Robust Nonlinear Current Sensorless Control of the Boost Converter with Constant Power Load

The boost converter feeding a constant power load (CPL) is a non-minimum phase system that is prone to the destabilizing effects of the negative incremental resistance of the CPL and presents a major challenge in the design of stabilizing controllers. A PWM-based current-sensorless robust sliding mode controller is developed that requires only the measurement of the output voltage. An extended state observer is developed to estimate a lumped uncertainty signal that comprises the uncertain load power and the input voltage, the converter parasitics, the component uncertainties and the estimation of the derivative of the output voltage needed in the implementation of the controller. A linear sliding surface is used to derive the controller, which is simple in its design and yet exhibits excellent features in terms of robustness to external disturbances, parameter uncertainties, and parasitics despite the absence of the inductor’s current feedback. The robustness of the controller is validated by computer simulations.

Non-inverting buck-boost DC-DC converter based on constant inductor current control

The hysteresis control combined with PWM control non-inverting buck-boost was proposed to improve the light load efficiency and power density.The constant inductor current control(CICC)was established to mitigate the dependence on the external components and device variation and make smooth transition between hysteresis control loop and pulse width modulation(PWM)control loop.The small signal model was deduced for the buck and boost operation mode.The inductor current slope control(ICSC)was proposed to implement the automatic mode transition between buck and boost mode in one switching cycle.The results show that the converter prototype has good dynamic response capability,achieving 94%efficiency and 95%peak efficiency at full 10 A load current.

Power optimization of photovoltaic modules under varying environmental conditions based on current equalization collaborating with constant voltage control

The performance of photovoltaic(PV)modules is affected by environmental factors such as irradiance and temperature,which can lead to a decrease in output performance or even damage.This study proposes an improved formula for calculating the real maximum power of PV modules by analysing the influence of irradiance and temperature.A simulation model is developed using PLECS software to simulate the global maximum power of PV modules under different environmental conditions and the results are compared with the calculated real maximum power.A power optimization scheme for PV modules is then proposed based on current equalization and constant voltage control.This scheme employs a single-switch multi-winding forward-flyback converter to equalize the mismatched currents between cell strings,thereby enhancing the output performance.Traditional proportional-integral controllers are utilized to achieve constant voltage control and obtain the real maximum power of PV modules.Simulation models are built in the PLECS simulation platform to evaluate the performance of a global maximum power point tracking scheme based on the traditional perturb-and-observe(TPO)algorithm with current equalization,a segment perturb-and-observe algorithm without current equalization,and the proposed power optimization scheme.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed constant voltage control has greater efficiency than the TPO algorithm.The proposed scheme achieves a significant improvement in efficiency,with a 27.87%increase compared with the segment perturb-and-observe algorithm without current equalization.

Neural network prediction of the shunt current in resistance spot welding

An error back propagation （BP） neural network prediction model was established for the shunt current compensation in series resistance spot welding. The input variables for the neural network consist of the resistivity of the material, the thickness of workpiece and the spot spacing, and the shunt rate is outputted. A simplified calculation for the shunt rate was presented based on the feature of the constant-current resistance spot welding and the variation of the resistance in resistance spot welding process, and then the data generated by simplified calculation were used to train and adjust the neural network model. The neural network model proposed was used to predict the shunt rate in the spot welding of 20# mlid steel （in Chinese classification） （in 2. 0 mm thickness） and 10# mild steel （in 1.5 mm and 1.0 mm thickness）. The maximum relative prediction errors are, respectively, 2. 83%, 1.77% and 3.67%. Shunt current compensation experiments were peoCormed based on the neural network prediction model proposed to check the diameter difference of nuggets. Experimental results show that maximum nugget diameter deviation is less than 4% for both 10# and 20# mlid steels with spot spacing of 30 mm and 50 mm.

Design of a constant-voltage and constant-current controller with dual-loop and adaptive switching frequency control

A 5.0-V 2.0-A flyback power supply controller providing constant-voltage （CV） and constant-current （CC） output regulation without the use of an optical coupler is presented. Dual-close-loop control is proposed here due to its better regulation performance of tolerance over process and temperature compared with open loop control used in common. At the same time, the two modes, CC and CV, could switch to each other automatically and smoothly according to the output voltage level not sacrificing the regulation accuracy at the switching phase, which overcomes the drawback of the digital control scheme depending on a hysteresis comparator to change the mode. On-chip compensation using active capacitor multiplier technique is applied to stabilize the voltage loop, eliminate an additional package pin, and save on the die area. The system consumes as little as 100 mW at no-load condition without degrading the transient response performance by utilizing the adaptive switching frequency control mode. The proposed controller has been implemented in a commercial 0.35μm 40-V BCD process, and the active chip area is 1.5×1.0 mm^2. The total error of the output voltage due to line and load variations is less than 4-1.7%.

A Novel Over-Current Protection Technique Applied to Peak-Current Type DC-DC Converter

The change of the over-current protection point of the power switches, caused by slope compensation, is analyzed in detail. It is discovered that the peak current protecting value increases as the duty cycle decreases. As a result, the safety operation of the switches is damaged greatly. A novel solution to improve over-current protection with constant peak current limitation is proposed by inducing synchronous slope compensation into the current limit function instead of the original constant voltage. The design principle and method of the protection circuit based on a UC3846 PWM controller for the interleaved dual-forward converter is presented. Experimental results are given to verify the analysis.

基于自抗扰控制的圆纬机恒张力输纱控制系统设计

针对当前圆纬机积极式送纱方式中存在的纱线张力及输送速度不可任意调节、纱线张力波动大等问题,提出了一种可为圆纬机输送恒定张力纱线的输纱控制系统。构建了以无刷直流电动机速度环为内环、以纱线张力为外环的纱线恒张力双闭环反馈控制系统,通过自抗扰控制技术获取纱线实时动态指标,并对无刷直流电动机目标转速进行调整,最后通过磁场定向控制技术驱动无刷直流电动机。详细阐述了纱线张力的形成机制、纱线恒张力输送控制方案、系统硬件设计及控制算法。输纱测试表明,该控制系统可实现多种类型纱线的恒定张力输送。其中,棉纱张力波动标准差为1.5 cN(300 m/min测试条件),氨纶包芯纱的张力波动标准差为0.33 cN(240 m/min测试条件)。输纱速度的调节范围为0~600 m/min,纱线张力的控制范围为2.0~50.0 cN。

一种改进的基于电网幅值跌落的SWISS整流器协调优化控制方法

SWISS整流器因其优越的性能被广泛应用于充电桩、分布式直流电源等场合。其首要的控制目标是维持稳定的直流侧输出电压、正弦且对称的交流侧三相电流以及网侧单位功率因数。然而,当电网出现幅值跌落时,基于传统的控制方法很难同时实现上述3个控制目标。因此,该文分别提出适用于电网幅值跌落的输出电压恒定控制(constant output voltage control,COVC)方法和电流正弦对称控制(sinusoidal and symmetrical current control,SSCC)方法。前者可实现直流侧输出电压恒定无波动,但无法实现网侧电流的正弦且对称。后者可实现网侧电流正弦且对称,但无法实现直流侧电压输出恒定无波动。在此基础上,该文结合这2种控制方法的优势进一步提出一种改进的协调优化控制(improved coordination and optimization control,ICOC)方法,可实现网侧处于单位功率因数的同时,在直流侧输出电压恒定无波动和网侧电流正弦且对称之间进行协调优化,实验结果证明ICOC方法相较于COVC和SSCC具有显著的优势,与该文的理论分析一致。

基于级联式整流电源的恒流均压控制方法

针对电磁探测的大功率电磁场激发需要,文中采用输入并联输出串联的级联式整流电源,提高输出电压等级,保证激发功率。为了满足电磁探测过程中输出电流的稳定性,提出了基于双闭环的恒流均压控制算法。分析了级联式直流电源恒流均压输出的原理,建立了电源的数学模型,设计了电压电流环的控制器,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型并通过控制器参数优化从而降低误差。级联式直流电源由于上下两部分可能存在器件参数不同的情况,这就导致在恒流控制下两级电源输出电压不同,在动态情况下的偏差会更大从而引起器件不均压而损坏,因此在考虑控制恒流输出的同时需要加入控制均压输出。通过对输出电流电压进行采样,经控制器转换为相应的脉冲触发所对应的开关器件从而实现恒流均压输出。仿真结果显示输出电流控制在2 A,电流变化在5%以下。

无线电能传输系统恒流输出控制方法研究

此处提出了一种发射端控制的无线电能传输(WPT)系统输出恒流调节方法。该方法无需在接收端增加传感器和无线通信装置,即可实现对系统输出电流的调节,因此,能够减小接收端体积和重量。首先,建立WPT系统等效电路模型,考虑整流电路等效输入阻抗的电阻和电感分量,推导得到发射端电压/电流与负载电流之间的量化关系;然后,采集发射端并联电容电压有效值和输入直流电流值,并通过逆变器移相控制,实现系统恒流输出;最后,搭建WPT实验台架,实验结果表明:在变负载工况下,恒流控制精度在3%以内,动态调节时间小于200ms,从而实现了负载电流快速、精准的调节。

管道电流测绘交流恒流源双环控制策略研究

为解决埋地输油管道阻容性负载对恒流源的影响,结合交流恒流源模型,针对传统电压电流双闭环控制在应对阻容性负载时,出现的输出波形失真问题展开研究,提出一种管道电流测绘交流恒流源双环控制策略。在内环控制方面,采用电感电流瞬时反馈和负载电流前馈的PI控制策略;对于外环控制,采用负载电压反馈的PI控制策略。为进一步完善系统性能,运用极点配置法对控制器参数进行设计,以实现更加精准的控制,并通过Matlab进行频域特性分析和Simulink仿真验证。结果表明:经过优化的控制策略能够有效抑制阻容性负载条件下的电压波形畸变,同时在阻性负载和阻容性负载条件下的输出电流均显示出良好的正弦性,总谐波失真率分别为2.26%和3.19%,具备良好的动态性能和鲁棒性,可为埋地输油管道输油系统的检测提供坚实的技术基础。

双能量源纯电动汽车制动能量回收控制策略研究

该文以前轮永磁直流电机驱动的双能量源纯电动汽车为研究对象,以开发合理高效的纯电动汽车制动能量回收系统及设计相应的控制策略为目的,建立了蓄电池、超级电容、双向DC/DC变换器等部件的数学模型,并进行了双能量源系统主回路、恒流恒压双闭环PI控制器设计研究,建立了系统的仿真模型并进行仿真。仿真结果表明,PI控制器可有效实现恒流恒压充放电过程,恒流充电以限制充电电流,当蓄电池达到额定电压或超级电容SOC饱和后再进行恒压充电,实现了保护储能元件并完全充电的目的。

一种抑制连续换相失败的定关断角加速控制方法

针对逆变侧交流故障引发高压直流输电系统连续换相失败问题,通过分析首次换相失败恢复过程中的电气量和控制量变化规律,明确了恢复过程中定电流、定关断角、电流偏差控制器之间配合不当是引发连续换相失败的重要原因。同时,在不对称故障后,由交流负序电流引起的直流2次谐波电流会导致控制切换点滞后,增加连续换相失败的风险。基于此,提出了一种能增强控制器配合效果的定关断角加速控制方法。该方法能根据换相恢复过程自适应投切,利用关断角偏差动态调整关断角控制指令值,提前实现控制切换,降低切换后不当控制影响。同时,通过陷波器降低谐波电流从而减弱触发角波动对控制器切换的不利影响。该方法能提升控制器间配合效果,提升直流系统抵御连续换相失败能力。在CIGRE标准测试模型中,验证了理论分析的正确性和优化方法的有效性。

基于分层架构的退役电池可重构均衡控制研究

利用退役电池构建储能系统,充分利用其剩余价值,是解决大量退役电池再利用的重要途径。然而,经过多次充放电影响,退役电池不一致性问题较新电池更为突出。在此背景下,首先,针对退役电池储能系统提出了分层式可重构均衡拓扑。其次,基于该拓扑提出了分层式均衡控制策略。考虑组内部和组间两个层次的均衡控制,组内以SOC和端电压为均衡变量,通过重构实现电池单体状态均衡,组间以SOC为均衡变量,通过重构保证全电池簇均衡。同时考虑多种运行工况:静置过程中通过自均衡提高电池组的均衡效率和可用容量,放电过程中通过拓扑结构变换维持输出电压稳定,充电过程中考虑能量损耗和充电速度合理优化充电电流,缩短充电时间,减少温升,延长电池使用寿命。最后,在Matlab中验证了所提拓扑与均衡策略在不同工况下的有效性。

一种多波长激光器的多模式驱动研究

介绍了一种多波长半导体激光器驱动系统的设计,该系统采用了压控电流源与PicoLAS模块混合驱动的方法,具有效率高、体积小、电路简单可靠、易于系统集成等优点,为半导体激光器的驱动设计提供了一种选择和参考。

用于TDLAS气体检测的DFB激光器驱动电路设计

分布反馈(DFB)激光器作为可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术的常用光源之一,在实际应用中应当同时对驱动电流和温度进行控制,以减小出光质量对气体浓度检测结果的影响。为了解决上述问题,文中设计一种高精度激光器驱动电路。由STM32F103RCT6控制AD9834和DAC8560分别产生正弦波和锯齿波信号,对两个信号输入至OP27GS构成的信号叠加电路进行叠加后,输出至由OP27GS、AD8065和IRF520场效应管组成的具有限流功能的压控恒流源电路,将电压信号转变为激光器的驱动电流;同时采用MAX1978温控芯片对激光器进行温度控制。实际测试结果表明,压控恒流源输出电流的最大误差为0.1%,DFB激光器的温度稳定度为0.072%,温度控制精度优于0.01℃。使用3000 ppm的甲烷标准气体进行吸收测试,通过示波器检测光电探测器和锁相放大器的输出波形,可得到稳定的吸收峰和二次谐波,说明所设计电路满足TDLAS检测技术对于DFB激光器驱动的要求。

孤岛微电网电流同步U-I下垂控制方法

采用电压-电流(U-I)下垂控制的孤岛微电网系统始终运行于工频频率,避免了传统下垂控制存在的频率偏差及频率越限问题,但电源间易产生环流,功率分配精度差。为此,提出电流同步U-I下垂控制方法,该方法由电流同步控制及U-I幅值下垂控制两部分构成。前者通过调节输出电压相角使各电源输出电流相角一致,以抑制电源间环流;后者依据输出电流的幅值调节输出电压的幅值,使各电源出力依据自身容量分配。在此基础上,建立双端系统的小信号模型,分析电流同步控制环路中控制参数对系统稳定性的影响,为参数设计提供依据。仿真及实验结果表明,相比U-I下垂控制,所提方法的系统环流减小50%以上,电压畸变率改善近10%,电源间功率分配精度及系统电能质量均得到明显提升。

WPT系统双边协同抗饱和控制策略研究

基于脉冲密度调制PDM(pulse density modulation)的双边协同控制使得无线电能传输WPT(wireless power transfer)系统在耦合系数和负载阻抗变化的情况下能够保持最大效率传输,但是在系统启动及电池恒流恒压充电切换时会产生远高于额定值的电流/电压超调。为了解决超调问题,保证电池充电稳定性,提出了一种抗饱和控制策略。首先,基于WPT系统的等效电路模型分析最大效率点跟踪的工作原理;然后,结合WPT系统两侧控制量的协同工作过程,解析系统启动及电池恒流恒压充电切换时的超调现象,给出恒流恒压控制器设计方法,将反计算抗饱和算法与控制器设计相结合,提出抗饱和控制策略;最后,搭建了仿真模型,验证所提出的抗饱和策略能够有效抑制控制器饱和导致的超调,减少系统到达稳态的时间,降低电流/电压的超调带来的元器件应力。

基于平均电流控制的恒功率控制电路设计

为解决HID灯的老化及灯的伏安特性变化引起的功率漂移问题,基于Buck降压变换器的平均电流控制模式,设计并制作了一款具有恒功率控制能力的数字控制电子镇流器驱动电路,包含两个控制环路:内电流环路用于维持稳定驱动,外功率环路用于维持灯在其使用期间的功率恒定,并根据Buck降压变换器DCM模式下的小信号模型,以PI算法作为数字补偿器,完成补偿环路设计,保证电路输出稳定性。为抑制声共振,该电路结构采用三级式结构的电子镇流器,以低频方波驱动。设计和测试结果表明,该电子镇流器驱动电路可实现450 W的恒功率控制,误差值小于3%。该电子镇流器驱动电路结构简单,可靠性高,可适用于450 W HID灯驱动。

一种空间用高性能恒流源技术

半导体激光器性能优异,目前在空间领域受到了广泛关注,由于其是一种电流敏感型器件,对于驱动电源提出了高性能的要求。这里基于空间应用需求,提出了一种基于三电平Buck变换器的高性能恒流源驱动电源,通过反逻辑控制电路既满足大占空比应用,同时实现软启动功能;采用改进隔离变压器驱动电路实现开关管大占空比隔离驱动;结合2型补偿器的电流内环和PI补偿器的电压外环满足恒流源的稳态精度和动态特性。最后,通过Saber仿真软件和硬件实物样机进行验证,结果表明,该设计方案的恒流源效率可达98.2%,且无上电浪涌电流,证实了该设计的合理性和可行性。