膜翅目昆虫杜氏腺形态结构、内分泌物与功能的研究进展

杜氏腺为膜翅目雌性昆虫生殖器官中的一外分泌腺体,外形呈囊腔状,内含丰富的油状分泌物。其内分泌物主要为饱和与不饱和烃类化合物,有着辅助产卵、释放信息素及作幼虫食物等多方面的功能。本文对杜氏腺的形态结构、内分泌物合成途径、化学组分及其生理和生态学功能进行了综述。

红火蚁工蚁对跟踪信息素的触角电位和行为反应

【目的】测定红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren工蚁对其跟踪信息素的触角电位(EAG)及行为反应。【方法】解剖红火蚁工蚁的杜氏腺,用正己烷溶剂提取其分泌的跟踪信息素进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,并测定了红火蚁工蚁对杜氏腺提取物、工蚁提取物和合成的法尼烯混合物的EAG和招募行为反应。【结果】通过与合成的法尼烯混合物的气相色谱(GC)保留时间和质谱图比对,发现杜氏腺提取物的主要成分并不是Z,E-α-法尼烯。EAG测定结果表明,红火蚁工蚁对杜氏腺提取物、工蚁提取物及100μg的法尼烯混合物均有较强的EAG反应,其次为10μg和1μg的法尼烯混合物。在招募行为测定中,杜氏腺提取物和工蚁提取物招募作用明显,而10,1,0.1和0.01μg法尼烯混合物的作用均不显著。【结论】Z,E-α-法尼烯不是红火蚁跟踪信息素的主要成分;红火蚁工蚁对杜氏腺提取物、工蚁提取物有较强的EAG反应和明显的招募行为反应。

红收获蚁杜氏腺体细胞壁成分的气相色谱/质谱鉴定

用气相色谱 质谱联用技术对红收获蚁Pogonomyrmexbarbatus和Pogonomyrmexmaricopa的杜氏腺体(Dufourgland)细胞壁的化学成分进行了鉴定。结果表明 :其杜氏腺体的主要成分是烃类化合物。根据红收获蚁Dufour腺体的气相色谱 质谱的谱图 ,讨论了生物种属的气相色谱 质谱化学分类的可能性。研究表明 :同一物种的生物体给出的图谱有一一对应的直观样式 ,生物组织化学成分的鉴定是生物化学分类的关键 ,相对峰高或峰面积百分含量不易表征图谱样式。

Effect of gland extracts on digging and residing preferences of red imported fire ant workers （Hymenoptera＂ Formicidae）

There is evidence that ant-derived chemical stimuli are involved in regulat- ing the digging behavior in Solenopsis invicta Buren. However, the source gland（s） and chemistry of such stimuli have never been revealed. In this study, extracts of mandibular, Dufour＇s, postpharyngeal, and poison glands were evaluated for their effect on ant digging and residing preferences of S. invicta workers from three colonies. In the intracolonial bioassays, workers showed significant digging preferences to mandibular gland extracts in 2 of 3 colonies and significant residing preferences in 1 of 3 colonies; significant digging preferences to Dufour＇s gland extracts in 1 of 3 colonies and significant residing preferences in 2 of 3 colonies. No digging and residing preferences were found for postpharyngeal and poison gland extracts. In intercolonial bioassays, significant digging and residing prefer- ences were found for mandibular gland extracts in 3 of 6 colony combinations. Significant digging preferences to Dufour＇s gland extracts were found in 4 of 6 colony combinations and significant residing preferences in all 6 colony combinations. For postpharyngeal gland extracts, significant digging preferences were found only in 1 of 6 colonial combinations and no significant residing preferences were found. For poison gland extracts, no signif- icant digging preferences were found; significant residing preferences were found in 1 of 6 colony combinations. However, a significant residing deterrence （negative residing preference index） was found for 2 of 6 colony combinations. Statistical analyses using data pooled from all colonies showed that mandibular and Dufour＇s gland extracts caused sig- nificant digging and residing preferences in both intracolonial and intercolonial bioassays but not postpharyngeal and poison gland extracts. By analyzing the data pooled from the same three colonies used for gland extract bioassays, it was found that, in no cases, workers showed significant digging and residing preferences to 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, an alarm pheromone component from mandibular gland.

Revisiting the trail pheromone components of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren

Ants use species-specific trail pheromones to coordinate their sophisticated foraging behavior.During the past decades,many trail pheromone components with various structures have been identified in ants,including the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta,a notorious invasive species worldwide.Four compounds,Z,E-(ZEF)and E,E-α-farnesene(EEF),Z,E-(ZEHF)and E,E-α-homofarnesene(EEHF),have been reported as components of S.invicta trail pheromone.However,another study reported an analog ofα-farnesene,Z,Z,Z-allofarnesene,as a key trail pheromone component.These contrasting results caused some uncertainty about the trail pheromone composition in S.invicta.In this study,we synthesized ZEF and EEF,ZEHF and EEHF,and reanalyzed the chemicals in the Dufour gland extract and in the trail pheromone fraction of S.invicta worker body extract.The reported isomers of farnesene and homofarnesene were detected and showed trail-following activity,with ZEF as the major compound,while no allofarnesene was found,neither in the Dufour gland extract nor in the whole-body extract.Our results confirm ZEF and EEF,ZEHF and EEHF as trail pheromone components of S.invicta.

蚂蚁的跟踪信息素

蚂蚁是一类真社会性昆虫,其觅食系统通过跟踪信息素进行调控,具有复杂的适应性。本文综述了蚂蚁跟踪信息素的分泌腺体来源、化学成分、功能及作用特征。蚂蚁分泌跟踪信息素的腺体主要有杜氏腺、毒腺、帕万氏腺和肛门腺等。跟踪信息素主要是易挥发性物质,结构复杂多样,包括碳氢化合物、生物碱、有机酸、醛、醇、酮和酯类等物质,其功能包括招募、定向诱导和定向跟踪。最后展望了跟踪信息素在有害蚂蚁防治中的应用前景。