoot biomass. For the no P treatment, shoot and root biomass were positively correlated with PUE (phosphorus use efficiency). PUE had higher values and varied more among genotypes in the no P treatment compared to the normal P and high P treatments. The results suggest that seed yield in dry bean can be improved by selecting for genotypes with higher PUE under limiting P. The genotypes Bukoba, Kijivu and Montcalm with the highest values for PUE under no P treatment may be exhibiting some level of tolerance to low soil phosphorus. Higher shoot weight may provide simple criteria for selecting genotypes with greater yield and PUE (phosphorus use efficiency) under limiting P conditions. Therefore, a genotype is desired that can efficiently uptake and utilize available P under limited availability of this nutrient.

大豆生长及产量和品质对不同施肥模式的响应

肥料施用不当会导致大豆贪青晚熟、倒伏、病虫害加重及肥料和产量效益下降。为提高肥料效益,充分发挥大豆单产和品质潜力,采用单因素试验设计,通过大田研究了7种施肥模式F1(基施3000 kg/hm^(2)有机肥+300 kg/hm^(2)化肥)、F2(基施3000 kg/hm^(2)有机肥+150 kg/hm^(2)化肥+追施150 kg/hm^(2)化肥)、F3(基施3000 kg/hm^(2)有机肥+225 kg/hm^(2)化肥+追施75 kg/hm^(2)化肥)、F4(基施1500 kg/hm^(2)有机肥+75 kg/hm^(2)化肥+追施225 kg/hm^(2)化肥)、F5(基施300 kg/hm^(2)化肥)、F6(基施150 kg/hm^(2)化肥+追施150 kg/hm^(2)化肥)和F7(基施225 kg/hm^(2)化肥+追施75 kg/hm^(2)化肥)对大豆生长发育、光合、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施有机肥相比单施化肥可显著提高大豆根干质量,单施化肥以基追比3∶1最有利于增加根干质量。有机肥与化肥配施单株鲜叶质量、干叶质量、鲜茎质量、干茎质量及单株鲜质量和干质量高于单施化肥,单施化肥各处理间上述指标差异不显著。有机肥与化肥配施提高了大豆结荚期和鼓粒期单株叶片数和叶面积指数,不施有机肥条件下化肥基追比3∶1有利于提高大豆叶片数和叶面积指数。有机肥与化肥配施比单施化肥开花期和鼓粒期的光合速率分别提高了16.69%~21.66%和14.99%~30.66%,化肥基追比不合理或减少有机肥用量会降低大豆生育中后期叶绿素含量和光合速率。增施有机肥可提高大豆产量和籽粒粗蛋白含量,而降低粗脂肪含量,单施化肥以基追比3∶1最利于增产。综合得出,有机肥与化肥配施在改善大豆生长发育、光合及产量和品质方面明显优于单施化肥,单施化肥以基追比3∶1表现较优。

施氮量对蚕豆养分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽试验,设置3个施氮水平,以不施氮肥为CK,在不同生长时期,测定蚕豆干物质累积、根长,计算养分利用效率。结果表明:与花期和结荚期相比,收获期蚕豆干物质分别增加180%~480%。花期和结荚期,与T_(1)相比,T_(2)和T_(3)施肥量蚕豆根长增加了30.64%、24.19%;21.32%、27.88%,T_(2)和T_(3)之间差异不显著。收获期,与CK相比3个施氮水平下,蚕豆养分阶段累积量分别增加33.01%~74.85%,T_(1)和T_(2)之间差异不显著。与幼苗期相比,3个氮水平下,蚕豆收获期养分吸收效率分别减少48.61%~63.54%。同一生育期内,与CK相比T_(3)氮肥利用效率分别增加4.76%~20.74%,CK与T_(1)、T_(2)之间差异不显著。随施氮量增加,蚕豆氮肥偏生产力、氮肥利用效率增加,蚕豆收获指数相差不明显。总之,施氮量影响蚕豆生长和养分利用,但并不影响收获指数,过量施氮对蚕豆养分吸收利用也无明显促进作用。

草甘膦、草铵膦喷施对槟榔根系形态及生理的影响

除草剂防除杂草的同时会对非靶标作物造成一定危害,频繁使用除草剂的海南槟榔园叶片黄化症状更明显,我们推测除草剂可能导致槟榔根系退化,从而引起叶片黄化。为验证这一推断,以幼龄期与成龄期槟榔为试验材料,施用不同浓度草甘膦和草铵膦后,测定分析槟榔根系生长发育形态指标、根系活力、气生根组织结构、不同类型根系占比等。结果表明,幼龄期槟榔根系以直径0~1.5 mm根系为主,数量占总根的88%以上,表面积占总根的63%以上。与人工除草、对照(不除草)相比,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦显著降低槟榔幼苗根系鲜干质量、白色吸收根比例、吸收根活力。对于成龄期槟榔气生根,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦均引起气生根药剂残留,且农残量随施用浓度增加而增加,并阻碍槟榔气生根发育;草甘膦处理后14 d气生根死亡数达到最大,草铵膦处理后28 d达到最大。草铵膦损害气生根组织结构,使新根内皮层排列稀疏,表皮组织厚度增加,木栓化程度加深,导致根表皮细胞大量死亡,抑制气生根伸长与增粗。说明喷施草甘膦和草铵膦会导致槟榔根系木栓化,加速根系死亡,从而抑制其根系生长与发育,引起槟榔园叶片黄化。

番茄苗期根际加温对其生长及水分吸收的影响

[目的]本文旨在明确适宜的番茄根际加温温度,为北方早春玻璃温室中番茄苗期根际温度调控提供理论和方法依据,缓解低温环境对番茄生长的危害。[方法]在玻璃温室高架岩棉栽培条件下,采用控温加热带对番茄根际进行加温,并设置3个处理即根际不加温(CK)、根际加温至20℃(T20)、根际加温至25℃(T25),研究不同根际加温条件对早春苗期番茄生长、光合、干物质积累和水分吸收等的影响。[结果]根际加温可显著促进番茄株高、茎粗、叶片数的增加,不同时期处理T20比CK株高提高13.6%~17.0%,茎粗提高10.3%~14.3%,叶片数增加3.4%~12.5%;处理T25比CK株高提高7.2%~9.7%,茎粗提高7.7%~15.6%,叶片数增加0%~15.6%;定植后10 d,番茄净光合速率随根际温度呈先升高后降低的趋势,定植后20 d和定植后30 d,番茄净光合速率随根际温度升高而升高;根际加温促进了番茄对水分的吸收,促进了番茄茎、叶干物质积累,提早开花时间,其中处理T20比CK地上部总干重增加79.3%~85.4%,开花提早5 d,处理T25比CK地上部总干重增加29.2%~72.4%,提早开花时间3 d。[结论]T20处理番茄株高和茎粗最大、积累干物质总量最多、开花时间最早,即20℃是早春苗期番茄较为适宜的根际加温温度。

林下园参栽培技术及产量研究

为研究在保证不破坏林地环境的前提下,将园参栽培技术应用于林下参栽培,通过试验对参苗移栽与管理技术进行分析,包括选择最佳的移栽时间、控制适宜的覆土厚度以及林下园参的施肥、除草等管理措施,进而优化林下园参栽培与管理技术。结果表明:秋季移栽,较春栽4月上旬和中下旬林下园参的株高、根状茎直径、根状茎鲜重分别高12.57%、14.01%、18.75%和4.12%、3.39%、3.32%;移栽覆土厚度3~5 cm,1年生林下园参的株高、根状茎直径、根状茎鲜重较覆土≥5 cm和≤3 cm分别高23.16%、35.23%、35.81%和13.94%、29.35%、22.32%;施肥措施为生物菌肥最佳;对林下园参进行人工除草3次较1次人工除草和不除草的5年生林下园参株高、根状茎直径、根状茎鲜重分别高22.87%、34.13%、25.58%和82.06%、52.25%、102.72%;林下参至收获年即15 a时667 m2仅为3570株,而林下园参的收获年即6 a时667 m2保苗数达到25630株;林下园参5 a平均根茎干重比林下参10 a提高了64.9%。

调亏灌溉对于玉米生理指标及水分利用效率的影响

依据在渭北黄土高原区的大田玉米调亏灌溉试验资料，分析了不同亏水处理对光合速率、气孔导度，蒸腾速率、根冠比、产量与耗水量以及水分利用效率等因素的影响，从亏水处理引起的气孔反应能提高光合与蒸腾之比，揭示了调亏灌溉的节水增产机理。最后，从既提高产量又提高水分利用效率的双重目的出发，得到了苗期土壤含水率为５０％～６０％田间持水量、拔节期土壤含水率为６０％～７０％田间持水量是最佳的调亏灌溉方案。

超高产大豆根系相关性状的比较研究

为明确大豆根系相关性状与产量的关系,为高产品种选育和栽培提供理论依据,在大田条件下,对超高产大豆品种和普通大豆品种的根系活力、根系伤流量、根系干重、产量及倒伏指数进行了比较研究。结果表明:R4～R6期根系活力、根系伤流量和根系干重均处于较高水平。R1～R6期超高产大豆品种根系活力、根系伤流量、根系干重均极显著高于普通大豆品种。V3～R4期施用适量或R6～R8期施用高量的磷酸二铵对3个根系性状具有显著促进作用,但施肥对大豆产量和倒伏指数影响不显著。R1～R6期根系活力、根系伤流量、根系干重三者间均呈显著正相关,且均与产量呈显著正相关,而与倒伏指数呈显著负相关。与普通大豆品种相比,在R1～R6期超高产大豆品种根系性状优势明显,这可能是其产量较高的原因之一。

深耘断根对旱地高产小麦花后根系干重及产量的影响

在旱地 大田条件 下研究 了深 耘 断根 对 旱地 高产 小 麦花 后根 系 干重 及产 量 的影 响。 结果表明，４ 个处 理中以 冬前深耘 断根最好 ，起身期 深耘 断根 与对 照（ 不断 根） 次之 ，冬 前和 起身 期 都深耘断根 效果最差 。冬前深 耘断根 可增加中 、下层根 系的重 量和 比率， 降低 根系 生长 冗余 性，控 制最高总茎 数，提高 成穗数及 成穗率 ，使子粒产 量中来 自花后光 合器 官输 送的 比例 增加， 从而 使产 量提高，因 而在旱地 高产麦田 应推广 冬前深耘 断根。

大田期烟草根系构型参数的动态变化

采用“根箱”法研究了大田期烟草根系构型参数在时间、空间上的动态变化．结果表明，烟草2级侧根总长度的增加明显大于1级侧根，根快速增长期分别出现在移栽后26～40和56～70d．栽后57d（打顶）前，烟草根系的分枝密度表现为10～20〉0～10〉20～30〉30～40cm，此后随土层的加深呈递减趋势．在主根上，以7～21cm范围内的分枝密度最大．打顶前，比根长随着入土深度的加深而递增；栽后90d，比根长随土层的加深而递减．1级侧根根长密度在0～10cm土层内的变化呈“S”型曲线，10～20、20～30和30～40cm内表现为双峰曲线；2级侧根根长密度随生育期的进程而增加。其中0～10cm根长密度的变化为“S”曲线，其它层次为单峰曲线．

不同研究方式和方法对小麦根系活力及根质量测量准确度的影响

为增强不同研究方式和方法条件下小麦根系研究的可比性,以郑麦9023和矮抗58为材料,于2010-2011年度研究了不同研究方式和方法对根系生理活性及根质量测量值的影响。结果表明,其他条件相同时,盆栽条件下的根系活力(以鲜质量计)显著高于大田,不同生育期分别为24.607～334.839,29.362～298.834μg/(g.h)。室内培养时,不同培养基质条件下的根系活力大小顺序是水培>珍珠岩培>沙培>蛭石培>土培,不同处理间的差异达显著水平。大田和盆栽条件下,直接冲根与筛网包裹冲根处理的单株根量损失率分别为45.57%～70.25%,15.79%～34.28%,差异达极显著水平。研究认为,盆栽条件下的根系活力测定值仅可作为大田栽培条件下的一个参考;室内培养条件下,为使根系活力测定值更具有可比性,应注明培养基质种类;研究中,建议采用筛网包裹冲洗的方法以获得准确的根质量测量值。

滴灌次数对冬小麦根系生长及时空分布的影响

以新冬18号为材料，利用双管分根管栽法，模拟田间试验研究了拔节期后不同滴灌次数W1（6次）、W2（7次）、W3（9次）、W4（11次）（每次内、外管分别滴30 mm ）对0～100 cm土层含水量，0～100 cm土层初、次生根干重和长度、根系活性分布及产量的影响。结果表明，随滴灌次数及总滴灌量的增加，0～40 cm土层的含水量增加，并延缓该土层的初生根干重和根长的衰减、促进次生根干重和根长增长，增加孕穗期至花后20 d初、次生根干重密度、根长密度及根系活性，而对40～100 cm土层根系的生长影响较小。小麦产量和水分利用效率均以W4最高，分别为25．5 g·管^-1和1．36 kg·m^-3。当滴灌量少、湿润土层浅时，小麦深层初、次生根生长易受严重抑制，且根系分布浅，初生根提前衰老，导致千粒重降低而减产。

局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响

采用分根法进行玉米水培试验,研究局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响。设4个水分胁迫水平:CK,0.2 MPa,0.4 MPa,0.6 MPa,在整个根系经受一定的水分胁迫之后对部分根系复水处理,测定局部供应后0 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d等不同时期各部分根系的面积、长度及干重。结果表明,各胁迫程度均表现为,与对照相比,复水侧根区的根系面积、根长与根干重出现了明显增长,且始终显著大于持续胁迫侧根区,且随处理时间延长更加明显。不同胁迫程度下复水侧玉米根系的增长幅度不同。水分胁迫预处理后,0.2MPa水平下,复水侧根区根系的面积、长度与干重以及整个根区总根长、总面积均可以达到甚至高于对照水平,其他处理均显著低于对照。轻度胁迫后复水的根区根系产生明显的补偿效应。适度胁迫后复水有利于作物根系总面积增长,但对总根长、根干重无显著影响。根系补偿效应与胁迫强度及复水的时间有关。

再生水分根交替滴灌对马铃薯根-土系统环境因子的影响研究

分根交替（PRD）滴灌技术是很有节水潜力的灌水技术。利用再生水,采用分根交替滴灌技术对马铃薯根长密度、根重密度及土壤水盐的空间分布影响进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯根系主要分布在0-60 cm的土层内,以植株为中心,呈放射状沿不同方向减小。通过研究所建马铃薯根长密度的空间分布函数能较好地反映根系的三维分布趋势。PRD灌溉可以刺激马铃薯根系生长,水分利用效率提高39%。进行PRD灌溉时应重点考虑滴头位置处及垄坡上的水盐变化,最好能起到节水控盐的双重作用。再生水PRD地下滴灌是对传统地表滴灌的优化和提升。

黑龙江省不同大豆品种根系分布特征及与产量的关系

为明确黑龙江省大豆根系的分布特征以及大豆根系与产量的关系,本研究以黑龙江省主栽大豆品种合丰55和嫩丰18为材料,采用水平分层和垂直分段两种不同的栽培装置,对两个大豆品种的根表面积、根干物质、根比表面积、根系伤流量、产量和产量构成因素进行了分析和比较。结果表明:大豆根系的80.6%存在于垂直0~20 cm土层内,55.6%存在于水平0~5 cm土层内。大豆的根系伤流重量分布范围是0.5~6.4 g,比表面积分布范围是17.6~67.9 m2·kg-1。合丰55和嫩丰8的单株荚数与其单株产量分别呈显著正相关(0.710*)和极显著正相关(0.908**)。在R5期,大豆在垂直0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层内的根表面积分别与单株产量呈显著负相关(-0.794*)和显著正相关(0.837*),在垂直120~140 cm土层内的根干重与单株产量呈极显著正相关(0.904**)。大豆产量的提高主要依靠单株荚数的增加来实现;提高R5期垂直20~40 cm土层内的根表面积和垂直120~140 cm土层内的根干重、降低R5期垂直0~20 cm土层内的根表面积,对提高大豆产量具有重要意义。