Thermal stability and oil absorption of aluminum hydroxide treated by dry modification with different modifiers

The thermal stability, particle size and morphology and oil absorption of aluminum hydroxide(ATH) treated by drymodification with three different modifiers were investigated. The experimental results show that the thermal stability of ATHpowder is markedly improved by dry modification technology with the following modifiers such as phosphoric acid, polyacrylic acidand the mixture of phosphoric acid and polyacrylic acid. The best effect comes from pure phosphoric acid, and the initial temperaturefor the loss of crystal water of ATH powder modified with pure polyacrylic acid can reach about 202 ℃ that is approximately 10 ℃higher than that of ATH powder before modification. The phenomena of agglomeration and macro-aggregate badly exist in ATHpowder modified with the modifiers containing phosphoric acid. The growth of particles and agglomerations of powders are notevident in ATH powder modified with pure polyacrylic acid. The oil absorption of ATH powder modified with the modifierscontaining phosphoric acid is apparently larger than that of original ATH powder and ATH powder modified with pure polyacrylicacid. The oil absorption of the ATH powder modified with pure polyacrylic acid is slightly smaller than that of original ATH powder.

Atmospheric Dry Deposition in the Proximity of Oil-Fired Power Plants at Mexican Pacific Coast

Dry deposition samples were collected in a weekly basis during 2010 in a site located at the Mexican Pacific Coast: Manzanillo, Colima. Samples were collected with an automatic wet/dry deposition sampler using nylon filters as surrogate surfaces. Samples were extracted with deionized water and analyzed for pH, conductivity, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4-, NO3-, SO42- and Cl-. Nitrate and sulfate were the most abundant ions, contributing with 53% to the total ionic mass;and their levels exceeded the hemispheric background concentrations proposed for marine remote sites. The influence of the power plants burning combustoleo located upwind the sampling site was completely evident. From meteorological analysis, it could be observed that the sampling site was all time under the influence of power plants as a result of the effect of breezes. However, in spite of the high levels of NO3- and SO42- found in the samples collected, pH value average was almost neutral, with 28% of samples slightly acid. Potassium was the most abundant cation and from the quantification of the neutralization effect of the main alkaline components, the prevalence role of K+ was completely evident, suggesting the influence of the mining complex Pe?a Colorada located upwind the sampling site, where amyl xanthate potassium is used as collector in tailing dams. Dry deposition fluxes were estimated for all ions measured. Nitrogen dry deposition at Manzanillo is already in the upper extreme of the threshold value reported for sensible ecosystems. On the other hand, sulfur deposition exceeded slightly the critical load value reported for some ecosystems in Europe. Even at this moment, nitrogen and sulfur deposition is not a problem, it is necessary to take steps to avoid that total deposition of these elements exceeds critical loads, considering that results reported in this study not include the wet deposition fluxes.

Microencapsulation of nutmeg essential oil by spray-drying with different wall materials

Nutmeg essential oil with volatile components is sensitive to oxygen, light, water and high temperature. Spray-drying is widely used as an encapsulation technique for improving compound stability during processing and storage. In this study, influence of encapsulated matrix on spray-dried nutmeg essential oil microcapsule was investigated using blends of maltodextrin and either gum Arabic(GA-MD), or octenyl succinic acid modified starch(OSA-MD) as wall materials. Characteristics of spray-dried powders from these 2 wall materials were evaluated and compared. Powder property analysis indicated that GA-MD microcapsules presented larger size, higher moisture and poorer flowability compared with OSA-MD microcapsules. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis showed that both GA-MD and OSA-MD microcapsules improved the stability of nutmeg essential oil. However, GA-MD microcapsules exhibited higher storage stability than OSA-MD microcapsules. This research provided theoretical foundation for wall material choice of microcapsule and nutmeg essential oil utilization in food industry.

Production of Cocoa Butter Replacer by Dry Fractionation, Partial Hydrogenation, Chemical and Enzymatic Interesterification of Tea Seed Oil

Production of cocoa butter replacer (CBR) from tea seed oil through common modification methods of oils (dry fractionation, partial hydrogenation, chemical and enzymatic interesterification) was evaluated. Some physico-chemical properties (iodine, saponification, acid and peroxide values) and fatty acid composition (FAC) of modified samples were analyzed and compared with a reference cocoa butter (CB). Solid and liquid fractions for large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (approx. 80%) and thereby lower iodine values (81 - 85 gI2/100g) than that of CB (37% and 34 gI2/100 g, respectively), are not suitable as CBR. Among all ratios of chemically and enzaymatically interesterified oil blends (20%, 25% and 30% of hydrogenated tea seed oil with 80%, 75% and 70% of tea seed oil/liquid fraction/solid fraction), the samples with ratio of 30:70 from both chemical and enzymatic interesterification had FAC and iodine value closer to that of CB. A comparision between chemically and enzymatically interesterified samples (CISs and EISs, respectively), in terms of solid fat content (SFC) indicated that although the SFC values in EIS were much lower than that of CB, but the thermal behavior of this sample is comprable to CB at 20℃- 30℃ (sharp melting point of CB).

Palm Oil Microencapsulation by Coacervation, Thin Layer Drying, and Silica Dioxide Absorption Technique

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. The content of β-carotene in palm oil, which can act as pro-vitamin A, is relatively high, so it has great potential for overcoming cases of vitamin A deficiency. By microencapsulation process of palm oil, β-carotene content in palm oil will be more stable and have a longer shelf life. There are three methods of microencapsulation used in this study, namely coacervation, thin-layer drying, and SiO2 absorption technique, which theoretically are suitable for encapsulating β-carotene in palm oil. The aim of this research is to compare and find the most suitable method of microencapsulation process of palm oil to obtain the highest β-carotene content and retention. Results show that those three methods are significantly different in affecting water absorption, solubility in water, yield, microencapsulation efficiency, β-carotene content, and retention of microencapsulated palm oil. The microencapsulated palm oil made from thin layer drying method has the highest β-carotene content at 200.16 μg/g and β-carotene retention of 68.89%. It also has low water absorption and high water solubility, so it can be applied as a powder premix in food as vitamin A supplement.

Comparative Effects of Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash on Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Dry Matter Yield of Cocoa (The-obroma cacao) in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria

The high premium placed on the organically produced cocoa in the international market coupled with its health and environmental benefits necessitated recent focus on research into the use of agricultural wastes as source of nutrients in cocoa (T. cacao) production. The study was carried out at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan (Lat. 7&deg25'N Long. 3&deg25'E), South-western, Nigeria during the 2010/2011 seedling production season to compare the effects of NPK (20:10:10) fertilizer, Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash (CPHA and OPA) on the seedling growth and dry matter yield of cocoa (T. cacao). Equivalent amount of different rates of two nutrients sources CPHA and OPA were applied one month after planting at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 t/ha respectively, recommended rate of 10 kg·N of the conventional NPK (20:10:10). Fertilizer was used as reference fertilizer. Results indicated that all the fertilizer materials positively and significantly (p > 0.05) increased the growth parameters considered. The influence of the ash materials irrespective of sources on the nutrient uptake, dry matter yield of cocoa seedlings and shoot to root ratio were either higher than or had a comparable results with the reference fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10). CPHA and OPA applied at a rate of 4 t/ha significantly (p > 0.05) increased the plant height and root length of cocoa seedlings respectively relative to control and in—organic fertilizer and could therefore be recommended for the prospective and existing Nigerian cocoa farmers for raising their seedlings in the nursery before transplanting to the field.

A column study of the hydro-mechanical behavior of mature fine tailings under atmospheric drying

In this paper, the hydro-mechanical behavior and physical properties of mature fine tailings(MFT) under atmospheric drying are investigated through a column study. In the study, evaporation takes place in the development of suction in the upper parts of the column and increasing suction leads to higher strength in the tailings. After 5 days, the suction in the first lift is around 17 k Pa in the upper part of the column.When a second lift is added, the first lift initially loses strength but over a 30 days' period, the strength is recovered to its prior value and suction in the second lift reaches 500 k Pa. The vane shear strength values show a substantial increase in the strength of the MFT after 30 days under atmospheric drying and drainage. The 90% strength found in the column exceeds the threshold(5 k Pa). The hydraulic-mechanical properties of the deposited tailings are closely coupled due to several mechanisms, such as evaporation,drainage, self-consolidation, suction and crack development. The findings of this study will provide a better understanding of the placement behavior of multiple lifts of MFT and thus contribute to reclamation design standards and reduce the use of dedicated disposal areas.

The Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollution on Soil Degradation Using GIS Techniques and Soil Characterization in Burgan Oil field, South Kuwait

Understanding the complex spatio-temporal relationships between environmental pollution and disease and identifying exposures to environmental hazards in high-risk populations are essential elements of an effective environmental and public health management program. Modern computer technologies, such as geographic information systems (GIS), provide cost-effective tools for evaluating interventions and policies potentially affecting health outcomes. Military activities during the occupation and subsequent liberation war at 1991 caused direct and indirect damage to Kuwait’s environment and ecosystems. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide a powerful tool in managing and analyzing spatial data. It has been applied successfully to large variety of fields, one field of particular interest is the field of disaster identification and mitigation represent in the impact of hydrocarbon pollution on soil degradation in Burgan oil field, South Kuwait. It is well understood that hazard identification and land management play a major part in the reducing the impact of natural disasters. This is a role GIS is well suited to especially when combined with field investigation work .This study highlights the high level achievements of the environmental assessment for the oil contaminated status in GC32 pipe line dry oil lake and wet oil lake, Burgan oil field, state of Kuwait by using GIS application and field investigation including soil sampling, logging in order to determine the magnitude of damage, mapping present day contamination boundaries, extent of contamination and volume of contaminated soil in the area of study. In fact, the study clearly indicates that the problems persist even after 25 years although the lakes and lagoons that contained oil have been drained and many of them have dried out, their hazard potential has actually increased.

国内外油页岩工业发展现状

油页岩可作为锅炉燃料直接燃烧产生蒸汽发电,也可经热解后分解生成页岩油、页岩半焦和类似天然气的干馏气,是石油的重要补充能源,开发前景广阔,对世界能源结构的改变具有重要战略意义。梳理世界主要油页岩国家油页岩资源特点、加工利用技术和开发利用现状,世界各国对油页岩的勘探、开采和干馏技术不断革新提升,包括爱沙尼亚、巴西、美国在内的许多国家已经拥有了较先进的油页岩处理技术,对油页岩进行合理开采并进行产业化利用。目前,中国在抚顺、新疆、甘肃等地加工利用油页岩,抚顺页岩油年产量最大。与世界主要油页岩国家相比,中国油页岩开发利用程度总体较低,新技术开发利用不够成熟,尚未形成以油页岩为基础的完整产业链,未来发展还需要更多相关国家政策支持,进一步加大油页岩的科研投入,研究开发适应中国特点的新型技术,不断提高油页岩的工业利用水平和资源化利用水平,在提高处理量、产油率的同时减少生态污染,坚持走新型工业化道路。

Seed filling dynamic traits of oil flax in response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Crop yield is primarily seed-filling-limited in production system under field conditions.This study was aimed to determine whether seed filling traits of oil flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)could be controlled by phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus and nitrogen(NP)supply.Effects on seed filling traits were investigated in 2 years including capsule diameter,capsule height,capsule dry matter(DM),seed DM per capsule,pericarp DM per capsule,protein content and oil content.DM translocation from pericarps to seed,translocation efficiency,and contribution of photoassimilates during seed filling period were also detected.In a randomized complete block design,cultivar'Longyaza 1'was grown under P(33 kg P/ha),N(75 kg N/ha),and NP(33 kg P/ha and 75 kg N/ha)along with a zerofertilizer(CK)treatment in 2013 and 2014.Results suggested that DM translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency increased to different extent due to P,N or NP application.At 42 DAA(days after anthesis),seed DM per capsule reached the greatest,while protein content and pericarp DM obtained the least level.However,the highest oil content was detected at 35 DAA.A significant positive linear relationship was observed between seed DM,capsule DM and DM translocation in both years.Protein content showed inconsistent relation with oil content.The results indicated that appropriate N and P management could be an effective approach to increase oil flax production.

Physicochemical, Biochemical and Instrumental Attributes and Consumer Acceptability of Dry-Fermented Sausages Elaborated with Combined Partial Substitutions of Sodium Chloride and Pork Backfat

We performed 6 fabrications of dry-fermented sausages to investigate, at laboratory scale, the effects of combined partial substitutions of sodium chloride by potassium chloride and pork backfat by sunflower oil on key physical-chemical and biochemical parameters, instrumental colour and texture measurements, and the consumer acceptability of the end-products. Regarding the physical-chemical parameters, statistical analysis of results showed that final product weight loss was impacted by fat content and use of sunflower oil;final mean water activity value was only affected by salt level;and animal fat content impacted pH values, only at the end of drying. Regarding the biochemical parameters investigated, we statistically found a marked impact of partial substitution of NaCl by KCl on the proteolysis evolution, of fat level and sodium content on the end-product lipolysis, and finally, a significant effect of animal fat level and incorporation of sunflower oil on both protein and lipid oxidations. However, the new product formulations combining salt and fat substitutions lead to globally acceptable water loss and water activity values and similar rates of proteolysis, lipolysis and lipid oxidation, but less protein oxidation. From a practical point of view, the results clearly showed that sodium and animal fat contents in dryfermented sausages can be drastically reduced with no too marked adverse effect on colour, final textural properties or consumer acceptability. On the basis of these laboratory results, new healthier dry-fermented products can be manufactured by an industrial company in the near future.

Review: Silica Aerogel as a Viable Absorbent for Oil Spill Remediation

The review article reflects on the potential of silica aerogel as viable absorbents for spilled crude oil. Reported oil absorption capacity of silica aerogel shows it has a future in polluted site clean-up. The review presents the various dynamics of oil spill, conventional clean-up technologies and silica aerogel synthesis techniques. It also highlights some investigations of oil spill sorption using aerogels. The future prospect of rice husk as a cheaper source silica aerogel is also considered.

4种渭北旱塬栽培的平欧榛子油脂成分分析

分析比较4种栽培于渭北旱塬地区的成熟平欧榛子果仁的水分含量、油脂含量及油脂成分,对其营养品质做出评价,为其加工、保存提供参考。用烘烤法测取榛子果仁水分含量,索氏提取法测定其油脂含量,气相色谱法分析油脂脂肪酸组成,Excel 2019进行数据处理,SPSS 20软件进行差异性对比。4种平欧榛子果仁水分含量差异显著,最高可达33.81%,最低为21.48%;油脂含量差异性部分显著,最高可达61.50%,最低为60.43%;油脂脂肪酸成分差异显著。产于渭北旱塬的4种平欧榛子,其果仁油脂含量均较高,均高于60%;油脂中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量较高,其中“油酸+亚油酸”的相对含量都高于92.73%;4种平欧榛子油均可作为优质保健食用油。

不同预处理方式对抑制再制薯条吸油特性的影响

探究热风干燥预处理(60、90 min和120 min)和焙烤预处理(24、27 min和30 min)对降低再制薯条吸油效果及抑制吸油的作用机理,确定最佳的预处理方式。结果表明:与未处理样品相比,经过热风干燥和焙烤预处理后油脂质量分数分别降低了5.37%~15.75%和16.30%~16.51%(P<0.05);预处理后样品的水分质量分数降低,油炸后油脂质量分数也相应降低,且呈线性正相关;通过低场核磁共振分析发现,预处理后样品中自由水含量大幅度降低,部分自由水向结合水、半结合水转变;焙烤预处理后样品表面和内部油脂分布少于热风干燥预处理;通过激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察发现焙烤预处理后少量油脂分布于淀粉细胞缝隙中,淀粉-脂质复合物生成明显少于热风干燥和未处理样品;通过扫描电镜观察发现相比于热风干燥预处理,焙烤预处理后样品表面的粗糙度降低、裂缝和孔隙数量减少。因此,预处理是通过改变样品初始水分质量分数、水分状态、表面微观结构和淀粉特性抑制再制薯条吸油,焙烤预处理抑制吸油的效果优于热风干燥预处理。结合感官评价结果综合考虑,选择焙烤预处理27 min作为最佳预处理方式制备油脂含量低且品质较好的马铃薯休闲食品。

不同温湿度大红袍花椒对流辐射干燥试验研究

为对比大红袍花椒热风干燥、热风-红外与热风-微波联合干燥的特性和品质,揭示对流辐射联合干燥大红袍花椒的干燥过程,指导大红袍花椒生产实践。通过薄层干燥试验,研究三种干燥方式在不同温度(50℃、60℃、70℃)和相对湿度(10%、30%、50%)条件下的干燥曲线和有效水分扩散系数,结合Weibull函数的尺度参数α、形状参数β及估算有效水分扩散系数进行干燥动力学分析,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察干制花椒油苞结构,提取挥发油进行气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果表明:热风干燥时间最长,升温降湿有利于提高热风干燥速率、缩短干燥时间,但对热风-红外和热风-微波干燥影响较小;Weibull函数能很好地模拟三种干燥方式,α随干燥条件变化明显,β>1,水分迁移是由物料表面和内部共同控制,估算水分扩散系数变化范围分别为1.303×10^(-7)~2.815×10^(-7)m^(2)/min、7.646×10^(-7)~9.628×10^(-7)m^(2)/min、2.200×10^(-6)~2.778×10^(-6)m^(2)/min,且与温湿度变化相关;热风干燥和热风-红外干燥能较好地保留花椒油苞,热风-微波干燥花椒油苞更为饱满;热风-微波干燥后花椒挥发油提取量最高(7.5%),烯烃类物质相对含量最大,热风干燥花椒提取挥发油含量最低,但挥发油中化合物种类最多。热风-红外联合干燥在缩短干燥时间和保持品质方面是较好的选择。

气相色谱-质谱结合相对气味活性值分析不同干燥方式对桂花浸膏与净油香气成分的影响

为分析与比较不同干燥方式对桂花浸膏与净油挥发性成分及香气特征的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-massspectrometry,GC-MS)联用技术对桂花浸膏与净油的挥发性成分进行检测,通过建立偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)模型,并结合相对气味活性值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)、香气雷达图与主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)分析不同干燥方式对挥发性香气成分的影响。结果表明,在不同干燥方式下,桂花浸膏与净油样品中共鉴定挥发性成分有113种,不同样品的挥发性成分种类和含量具有显著性差异(P<0.05),通过PLS-DA筛选出36种变量投影重要性大于1的标志性挥发性成分,对不同干燥方式浸膏和净油的区别判断预测准确率为99.6%。ROAV和香气雷达图结果表明,二氢-β-紫罗兰醇、香叶基香叶醇、壬醛、β-紫罗兰酮、二氢-β-紫罗兰酮对桂花浸膏和净油香气贡献较大,上述挥发性成分提供了花香、木香、果香气息,尤其是冷冻干燥提取的浸膏香气更为浓郁,PCA表明冷冻干燥有利于桂花浸膏和净油香味品质的提升。本研究结果揭示了不同干燥方式桂花浸膏与净油的挥发性成分及香气特征差异,为其产品的工艺优化和品质提升提供理论支撑。

干燥方式对油茶粉品质及挥发性风味物质的影响

目的:探究适合油茶粉的干燥方式,以便油茶食用和贮藏。方法:采用喷雾干燥、真空冷冻干燥、真空干燥3种干燥方式对油茶汤进行干燥处理,并对干燥后油茶粉的品质(水分含量、感官评价、色泽)及挥发性物质进行评价。结果:真空冷冻干燥油茶粉感官得分最高(93),含水量最低(3.78%),色泽较优(ΔE值49.74)。利用SPME-GC-MS技术从3种方式干燥油茶粉中共鉴定出104种挥发性物质,其中,影响油茶粉风味的有14种。冷冻干燥的特征风味物质(壬醛、癸醛、(Z)-2-癸醛、(Z)-2-壬烯醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛)呈现青香、油脂香,喷雾干燥和真空干燥的特有香气均为(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、癸醛,呈现青香、果香、蜡香。结论:真空冷冻干燥风味品质最佳。

高含水油泥热干化处理设备研究与应用进展

高含水油泥为稳定的多相乳化体系,其脱水干化处理是后续处理处置的瓶颈。本文概述了高含水油泥的来源、组成和特点,总结了油泥热干化处理设备的研究与应用情况,对比了不同热干化设备的优缺点,分析了油泥热干化过程中存在的主要问题及原因并提出了相应的解决方法,指出破乳除油和调质预处理是降低油泥含油率、将大分子有机物小分子化的主要手段,并比较了各种破乳除油和调质预处理方法的优缺点及适应性,展望了今后热干化技术及设备的研究方向和发展趋势。

鲜油茶果快速制油工艺研究

为提高油茶果的制油效率,对传统油茶果制油工艺进行改进,采用先整果压破果壳再鼓风加热进行干燥达到蒲、壳与仁分离,得到的油茶籽仁经破碎烘干后进行压榨制油,经冷冻过滤得到成品油。对油茶籽仁烘干工艺条件和压榨工艺条件进行优化,以常温过滤为对照,对成品油的品质进行测定并考察了其在45℃储存18个月的稳定性。结果表明:油茶果干燥采用先压破果壳再鼓风加热可节约爆蒲(果壳炸开)时间0.5 h;油茶籽仁最佳烘干条件为烘干温度140℃,油茶籽仁颗粒直径6~8 mm,采用鼓风干燥;油茶籽仁含水率和油茶籽壳添加量对出油率有明显的影响,在添加30%油茶籽壳条件下,当含水率为3%时,出油率最高;油茶籽原油采用冷冻过滤得到的成品油的酸值(KOH)、过氧化值和苯并芘含量分别为0.6 mg/g、0.2 g/100 g和3μg/kg,符合食品安全国家标准要求,且储存稳定性优于常温过滤。该工艺节约了油茶果制油时间,提高了出油率和成品油的储存稳定性,可实现油茶籽油的快速制备。

不同干燥方式对油茶籽油品质的影响

以新鲜油茶籽为原料,对比研究了自然晾晒、快速烘干和慢速烘干三种处理方式对油茶籽品质(脂肪含量、蛋白含量等)和油茶籽油品质(酸价、过氧化值、脂肪酸组成、甾醇、生育酚等)的影响。结果表明:慢速烘干处理油茶籽含油率(33.3%)和油茶籽油得率(22.4%)最高,自然晾晒处理的油茶籽油酸价(0.56 mg KOH/g)最小、总生育酚含量最高(215.22 mg/kg),快速烘干处理的油茶籽油总甾醇含量(420.88 mg/100 g)最高,上述结果为油茶籽加工提供理论参考。