Influence of High Temperature Stress on Net Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Partitioning and Rice Grain Yield at Flowering and Grain Filling Stages

Climate change is recognized to increase the frequency and severity of extreme temperature events. At flowering and grain filling stages, risk of high temperature stress （HTS） on rice might increase, and lead to declining grain yields. A regulated cabinet experiment was carried out to investigate effects of high temperature stress on rice growth at flowering and grain- filling stages. Results showed that no obvious decrease pattern in net photosynthesis appeared along with the temperature rising, but the dry matter allocation in leaf, leaf sheath, culm, and panicle all changed. Dry weight of panicle decreased, and ratio of straw to total above ground crop dry weight increased 6-34% from CK, which might have great effects on carbon cycling and green house gas emission. Grain yield decreased significantly across all treatments on average from 15 to 73%. Occurrence of HTS at flowering stage showed more serious influence on grain yield than at grain filling stage. High temperature stress showed negative effects on harvest index. It might be helpful to provide valuable information for crop simulation models to capture the effects of high temperature stress on rice, and evaluate the high temperature risk.

Deterioration of Dry Skin in Arthritis Model Mice via Stress-Induced Changes in Immune Cells in the Thymus and Spleen

Objective: Skin dryness is a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis model mice. A previous study reported that the stress hormone glucocorticoid (i.e., corticosterone) is related to the induction of dry skin in arthritic mice. However, the mechanism through which stress induces dry skin in these mice is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we examined the relationship between stress and induction of dry skin in arthritic mice. Methods: Physical stress load in mice with DBA/1JJmsSlc collagen-induced arthritis was treated with water immersion stress, and transepidermal water loss and the expression of markers associated with allergic reactions and inflammation was evaluated. Results: Deterioration of skin dryness was observed in stressed arthritic mice compared with that in unstressed arthritic mice. Moreover, plasma levels of interleukin-6 and corticosterone were increased in stressed arthritic mice compared with those in unstressed arthritic mice. We also observed decreased regulatory T cell numbers and increased T helper type 2 cell numbers in the thymus of stressed arthritic mice compared with those in unstressed arthritic mice. Conclusion: These results suggested that abnormalities in the immune system were related to deterioration of dry skin in stressed arthritic mice. Thus, reduction of stress may prevent deterioration of dry skin in mice with arthritis.

Weakened carbon and nitrogen metabolisms under post-silking heat stress reduce the yield and dry matter accumulation in waxy maize

Post-silking high temperature is one of the abiotic factors that affects waxy maize(Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) growth in southern China. We conducted a pot trial in 2016–2017 to study the effects of post-silking daytime heat stress(35°C) on the activities of enzymes involved in leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms and leaf reactive oxygen species(ROS) and water contents. This study could improve our understanding on dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield production. Results indicated that decreased grain number and weight under heat stress led to yield loss, which decreased by 20.8 and 20.0% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. High temperature reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation(16.1 and 29.5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively) and promoted translocation of pre-silking photoassimilates stored in vegetative organs, especially in leaf. The lower leaf water content and chlorophyll SPAD value, and higher ROS(H2O2 and O2^-·) content under heat stress conditions indicated accelerated senescent rate. The weak activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPCase), Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(Ru BPCase), nitrate reductase(NR), and glutamine synthase(GS) indicated that leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms were suppressed when the plants suffered from a high temperature during grain filling. Correlation analysis results indicated that the reduced grain yield was mainly caused by the decreased leaf water content, weakened NR activity, and increased H2O2 content. The increased accumulation of grain weight and post-silking dry matter and the reduced translocation amount in leaf was mainly due to the increased chlorophyll SPAD value and NR activity. Reduced PEPCase and Ru BPCase activities did not affect dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield. In conclusion, post-silking heat stress down-regulated the leaf NR and GS activities, increased the leafwater loss rate, increased ROS generation, and induced pre-silking carbohydrate translocation. However, it reduced the post-silking direct photoassimilate deposition, ultimately, leading to grain yield loss.

Liquid drying of BeO gelcast green bodies using ethanol as liquid desiccant

BeO gelcast green bodies were dried by liquid drying method with liquid desiccant ethanol.Effects of ethanol concentration,solids loading and aspect ratio of green body on the moisture and shrinkage of green bodies were studied through measuring mass and dimension.Additionally,liquid drying stress was analyzed and a model of the initial stage drying stress was established.The results show that higher ethanol concentration,lower solids loading and higher aspect ratio of gelcast green bodies increase the drying rate.Increasing the ethanol concentration decreases the shrinkage rate.Liquid drying stress is generated due to a non-uniform drying rate.During the process of liquid drying,the inner drying stress of the green body changes from compressive stress to tensile stress,while the outer drying stress changes from tensile stress to compressive stress.

Drying Temperature Effect on Kernel Damage and Viability of Maize Dried in a Solar Biomass Hybrid Dryer

Though several maize varieties have been developed and introduced over the years in Ghana, farmers still face challenges of access to quality seed maize. Among the major constraint is lack of proper drying systems to guarantee quality of seed produced. As in most parts of Africa, drying of maize in the open, on bare ground along shoulders of roads is still a common practice in Ghana. In this study, a 5-tonne capacity hybrid solar biomass dryer was developed for drying maize for seed and food/feed in Ghana. Effect of air temperature in the dryer on the physiological quality and germination of maize kernels was investigated. Maize grains were dried in the open sun simulating farmers practice and using the dryer at 4 varying levels (L1, L2, L3 and L4) with corresponding heights (0.6 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m and 2.4 m, respectively) from the ground. Harvested maize at 22.8% moisture content was dried at the varying levels until reaching the final desired moisture content of 12.8% ± 0.2% (wb). Results showed that, air temperatures in the dryer increased in accordance with height with lowest mean temperature of 44.4&degC ± 4.6&degC recorded at L1 and mean maximum of 52.8&degC ± 5.4&degC at L4. Drying temperatures recorded at L1 - L3 and ambient had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on kernel damage and viability. Drying conditions at L1-L3 were considered optimum (<50&degC) for kernel drying compared to the topmost tray, L4. Kernel stress crack index (multiple and checked) was therefore reduced on average by 14% while kernel germination increased by 33%. This satisfies the dryer’s potential to be used for commercial drying of maize grains for seed production for smallholder farmers in Ghana.

Effects of dry and mist saunas on circulatory and thermoregulatory functions in humans

To test the hypothesis that mist sauna is a safer way of bathing than dry sauna, we compared changes in circulatory and thermoregulatory functions during 10 min sauna bathing in mist sauna at 40℃ with relative humidity of 100%, and in dry sauna by infrared ray at 70℃ with relative humidity of 15%. Subjects were seven healthy young men aged 29 ± 6 yrs (mean ± SD). We measured blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperatures at chest, forearm, thigh, and leg, tympanic temperature (Tty) by thermistors, skin blood flow at forearm by laser Doppler flowmetry, and sweat rate by ventilated capsule method at 1 min intervals throughout the experiment. Total sweating and change of hematocrit were also measured for dehydration analysis. Blood pressure was elevated more and changes in heart rate and total sweating were larger in dry sauna than mist. A significant hematocrit increase was observed in dry sauna bathing only. Mean skin temperature and Tty in dry sauna were elevated higher than those in mist. Heat stress of the dry sauna may be stronger than that of the mist, leading to dehydration and hypovolemia by sweating. Percent plasma volume loss was significantly larger in the dry than mist sauna. Changes in skin blood flow and sweat rate/Tty during mist sauna were significantly larger than those during dry sauna bathing despite heat stress of the mist sauna. The mist sauna bathing may thus be safer physiologically, and provide more effective vascular dilatation and sweating than the dry sauna bathing.

干旱地区水盐胁迫对水稻产量构成及稻谷品质的影响研究

针对宁夏引黄灌区传统稻田蒸发量大,盐渍化耕地占地面积广、改良问题难,土地生产力下降等问题。采用水稻滴灌旱作方式,以富源4号(96D10)作为研究对象,通过设置不同土壤水分水平(W1:高100%、W2:中80%及W3:低60%田间持水率)及盐分水平(S1:轻1.2 g/kg、S2:中3.1 g/kg及S3:重5.3 g/kg),探究不同水盐胁迫对水稻产量构成及稻谷品质的影响规律。结果表明,水盐胁迫对水稻产量及品质具有较为显著的影响,其中产量构成因素中,千粒重W3S3较W1S1下降15.89%(2021年)和15.58%(2022年),饱籽率W3S3较W1S1显著下降3.45%(2021年)和4.05%(2022年),单位产量W3S3较W1S1显著下降56.48%(2021年)和63.09%(2022年);品质方面整精米率W3S3较W1S1显著下降12.65%(2021)和13.56%(2022),垩白米率W3S3较W1S1显著上升164.71%(2021)和122.73%(2022),直链淀粉含量W3S3较W1S1显著下降5.97%(2021)和8.99%(2022),蛋白质含量W3S3较W1S1显著上升53.51%(2021)和61.82%(2022)。综合考虑,在节水目标下,采用滴灌旱作方式种植水稻,保持80%田间持水率加轻、中度盐碱化(≤4.0 g/kg)的土壤环境,可以保持较为接近充分灌溉条件下的产量构成水平和较好的稻谷品质水平。该结论可为宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地可持续利用及水稻的节水灌溉适应性研究提供理论依据。

马头营干热岩开采试验场地人工注水诱发地震探讨

结合马头营干热岩区7个临时测震台站的地震观测资料和M1井2022-06~09的加压注水数据,研究地震活动与注水压力、水流量的关系,同时分析诱发地震震源机制解及其对周边应力场的影响。结果表明,注水作业可能诱发了201个地震,震源深度主要集中在0~4 km,这个区段也是地围压较小的安全区域,发生中强震的几率较小;水流量、水压力的改变不仅影响诱发地震的时空分布特征,而且影响地震活动频度,应力积累到一定水平诱发地震发生,之后水流量、水压力与地震频度呈现正相关关系;注水量和震级之间关系不明显,压力和诱发地震震级呈线性相关;在持续注水量达到11 821 m^(3)、压力达到23.46 MPa时,有断层失稳、诱发地震的可能;最大诱发地震的震源机制解为走滑型,主压应力NNW向,与华北区域应力分布有一定偏差,可见M1井开采对局部应力分布有影响;从地震震中位置迁移规律推测,有新的地裂缝产生。

Design and Preparation of High Elastic Modulus Self-compacting Concrete for Pre-stressed Mass Concrete Structures

Requirements of self-compacting concrete （SCC） applied in pre-stressed mass concrete structures include high fluidity, high elastic modulus, low adiabatic temperature rise and low drying shrinkage, which cannot be satisfied by ordinary SCC. In this study, in order to solve the problem, a few principles of SCC design were proposed and the effects of binder amount, fly ash （FA） substitution, aggregate content and gradation on the workability, temperature rise, drying shrinkage and elastic modulus of SCC were investigated. The results and analysis indicate that the primary factor influencing the fluidity was paste content, and the main methods improving the elastic modulusof SCC were a lower sand ratio and an optimized coarse aggregate gradation. Lower adiabatic temperature rise and drying shrinkage were beneficial for decreasing the cement content. Further, based on the optimization of mixture, a C50 grade SCC （with binder amount of only 480 kg/ m3, fly ash substitution of 40%, sand ratio of 51% and proper coarse aggregate gradation （Vs.~0 mm： V10-16 ram： V16.20 mm= 30%： 30%：40%）） with superior workability was successfully prepared. The temperature rise and drying shrinkage of the prepared SCC were significantly reduced, and the elastic modulus reached 37.6 GPa at 28 d.

Chloride Resistance of Concrete under Complex Stress and Environment

The presence of stress is shown to have a significant impact on chloride ions in concrete. Reinforced concrete is usually durable and cost-effective which has resulted in its widespread use for construction, however, the concrete subjected to environment and load has become increasingly apparently that attacked by aggressive agents such as chloride ion. In this study, the coupling influences are stress effects and environmental problems on the coastline concrete durability have been investigated. A series of cyclic of a wet-dry cycle and submersion tests were performed onto the stressed concrete to obtain an understanding of the physical mechanisms causing the accumulation of chlorides in the interior pores of concrete under different stress types and exposure environments, based on the same duration. Specimens were prepared and subjected to NaCl solution in a wet-dry cycle and submersion, the chloride in the tension zone is gradual with increasing the stress level, as well as the chloride ion in the wet-dry cycle, is increasing the number of cycles. The apparent diffusion coefficient of each specimen was calculated respectively, the profile of concentration at a different section of tension and compression zones were presented in influence factors of the number of cycles, the length of drying phase, and periodic wetting cycles with sodium solution was discussed. After employed Fick’s second law, the results suggested Da in a wet-dry cycle is much higher than the Da in submersion zones.

授粉期高温胁迫对夏玉米植株形态、叶片光合及产量的影响

针对黄淮海地区花期高温影响夏玉米安全生产的问题,本研究以热敏感型品种‘先玉335’为试验材料,以大田常温为对照(CK),设置授粉期高温处理(HT),研究授粉期高温胁迫对夏玉米植株形态、叶片光合特性、干物质积累与分配及产量形成的影响。结果表明:2021年和2022年,HT处理的冠层最高温度超过40℃的天数分别为7 d和8 d,高温处理期间冠层最高温度分别较CK高1.7~6.8℃和1.5~4.6℃。HT处理显著提高了夏玉米株高和穗位高,对茎粗和叶面积无显著影响,但延缓了生育后期叶片衰老,2021年和2022年成熟期的叶面积较CK分别显著提高34.69%和163.72%。高温处理期间,HT处理的玉米叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO_(2)浓度显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),叶片羧化效率、气孔限制值和水分利用效率显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);叶片净光合速率随处理温度而变化,处理温度过高(一般>40℃时)则显著降低(P<0.05),反之则显著升高(P<0.05)或无显著变化,叶片整体光合性能下降。高温胁迫解除后,HT处理的叶片光合性能相关参数逐渐与CK趋于一致。经授粉期高温胁迫处理后,玉米茎秆、叶片、苞叶、穗轴和单株干重降低,其中穗轴干重降幅最大,而雄穗和花丝干重增加,使得干物质向茎秆、叶片、雄穗、花丝等部位的分配比例增加,而向穗轴的分配比例显著减少(P<0.05)。至成熟期,HT处理造成玉米籽粒和单株干重显著减少48.32%和16.71%(P<0.05),而玉米茎秆和叶片干重显著增加35.01%和9.48%(P<0.05)。HT处理的结实率和穗粒数分别显著下降54.43%和53.19%(P<0.05),百粒重显著提高10.13%(P<0.05),但籽粒产量显著降低46.82%(P<0.05)。综上,授粉期高温胁迫增强了玉米叶片气孔蒸腾,增加了胞间CO_(2)浓度,降低了叶片羧化效率和水分利用效率,导致植株整体光合性能下降,制约了光合同化物积累及向穗部的转移分配,导致结实率显著下降,穗粒数显著减少,制约了花后光合同化物从“源”(茎秆和叶片)向“库”(籽粒)的转运,最终导致籽粒产量大幅下降。

基于X-rayμCT技术的玉米干燥损伤定量研究

应力裂纹是玉米干燥损伤的主要形式,一些微裂纹无法肉眼观察但影响玉米的机械强度、发芽率以及活力等。为此,利用X-rayμCT技术对不同干燥条件下玉米进行扫描,使用深度学习算法分割与胚乳密度相近的胚区域并结合软件对玉米内部物性特征参数进行提取,提出了一种新的玉米内部损伤定量评价方法。结合定量研究结果提出的玉米干燥损伤模型,可为玉米损伤预测提供新思路。

PEG干旱胁迫下甜高粱生理响应与抗旱性比较

本研究旨在探讨不同甜高粱品系在受到干旱胁迫时生理生态响应机制,并筛选出具有优良抗旱性的甜高粱恢复系。实验设计了4个不同浓度的PEG-6000水溶液:50、100、150、200 g/L,并以清水处理作为对照组,通过测量各处理组的发芽率、发芽势、胚芽长、胚根长、芽干重、根干重、干物质转运率等指标,评估了不同甜高粱品系的抗旱性能。研究结果显示,随着PEG浓度的增加发芽率、发芽势、胚根长、胚芽长、芽干重、根干重、干物质运转率整体均呈下降趋势,不同处理下品种2和品种7发芽势表现最好,浓度小于200 g/L处理下发芽势均未出现显著下降,在浓度达到200 g/L分别较对照下降11.5%、17.8%;品种7发芽率表现最好,20%的PEG浓度处理下较对照下降最少(5.6%);品种6胚根长表现最好,150 g/L处理下,胚根长较对照增长7.1%;品种3和品种4胚芽长表现最好,在100 g/L和150 g/L处理下胚芽长均是较对照降低最少。品种2干物质运转率表现最好,所有处理均较对照下降最少。可见不同甜高粱品系应对干旱胁迫的响应机制各有不同。综合分析表明,不同的甜高粱品系对干旱胁迫的适应机制存在差异。通过隶属函数进行综合评价,得出8个甜高粱品系的抗旱性排序为:品种3>品种7>品种4>品种6>品种2>品种5>品种8>品种1。这一结果为甜高粱的抗旱育种提供了重要的理论依据。

干密度对定向剪切下重塑黄土力学特性影响研究

为研究不同干密度对定向剪切下重塑黄土力学特性的影响,采用英国GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪(HCA)对青海重塑黄土进行一系列定向剪切试验。试验保持平均主应力、中主应力系数和大主应力方向角不变,重点探讨干密度的变化对定向剪切条件下重塑黄土强度和变形的影响。试验结果表明:重塑黄土在定向剪切路径下破坏强度随着干密度的增大而增大;重塑黄土的八面体剪应变和主应变的开展模式受到初始干密度的显著影响;重塑黄土的归一化强度随干密度的增大呈现出近似线性增长的趋势;重塑黄土在剪切破坏后期的大主应力方向和应变方向不一致,存在明显的非共轴现象;在干密度为1.72 g/cm^(3)时,重塑黄土剪切破坏时的非共轴角超过12°。

氧化应激及天然食物中的抗氧化剂在干眼中的作用研究进展

干眼是以泪膜不稳定、眼部不适为特征的年龄相关性疾病,其发病与年龄、环境等多种因素密切相关。研究表明,氧化应激在干眼的发病过程中起关键作用。本文主要就氧化应激通过激活自噬、炎症和衰老等诱导干眼发生的机制以及天然食物中抗氧化剂对于改善眼表氧化应激状态、治疗干眼方面的应用进展进行综述。

核桃楸木材的自由干缩特性

木材在干燥过程中因失水而导致干缩,非均匀干缩会产生应力限制木材的自由干缩。以核桃楸为试验对象,研究了5 mm厚(纤维方向)分层试件和未分层(整体)试片的自由干缩特性,并对比研究了受限干燥后木材的分层自由干缩特性。研究结果表明:室温下各层自由干缩系数和绝干干缩率存在显著差异,总体呈现表层向芯层递减的趋势,第1层自由干缩系数(0.254)最大,第7层自由干缩系数(0.165)最小。树皮侧木材的自由干缩系数大于髓心侧。整体自由干缩试件常温干燥过程存在由含水率梯度引起的应力,限制其自由干缩,其弦向干缩率比分层自由干缩试件小0.50%。泡水和汽蒸无法使受限干缩木材的塑性变形完全恢复,利用这种方法测量木材的自由干缩应变不准确。室温下弦向各层自由干缩的干缩率-含水率回归方程的决定系数(R^(2))均高于0.96,利用该方程可以准确计算各含水率点的木材自由干缩应变。

玉米水氮利用效率对不同生育期干旱和施氮量的响应

为明确不同氮肥施用量和不同生育期干旱对玉米生长和水氮利用效率的影响,本研究以‘超级登海2号’和‘郑单958’2个玉米品种为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法评估了干旱和氮肥处理对玉米拔节期、开花期和灌浆期干物质积累、水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率的调控效果。结果表明,所有设定的干旱处理均显著减低玉米籽粒的干物质量,并导致水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率降低。特别是开花期的干旱,对玉米籽粒干物质量累积的负面影响最为显著,其次是拔节期干旱。在干旱条件下,增加氮肥施用量对抗旱性较强品种‘郑单958’籽粒干物质量积累及水分利用效率具有促进作用,而对抗旱性较弱品种‘超级登海2号’仅在灌浆期缺水和充分灌溉处理下存在促进作用。2种玉米氮肥利用效率均随施氮量增加而降低,在灌浆期干旱处理氮肥利用效率高于拔节期和开花期干旱处理。试验结果对黄淮海玉米水肥高效管理提供理论依据。

干砂地基初始应力对爆炸波传播影响的模型试验

为了研究砂土地基初始应力对爆炸波压力峰值、上升时间、传播速度和初始应力动态卸载等传播规律的影响,开展多组干砂地基常重力和超重力爆炸模型试验.试验结果表明,初始自重应力会抑制爆炸波近区压力峰值的增长,而对远区的影响较小.初始应力的增加使得爆炸波上升时间更长,更易由冲击波衰减为弹塑性波,并使得爆炸波波速增大.超重力试验通过还原砂土地基的原型自重应力,能够模拟爆炸荷载诱发砂土地基初始应力动态卸载的过程,形成爆炸压力和土体初始应力动态卸载拉应力的耦合波,动态卸载拉应力持续时间更长.与爆炸波压应力的比冲量相比,初始应力动态卸载拉应力的比冲量随着传播距离的增加逐渐成为爆炸能量的主要部分,其产生的破坏作用不可忽视.

X80钢在干湿交替阴极电位下的应力腐蚀行为

通过电化学和慢应变速率拉伸试验,研究了X80钢在干湿交替海洋环境中不同阴极电位下的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)机理。结果表明:-850 mV电位降低了钢的腐蚀电流密度,电流密度随外加电位的减小而增大,由于应变的作用,阴极保护效果逐渐降低。与不加电位相比,钢在-850 mV电位下的SCC敏感性降低了14.28%,而在-1200 mV电位下的敏感性提高了71.42%,从韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。外加电位的保护作用是通过抑制钢的阳极溶解来实现的,随着电位的降低,引发剧烈的析氢反应,导致SCC敏感性升高。

干旱及复水对冬小麦产量和干物质积累与分配的影响

为了探究干旱及复水条件下,冬小麦各器官干物质积累与分配的变化规律,及对产量的影响,以‘济麦22’为研究对象,在拔节期(4月2日)按照正常补水量(75 mm)的100%(CK)、80%(T_(1))、50%(T_(2))、25%(T_(3))和0%(T_(4))一次性灌溉,并在开花期(4月26日)统一复水至土壤相对湿度达90%,测定2个生育期植株各器官干物质量和总干物质量,以及各处理的最终产量。结果表明,拔节期干旱胁迫会使冬小麦叶的干物质分配比降低,茎和穗的干物质分配比升高,叶鞘的干物质分配比变化不大,复水后各器官干物质分配比均能恢复到与对照一致的水平;开花后期植株的穗干物质重和干物质总重降低,T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)处理的冬小麦总干物质重相较于CK下降11.3%、16.0%、24.2%、35.0%,穗干物质重下降15.7%、20.0%、26.6%、32.0%;叶的花前干物质转运量和转运率显著降低,叶鞘和茎的花前转运率显著升高;T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)处理的冬小麦产量相较于对照分别下降16.2%、24.4%、29.4%、33.0%,穗粒数分别下降9.9%、11.6%、20.0%、23.3%,不孕穗率分别升高6.2、7.5、9.6、8.1个百分点,对千粒重和小穗数影响不大。由此可知,拔节期干旱会导致干物质向茎和穗等储藏器官分配,复水后的总干物质重和穗干物质重显著降低,干旱胁迫程度越重,变化幅度越大;拔节期的干旱胁迫导致穗粒数减少,不孕穗率显著升高,产量显著下降。