Optimized NPK fertilizer recommendations based on topsoil available nutrient criteria for wheat in drylands of China

The optimized management of crop fertilization is very important for improving crop yield and reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers.Critical nutrient values can be used for evaluating the nutritional status of a crop,and they reflect the nutrient concentrations above which the plant is sufficiently supplied for achieving the maximum potential yield.Based on on-farm surveys of 504 farmers and 60 field experimental sites in the drylands of China,we proposed a recommended fertilization method to determine nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)fertilizer input rates for wheat production,and then validated the method by a field experiment at 66 different sites in northern China.The results showed that wheat grain yield varied from 1.1 to 9.2 t ha^(-1),averaging 4.6 t ha^(-1),and it had a quadratic relationship with the topsoil(0-20 cm)nitrate N and soil available P contents at harvest.However,yield was not correlated with the inputs of N,P,and K fertilizers.Based on the relationship(exponential decay model)between 95–105%of the relative yield and topsoil nitrate N,available P,and available K contents at wheat harvest from 60 field experiments,the topsoil critical nutrient values were determined as 34.6,15.6,and 150 mg kg^(-1)for soil nitrate N,available P,and available K,respectively.Then,based on five groups of relative yield(>125%,115–125%,105–115%,95–105%,and<95%)and the model,the five groups of topsoil critical nutrient levels and fertilization coefficients(Fc)were determined.Finally,we proposed a new method for calculating the recommended fertilizer input rate as:Fr=Gy×Nr×Fc,where Fr is the recommended fertilizer(N/P/K)input rate;Gy is the potential grain yield;Nr is the N(N_(rN)),P(N_(rP)),and K(N_(rK))nutrient requirements for wheat to produce 1,000 kg of grain;and Fc is a coefficient for N(N_c)/P(P_c)/K(K_c)fertilizer.A 2-year validated experiment confirmed that the new method reduced N fertilizer input by 17.5%(38.5 kg N ha^(-1))and P fertilizer input by 43.5%(57.5 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1))in northern China and did not reduce the wheat yield.This outcome can significantly increase the farmers’benefits(by 7.58%,or 139 US$ha^(-1)).Therefore,this new recommended fertilization method can be used as a tool to guide N,P,and K fertilizer application rates for dryland wheat production.

Subsoil tillage enhances wheat productivity,soil organic carbon and available nutrient status in dryland fields

Tillage practices during the fallow period benefit water storage and yield in dryland wheat crops.However,there is currently no clarity on the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),and available nutrients to tillage practices within the growing season.This study evaluated the effects of three tillage practices(NT,no tillage;SS,subsoil tillage;DT,deep tillage)over five years on soil physicochemical properties.Soil samples at harvest stage from the fifth year were analyzed to determine the soil aggregate and aggregate-associated C and N fractions.The results indicated that SS and DT improved grain yield,straw biomass and straw carbon return of wheat compared with NT.In contrast to DT and NT,SS favored SOC and TN concentrations and stocks by increasing the soil organic carbon sequestration rate(SOCSR)and soil nitrogen sequestration rate(TNSR)in the 0-40 cm layer.Higher SOC levels under SS and NT were associated with greater aggregate-associated C fractions,while TN was positively associated with soluble organic nitrogen(SON).Compared with DT,the NT and SS treatments improved soil available nutrients in the 0-20 cm layer.These findings suggest that SS is an excellent practice for increasing soil carbon,nitrogen and nutrient availability in dryland wheat fields in North China.

The first factor affecting dryland winter wheat grain yield under various mulching measures: Spike number

Water is the key factor limiting dryland wheat grain yield.Mulching affects crop yield and yield components by affecting soil moisture.Further research is needed to determine the relationships between yield components and soil moisture with yield,and to identify the most important factor affecting grain yield under various mulching measures.A long-term 9-yearifeld experiment in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China was carried out with three treatments:no mulch (CK),plastic mulch (M_(P)) and straw mulch (M_(S)).Yield factors and soil moisture were measured,and the relationships between them were explored by correlation analysis,structural equation modeling and significance analysis.The results showed that compared with CK,the average grain yields of M_(P) and M_(S) increased by 13.0and 10.6%,respectively.The average annual grain yield of the M_(P) treatment was 134 kg ha^(–1) higher than the M_(S) treatment.There were no significant differences in yield components among the three treatments (P<0.05).Soil water storage of the M_(S) treatment was greater than the M_(P) treatment,although the differences were not statistically signifiant.Soil water storage during the summer fallow period (SWSSF) and soil water storage before sowing (SWSS) of M_(S) were significantly higher than in CK,which increased by 38.5 and 13.6%,respectively.The relationship between M_(P) and CK was not statistically significant for SWSSF,but the SWSS in M_(P) was significantly higher than in CK.In terms of soil water storage after harvest (SWSH) and water consumption in the growth period(ET),there were no signi?cant differences among the three treatments.Based on the three analysis methods,we found that spike number and ET were positively correlated with grain yield.However,the relative importance of spike number to yield was the greatest in the M_(P )and M_(S) treatments,while that of ET was the greatest in CK.Suifcient SWSSF could indirectly increase spike number and ET in the three treatments.Based on these results,mulch can improve yield and soil water storage.The most important factor affecting the grain yield of dryland wheat was spike number under mulching,and ET with CK.These findings may help us to understand the main factors influencing dryland wheat grain yield under mulching conditions compared to CK.

Study on Water-Preserving Effects of Mulching for Dryland Winter Wheat in Loess Tableland

Focused on the rainfall characteristics and the reality of agricultural production in the loess tableland , and based on previous results, new patterns for dryland winter wheat production, in which the emphasis was put on the film mulch with obvious water-preserving advantage, were designed to make effective use of rainfall. The results showed that the technique of the double mulch of film plus straw in summer fallow period can collect the rainfall in this period to the utmost extent and over 73.2% of it can be stored in the soil, which is 108. 4 mm more than that of conventional tillage. Furthermore, it can not only preserve water stored in soil in summer fallow, but also collect the rainfall in the growth period as much as possible by using the technique of making ridges plus film mulching and furrow sowing. So the patterns, which can greatly increase both the soil moisture and wheat yield, are the best choice for making full utilization of the rainfall and achieving a high and stable yield in the dryland wheat production of the loess tableland.

Effect of Fertilization on Soil Fertility and Wheat Yield of Dryland in the Loess Plateau

Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems.Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China,to ascertain the effect of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure on wheat yield and soil fertility in the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. The experiment consisted of nine fertilizer treatments with three replicates arranged in a completely randomized design: 1) CK (no fertilizer); 2) N (N 120 kg ha-i); 3) P (P 26.2 kg ha-1); 4) NP (N 120, P 26.2 kg ha-1); 5) M (manure 75 t ha-1); 6) NM (N 120 kg ha-1,manure 75 t ha-1); 7) PM (P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 8) NPM (N 120, P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1);and 9) fallow (no fertilizer, no crop). N fertilizer was applied in the form of urea and P was applied as calcium super phosphate. The results showed that precipitation had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Manure (M), NP, PM, NM, and NPM treatments significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05) average yield. In the NP, PM, NM and NPM treatments, the percentage increases in yield due to fertilization were highest in normal years, and lowest in the drought years. Long-term P application enhanced soil available P markedly, and manure applications contributed more to soil fertility than chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizers applied together with manure distinctly improved soil fertility.The results also showed that the soil nutrient concentration changed mainly in the 0-60 cm layers and fertilization and planting only slightly affected soil nutrients below the 100 cm layers.

Response of yield increase for dryland winter wheat to tillage practice during summer fallow and sowing method in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is the most critical limiting factor impacting yields of dryland winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and it is strongly affected by tillage practice and sowing methods. This study was to assess the link between sowing method and tillage practice during summer fallow and their subsequent effect on soil moisture and grain yield. Furthermore, we sought to identify a more appropriate farming management practice for winter wheat production in Loess Plateau region of China. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013, using a two-factor split plot design, including subsoiling(SS) or no tillage(NT) during summer fallow for main plots, and conventional drill sowing(DS) or plastic film drill sowing(FM) for subplots. Results showed that the maximum soil water storage(SWS) was under SS×FM treatment with values of 649.1 mm(2011–2012) and 499.4 mm(2012–2013). The SWS during the 2011–2012 growing season were 149.7 mm higher than that in the 2012–2013 growing season. And adoption of SS×FM significantly increased precipitation use efficiency(PUE) and water use efficiency(WUE) compared to other treatments for both seasons. Moreover, adoption of SS×FM significantly increased yield by 13.1, 14.4, 47.3% and 25.9, 39.1, 35.7% than other three treatments during the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, combining subsoiling during summer fallow with plastic film drill sowing(SS×FM) increased SWS at sowing and effectively improved WUE, thus representing a feasible technology to improve grain yield of dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.

Response of dryland crops to climate change and drought-resistant and water-suitable planting technology:A case of spring maize

Climate change has a significant impact on agriculture.However,the impact investigation is currently limited to the analysis of meteorological data,and there is a dearth of long-term monitoring of crop phenology and soil moisture associated with climate change.In this study,temperature and precipitation(1957-2020)were recorded,crop growth(1981-2019)data were collected,and field experiments were conducted at central and eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia,China.The mean temperature increased by 0.36°C,and precipitation decreased by 11.17 mm per decade.The average evapotranspiration(ET)of winter wheat in 39 years from 1981 to 2019 was 362.1 mm,demonstrating a 22.1-mm decrease every 10 years.However,the ET of spring maize was 405.5 mm over 35 years(1985-2019),which did not show a downward trend.Every 10 years,growth periods were shortened by 5.19 and 6.47 d,sowing dates were delayed by 3.56 and 1.68 d,and maturity dates advanced by 1.76 and 5.51 d,respectively,for wheat and maize.A film fully-mulched ridge-furrow(FMRF)system with a rain-harvesting efficiency of 65.7‒92.7%promotes deep rainwater infiltration into the soil.This leads to double the soil moisture in-furrow,increasing the water satisfaction rate by 110‒160%.A 15-year grain yield of maize increased by 19.87%with the FMRF compared with that of half-mulched flat planting.Grain yield and water use efficiency of maize increased by 20.6 and 17.4%when the density grew from 4.5×10^(4)to 6.75×10^(4)plants ha-1 and improved by 12.0 and 12.7%when the density increased from 6.75×10^(4)to 9.0×10^(4)plants ha-1,respectively.Moreover,responses of maize yield to density and the corresponding density of the maximum yield varied highly in different rainfall areas.The density parameter suitable for water planting was 174 maize plants ha-1 with 10 mm rainfall.Therefore,management strategies should focus on adjusting crop planting structure,FMRF water harvesting system,and water-suitable planting to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and enhance sustainable production of maize in the drylands.

夏闲期耕作下旱地土壤有机碳库与温度和含水量季节变化及关系研究

为明确夏闲期耕作下土壤有机碳(SOC)库与温度和含水量的季节变化及其相互关系,设置夏闲期免耕、翻耕和深松3种耕作处理,分析了黄土高原旱地麦田SOC和易氧化有机碳(POxC)含量的季节变化、土壤含水量和温度的季节变化、以及碳库与温度和含水量变化的关系。结果表明,在冬小麦生育期内,随着生育进程的推进,翻耕和深松处理0~5和5~10 cm土层SOC含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而POxC含量呈“降低—升高—再降低”的变化趋势;土壤质量含水量变化均呈“增加—降低—再增加”的变化趋势,而土壤温度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。回归分析发现,5~10 cm土层土壤质量含水量与SOC含量呈线性关系(P<0.05),与POxC含量呈二次多项式关系(P<0.05),尤其与免耕和深松处理相比,翻耕处理拟合效果更佳。此外,0~5和5~10 cm土层土壤温度变化与SOC含量无显著相关性,而日最高温度、日平均温度和日最低温度与POxC含量呈显著负相关。综上所述,不同夏闲期耕作下旱地麦田0~10 cm土层POxC含量季节变化与土壤质量含水量和温度变化密切相关,而SOC含量变化对土壤温度变化的敏感性较弱。本研究结果为旱地麦田碳库管理提供了理论依据。

耕作方式对旱作区麦-玉轮作体系小麦产量、氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

为筛选适合黄河中游旱作区麦-玉轮作体系小麦生产的耕作方式,2019年10月至2022年6月在洛阳市小浪底镇进行定位试验,设置深松(SS)、翻耕(PT)和旋耕(RT)3种耕作方式,研究了小麦产量特性,氮素积累分配转运特性及利用效率和0~200cm土层硝态氮残留量.3年中SS较RT和PT显著提高了产量、穗数和穗粒数,但降低了千粒质量.PT较RT提高产量和穗数,但对穗粒数和千粒质量的影响存在年际差异.SS不仅增加了越冬至成熟期各时期的地上部氮素积累量,而且可提高花前氮素转运量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,最终使蛋白质产量较RT和PT分别提高17.90%~23.56%和7.92%~12.98%,氮肥偏生产力提高5.63%~15.89%和3.09%~11.00%,成熟期0~200cm土壤硝态氮残留量显著降低7.39%~21.24%和4.76%~23.04%.综上,SS不仅能提高小麦产量,而且能促进氮素积累、转运和利用,降低土壤硝态氮残留量,是黄河中游旱作麦-玉轮作区实现小麦高产高效和环境友好的耕作方式.

秸秆还田配施磷肥对豫西旱地小麦碳同化物积累的影响及其生理机制

为明确秸秆还田配施磷肥对豫西旱地小麦碳同化物积累特性和产量的影响,2021-2022年度,以洛旱22为材料,采用裂区试验设计,主区为玉米秸秆还田处理,分别为秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆全量还田(S1),副区为施磷量处理,分别为0 kg·hm^(-2) (P_(0))、75 kg·hm^(-2) (P_(1))、112.5 kg·hm^(-2) (P_(2))、150 kg·hm^(-2) (P_(3))、187.5 kg·hm^(-2) (P_(4)),测定了不同处理下小麦干物质积累特性和产量及其构成因素,以及花后旗叶净光合速率、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值),旗叶和籽粒的可溶性糖、蔗糖含量及蔗糖酶活性。结果表明,同一施磷水平下,与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田提高了小麦旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率,增加了旗叶和籽粒中的可溶性糖、蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性,最终使成熟期干物质积累量和籽粒产量分别显著增加9.25%~14.60%和2.17%~6.31%。同一秸秆处理下,随施磷量的增加,旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率,旗叶和籽粒中的可溶性糖、蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶及干物质积累量呈先上升后下降趋势。从互作效应看,S1P_(3)处理下旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率,旗叶和籽粒中的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性等各指标均最高,从而获得最高产量,较S0P_(0)处理增产35.70%。因此,秸秆还田配施磷150 kg·hm^(-2) 是本试验条件下的最适宜种植方式,可在豫西旱地小麦栽培上推广。

施氮量对旱地小麦花后糖代谢及籽粒产量的影响

施用氮肥为当前农业增产措施之一,适量施用对小麦产量形成具有重要意义。本试验于2020—2021年在位于黄土高原东南部的山西农业大学小麦试验站开展,设置施氮(N)0 kg/hm^(2)(N0)、90 kg/hm^(2)(N90)、150 kg/hm^(2)(N150)、210 kg/hm^(2)(N210)共4个处理,采用池栽方式研究不同施氮量对旱地小麦地上部生长、花后糖代谢及产量等的影响,以探明提高产量的适宜施氮量及其糖代谢生理机制。结果表明,与对照(N0)相比,施氮肥可显著增加旱地小麦各生育时期株高,增加叶面积指数和花后旗叶蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,且花后15~30 d间差异达显著水平;产量及其构成因素中,产量增加13.45%~42.18%,穗数增加7.68%~22.33%,穗粒数增加2.14%~3.45%,千粒重增加2.48%~13.54%;总淀粉含量增加1.8~8.8个百分点,尤以支链淀粉含量增加显著。从动态趋势上看,施氮量由90 kg/hm^(2)增至210 kg/hm^(2),各生育时期小麦叶面积指数、花后10~30 d旗叶SPS和SS活性、花后10~30 d籽粒淀粉含量均先增后减,且在施氮量150 kg/hm^(2)时达最高值。最终,旱地小麦产量以N150处理最高,而淀粉含量以N210处理最高,但与N150差异不显著。综上,施氮量150 kg/hm^(2)促进旱地小麦地上部生长,增强花后10~30 d旗叶糖代谢酶活性,增加蔗糖和淀粉含量,增产效果最好。

基于混沌万有引力算法对APSIM模型中旱地春小麦产量形成参数的优化

为了解决APSIM模型中春小麦产量形成参数本土化率定过程中所面临的耗时长、精度差、效率低等问题,采用混沌万有引力(chaotic gravitational search algorithm, CGSA)算法,基于1971-2014和2018-2021年甘肃省定西市统计年鉴中的产量数据以及2015-2017年定西市安定区凤翔镇安家沟村的大田试验数据、1971-2021年定西市安定区的产量和气象资料,对春小麦产量形成参数进行优化。结果表明,采用CGSA优化参数后,均方根误差(RMSE)、归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)和模型有效性指数(ME)的平均值分别为22.98 kg·hm^(-2)、1.393%和0.995,说明模型在甘肃省定西市春小麦产量的评估中表现出较好的适应性。此外,CGSA具有较好的全局寻优性能和较快的收敛性,为APSIM模型的参数优化提供了一种高效、精准的方法。

播种方式对旱地春小麦产量、干物质及水分利用效率的影响

为提高新疆旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率,筛选出适宜的播种方式,采用单因素随机区组试验,设置传统平作(T1)、起垄沟播(T2)、起垄覆膜沟播(T3)3个播种方式,研究不同播种方式下旱地的土壤含水量及春小麦的叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、干物质量、产量,并进一步比较土壤贮水量、耗水量及水分利用效率等。结果表明,在抽穗期之前,T2和T3处理均可显著增加旱地春小麦的LAI和干物质量;在抽穗期之后,T3处理较T2和T1处理更有利于提高旱地春小麦的LAI和干物质量。同时,T3处理可显著提高拔节期土壤0—80 cm土层的含水量和贮水量,分别较T2、T1处理显著提高32.09%、34.64%和38.20%、38.85%;T3处理降低了播种—拔节期土壤耗水量,增加了拔节期—收获期的土壤耗水量,有利于植株中、后期的生长发育。T3处理可提高旱地春小麦的有效穗数、单穗粒数、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和降水利用效率,其中产量最高为2474.43 kg·hm^(-2),较T1、T2处理分别显著增加50.13%和50.47%;水分利用效率和降水利用效率分别显著提高48.99%、51.02%和49.41%、50.15%。综上所述,起垄覆膜沟播有利于小麦增产和水分高效利用,为新疆旱地春小麦蓄水保墒和高产高效提供了理论依据及技术参考。

黄土高原旱地小麦籽粒锌含量及分布对锌肥的响应

【目的】明确施锌肥引起的土壤有效锌、小麦产量和籽粒锌含量的变化,为优化小麦锌营养强化技术提供重要依据。【方法】基于2017年在黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤上开始的定位试验,于2020—2021年和2021—2022年两个小麦生长期取样,研究锌肥用量对土壤有效锌、小麦产量、产量构成、籽粒及其不同部位锌吸收分配的影响。【结果】施用锌肥对小麦产量及产量构成要素无显著影响,但籽粒锌含量提高28.8%—46.0%,在施锌24.9 kg·hm^(-2)时,籽粒锌含量最高达31.1 mg·kg^(-1);麸皮和面粉锌含量分别提高31.8%—58.8%、26.3%—41.3%,施锌27.3 kg·hm^(-2)时,麸皮锌含量最高,达87.6 mg·kg^(-1);施锌24.0 kg·hm^(-2)时,面粉锌含量最高,达11.3 mg·kg^(-1)。在籽粒中,锌主要分配在麸皮,占77.7%—80.0%,平均锌含量78.9 mg·kg^(-1);面粉占20.0%—22.3%,平均锌含量10.8 mg·kg^(-1)。施锌提高了麸皮和面粉的锌含量,麸皮锌含量增幅高于面粉。0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤有效锌含量分别提高235.2%—1233.8%和207.4%—825.9%,在最高施锌量27.3 kg·hm^(-2)时,土壤有效锌含量分别达9.47和2.50 mg·kg^(-1)。0—100 cm不同土层有效锌对小麦锌吸收的贡献存在差异,表层土壤对籽粒锌含量提高的作用显著高于深层土壤。【结论】在黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤上,施锌肥显著提高土壤有效锌含量和小麦籽粒锌含量;进一步改善小麦籽粒锌营养,应将锌肥用量、施锌方式和多种农艺措施,如水分和氮磷肥供应、绿肥种植等综合优化,充分挖掘旱地小麦籽粒锌含量提升的潜力。

Improvement of Wheat Water Use Efficiency in Semiarid Area of China

The greatest fear of global climate change is drought since in most areas where wheat is grown water is the most important factor influencing wheat yield. Average wheat yield throughout the world is only 30-60% of the attainable yield potential because water shortage is the major factor preventing the realization of maximum yield. Periods of drought alternating with short periods of available water are common conditions to influence wheat productivity. Such conditions include variable frequency of dry and wet periods, intensity of drought, rate of drought onset and patterns of soil water deficit and/or atmospheric water deficit. It is this deficit and variable water conditions in semiarid environments that influence wheat productivity variously. This paper reviewed the physiological adaptation and benefits associated with deficit and variable water conditions. In addition, it also highlights the compensative effect of limited irrigation and breeding of new varieties for high water use efficiency (WUE) that could improve wheat productivity under water-limited environments in the semiarid regions. Considerable potential for further improvement in wheat WUE and productivity in semiarid environments seems to depend on effective conservation of moisture and efficient use of this limited water such as soil fertility improvement, conservation tillage, residues and film mulch, rain water harvesting for limited irrigation, and breeding for water saving varieties. Different crop, soil and water management strategies should be adjusted according to the conditions that prevail in various semiarid areas. By combining soil and water conservation approaches and adjusting the cropping system by growing drought-tolerant and water-saving cultivars, increase in wheat WUE and productivity could be achieved.

旱地小麦产量和水分利用对翻耕时间和降水量及其分布的响应

【目的】针对山西省麦区降水年际变化大,休闲期降水占比高、生育期降水少且分布不均,造成雨养旱地小麦年季间产量波动大、降水水分利用率(WUE)低等问题,探寻不同降水年型下旱地麦田休闲期翻耕时间对土壤蓄水量和产量的影响,为山西南部旱地小麦根据降水型“定产”提供理论依据。【方法】2010—2021年度,通过田间区组试验,设8月10日(P1)、8月20日(P2)和8月30日(P3)左右3个翻耕时间,研究翻耕时间、降水量及其分布对旱地小麦产量、休闲期土壤蓄水特性和生育期耗水及相关性的影响。【结果】(1)旱地小麦产量受降水年型、休闲期和生育期降水共同影响,且年型>休闲期>生育期。试验年度平均产量2400.0—6298.0 kg·hm^(-2),年季间变异系数为29.8%,其中丰水年(2012、2014和2015年度)、平水年(2011和2013年度)和枯水年(2010、2016、2019、2020和2021年度)平均产量分别为5524.6、3048.2和4088.7 kg·hm^(-2);休闲期降水量和生育期降水分布主要通过成穗数和穗粒数影响产量,年度和3—4月降水多则产量明显增加;翻耕时间对旱地小麦产量影响与休闲期降水分布密切相关,7—8月降水多,P1产量高,9月降水多,则P2或P3产量高。(2)降水量及其分布和翻耕时间共同影响播种前和收获期土壤蓄水特性。休闲期降水主要影响播种前和收获期下层(100—200 cm)土壤蓄水量;休闲期丰水型播前上层(0—100 cm)和下层土壤蓄水量相近或略低,平水型和枯水型则下层低于上层,分别比上层低6.17%和24.66%;7月降水多有利于下层土壤多蓄水,8—9月降水多有利于上层土壤多蓄水;生育期降水主要影响收获期上层土壤蓄水量,尤其是5月降水;播种前和收获期上层土壤平均蓄水量P2最高,收获期下层和0—200 cm土壤平均蓄水量P2或P3最高。(3)耕作时间和降水量对生育期耗水量和水分利用率影响相对较小,年度降水多则旱地小麦生育期耗水多,3月降水对生育期耗水量影响大。【结论】休闲期降水量及其分布影响旱地小麦播前0—200 cm土壤蓄水量,并与3—4月份降水量共同作用影响成穗数、穗粒数和旱地小麦产量,且水分利用率与旱地小麦产量间呈显著正相关。山西南部7—8月降水多旱地麦田于8月10日前后翻耕,降水少时则翻耕时间推迟10—20 d,可增加播种前土壤蓄水量使旱地小麦实现增产。

陇东旱地冬小麦区域试验品系农艺性状及抗逆性分析

【目的】分析陇东片区区域试验小麦品系的农艺性状变异规律和抗逆性综合表现,为陇东旱地小麦品种改良提供依据。【方法】以2005—2022年陇东旱地区域试验共192份冬小麦品系(不含对照)为试验材料,通过相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析和聚类分析对参试品系的产量、生育期、基本苗、总茎数、有效穗数、株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重等主要农艺性状进行综合分析,同时,对参试品系的抗逆性(抗寒性、耐旱性、抗倒伏、条锈病、叶锈病、白粉病)进行评价。【结果】参试品系产量为2791.65~5979.29 kg/hm^(2),均产4635.75 kg/hm^(2)。农艺性状的变异系数排序为:产量(17.16%)>有效穗数(14.40%)>株高(11.37%)>穗粒数(9.65%)>千粒重(9.54%)>穗长(9.47%)>总茎数(8.55%)>基本苗(8.08%)>生育期(1.21%),产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和株高均随参试年份的推进而缓慢提高,生育期则缓慢降低。相关分析结果表明,产量与穗粒数(r=0.645)、千粒重(r=0.594)和株高(r=0.475)呈显著正相关,有效穗数与穗粒数(r=0.729)呈极显著正相关。多元回归分析表明,穗长、穗粒数和千粒重决定了产量66%的变异。通径分析结果表明,千粒重对产量的直接作用(P=0.485)和综合作用(P=0.615)最大,穗粒数次之(P=0.471,P=0.543)。聚类分析将参试小麦品系分为5类,其中第一类群的品系产量高,千粒重较高,其余农艺性状较协调,占比7.29%,是选育优良品系(种)的理想材料。抗逆性分析表明,超过66%的参试品系具有较强的抗寒性、耐旱性和抗倒伏特性,同时,超过55%的参试品系对条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病表现为免疫或高抗。【结论】参试品系的产量整体水平低而不稳,产量与有效穗数受环境影响较大,穗粒数和千粒重是影响陇东旱地小麦产量的主要因素,可通过同时增加穗粒数和千粒重提高产量,而且高产广适型冬小麦品种应具备较强的抗寒旱等综合抗逆性。

基于APSIM模型的旱地小麦叶面积指数相关参数敏感性分析及优化

为解决作物模型参数率定过程中参数众多导致的敏感参数定位迟缓和调参效率低的问题,本研究运用敏感性分析和智能优化算法相结合的方法对作物模型参数进行调整,以甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇麻子川村(2002—2004年)和凤翔镇安家沟村(2015—2017年)大田旱地小麦试验数据(叶面积指数)为参照,利用扩展傅里叶幅度检验法(EFAST),对APSIM-Wheat旱地小麦叶片生长子模型的23个参数进行敏感性分析,得到对模型结果较敏感的部分参数,然后利用粒子群优化算法对部分敏感参数进行优化。结果表明:1)影响旱地小麦叶片生长最敏感的参数依次为叶面积指数为0时最大比叶面积、叶片生长的氮限制因子、出苗到拔节积温、消光系数、拔节到开花积温、蒸腾效率系数;2)旱地小麦叶片生长子模型的参数优化结果:叶面积指数为0时最大比叶面积为26652 mm^(2)∙g^(−1),叶片生长的氮限制因子为0.96,出苗到拔节积温为382℃·d,消光系数为0.44,拔节到开花积温为542℃·d,蒸腾效率系数为0.0056;3)上述参数优化后的叶面积指数实测值与模拟值之间的均方根误差平均值从参数优化前的0.080减小到0.042,归一化均方根误差平均值从11.54%减小到6.11%,模型有效性指数平均值从0.962增加到0.988,优化后叶面积指数的模拟更好。该方法相对于传统的手工试错法,避免了优化参数的不确定性,实现参数自动率定,提高模型参数的率定效率,有利于模型快速地本地化应用,并指导农业生产。本研究方法也对APSIMWheat模型中其他作物模块的参数调整优化具有指导意义。

旱地小麦新品种云麦84的丰产性、稳产性和产量构成因素分析

为了解旱地小麦新品种云麦84的产量特性和推广应用价值,利用云南省2019—2021年地麦区域试验数据和2020—2021年生产试验数据,对云麦84的丰产性、稳产性和产量构成因素进行分析。结果表明,云麦84在2019—2021年2年度区域试验平均产量分别为5620.5、5223.0 kg/hm^(2),生产试验平均产量为5202.5 kg/hm^(2),在参试品种中均排名前列,且显著高于对照品种云麦56,表明其丰产性优;高稳系数在2019—2020年排名第3,2020—2021年排名第9,说明云麦84的产量年际间差异较大;产量构成因素分析表明,穗粒数变异系数较大,说明穗粒数受环境影响较大;相关性分析表明,穗粒数、千粒质量与产量互呈显著正相关关系,说明可通过增加穗粒数和千粒质量增加产量。综合分析,云麦84是一个高产旱地小麦新品种,其高产栽培的重点是增加穗粒数和千粒质量。

秸秆覆盖与施磷对旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响

中国西南丘陵旱地气候冬干春旱且速效磷缺乏,是冬小麦生产的主要限制因素。为明确秸秆覆盖与施磷对西南丘陵旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响,以川麦104为供试材料,采用裂区设计,主区为玉米秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM),裂区为0、75和120 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)3个施磷水平,比较分析了不同处理下小麦小花分化及结实特性的差异。结果表明,秸秆覆盖与施磷均可提高小麦小花分化数和可孕小花数,且磷素效应大于秸秆覆盖效应。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下最大分化小花数分别增加了17.4%和78.0%,可孕小花数分别增加27.0%和94.1%,小花存活率提高了16.5个百分点。施磷后穗基部可孕小花数和结实粒数增幅较大,穗中部和顶部增幅较小。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下,穗基部可孕小花数均极显著增加,增幅分别为100.0%和127.2%;结实粒数显著增加,增幅分别为186.4%和193.2%。秸秆覆盖后产量较不覆盖提高20.5%;施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)下产量较不施磷分别提高62.5%和78.1%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖配施磷肥可减少小花退化,增加可孕小花数和穗粒数有利于产量形成。