Farmers' Dual Roles in Food Safety: Perceptions and Countermeasures

Farmers are both the producers and consumers of food, and as such have a dual role in food safety： they both generate risks and are exposed to them. Based upon a survey of the food production and consumption habits of 140 farm households and long-term research in two villages in Yunnan province, this study found that rural families are highly dependent on the market for food production and consumption. In their role as consumers, farmers are aware of food safety risks and concerned about them, but their ability to protect themselves is limited. They do so primarily by avoiding certain products and growing as much of their own food as possible. At the same time, in their role as producers, farmers engage in practices, primarily the overuse and inappropriate use of fertilizer and pesticides, that are damaging to food safety and the environment. There is therefore a disconnect in their roles as consumers and producers that needs to be addressed if policy goals for improving food safety and reducing the use of agricultural chemicals are to be achieved. Farmers need more information about food safety risks related to the products they consume themselves, and technical guidance on the safe use of farm chemicals when growing food for market. However, such measures will not be effective unless the external pressures on farmers are also addressed, through consideration of market incentives to use farm chemicals and the impact of consumer demand.

The concept of dual roles design in clean organic preparation

Herein we summarized some clean preparation examples to emphasize the concept of dual roles design(or named as "two birds one stone strategy") in green and sustainable chemistry.In those examples,the reactants and/or solvent play dual roles rendering a cleaner organic preparation process.Consequently,both the chemical waste and manufacturing cost could be reduced.

Government,market and households in the ecological relocation process:a sociological analysis of ecological relocation in S banner

Our fieldwork at S Banner in Inner Mongolia reveals that the implementation of the ecological migration policy is a social process involving joint participation of multiple social agents including the central government, local governments, market elites, and farmers and herders. Behind these complex interactions is a network of power and interest constituted by government power, market power and the local people. Local governments function as a node joining different linkages in top-down ecological governance. Their dual role as ＂agent-managers of political power＂ and ＂profit-seeking managers of political power＂ leads to great uncertainty in the realization of environmental protection goals.

Ultrasound-assisted tandem synthesis of tri-and tetra-substituted pyrrole-2-carbonitriles from alkenes,TMSCN and N,N-disubstituted formamides

An energy-saving and eco-friendly method for the efficient construction of various tri-and tetrasubstituted pyrrolecarbonitriles through ultrasound-assisted multicomponent tandem reaction of readily available alkenes,TMSCN and N,N-disubstituted formamides within 40 min under metal-,solvent-free and mild conditions was developed.The dual role of iodine(catalyst and oxidant)notably simplified the reaction conditions and reduced the chemical waste generated.

A radical addition and cyclization relay promoted by Mn(OAc)_(3)·2 H_(2)O:Synthesis of 1,2-oxaphospholoindoles and mechanistic study

Novel and efficient Mn(OAc)_(3)·2 H_(2)O promoted radical addition-[4+1]cyclization relay of 3-indolymethanols and phosphites was disclosed,which afforded 1,2-oxaphospholoindole derivatives in moderate to good yields.Based on the experimental and computational studies,a mechanism involving radical addition and intramolecular cyclization cascade was proposed.