Origin of the Newly Discovered Zhunuo Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Deposit in the Western Part of the Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt in the Southern Tibetan Plateau,SW China

The newly discovered Zhunuo porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit is located in the western part of the Gangdese porphyry copper belt in southern Tibet, SW China. The granitoid plutons in the Zhunuo region are composed of quartz diorite porphyry, diorite porphyry, granodiorite porphyry, biotite monzogranite and quartz porphyry. The quartz diorite porphyry yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 51.9±0.7 Ma（Eocene） using LA-ICP-MS, whereas the diorite porphyry, granodiorite porphyry, biotite monzogranite and quartz porphyry yielded ages ranging from 16.2±0.2 to 14.0±0.2 Ma（Miocene）. CuMo-Au mineralization is mainly hosted in the Miocene granodiorite porphyry. Samples from all granitoid plutons have geochemical compositions consistent with high-K calc-alkaline series magmatism. The samples display highly fractionated light rare-earth element（REE） distributions and heavy REE distributions with weakly negative Eu anomalies on chondrite-normalized REE patterns. The trace element distributions exhibit positive anomalies for large-ion lithophile elements（Rb, K, U, Th and Pb） and negative anomalies for high-field-strength elements（Nb and Ti） relative to primitive mantlenormalized values. The Eocene quartz diorite porphyry yielded εNd（t） values ranging from-3.6 to-5.2,（-（87）Sr/-（86）Sr）i values in the range 0.7046–0.7063 and initial radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions with ranges of 18.599–18.657 -（206）Pb/-（204）Pb, 15.642–15.673 -（207）Pb/-（204）Pb and 38.956–39.199 -（208）Pb/-（204）Pb. In contrast, the Miocene granitoid plutons yielded ε（Nd）（t） values ranging from-6.1 to-7.3 and（87Sr/86Sr）i values in the range 0.7071–0.7078 with similar Pb isotopic compositions to the Eocene quart diorite. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the rocks are consistent with formation from magma containing a component of remelted ancient crust. Zircon grains from the Eocene quartz diorite have ε（Hf）（t） values ranging from-5.2 to ＋0.9 and two-stage Hf model ages ranging from 1.07 to 1.46 Ga, while zircon grains from the Miocene granitoid plutons have ε（Hf）（t） values from-9.9 to ＋4.2 and two-stage Hf model ages ranging from 1.05–1.73 Ga, indicating that the ancient crustal component likely derives from Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic basement. This source is distinct from that of most porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits in the eastern part of the Gangdese porphyry copper belt, which likely originated from juvenile crust. We therefore consider melting of ancient crustal basement to have contributed significantly to the formation Miocene porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits in the western part of the Gangdese porphyry copper belt.

Geology,Geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb Geochronology of Porphyries in the Dabate Mo-Cu Deposit,Western Tianshan,China:Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

The Dabate Mo-Cu deposit is a medium-sized porphyry-type deposit in the Sailimu Lake region, western Tianshan, China. We present the geology, geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of granite porphyries from the Dabate district with the intent to constrain their tectonic setting and petrogenesis. Porphyries in the Dabate district include granite porphyry I（gray white color with large phenocrysts）, granite porphyry II（pink color with small phenocrysts） and quartz porphyry. Granite porphyry II is the Cu and Mo ore-bearing granitoid in the Dabate deposit. LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb analyses indicate that granite porphyry II was emplaced at 284.2±1.8 Ma. Granite porphyry I and II have similar geochemical features and are both highly fractionated granites：（1） They have high SiO2 content（70.93–80.18 wt% and 72.14–72.64 wt%, respectively）, total alkali（7.58–8.95 wt% and 9.35–9.68 wt%, respectively）, mafic index（0.95–0.98 and 0.93–0.94, respectively） and felsic index（0.79–0.94 and 0.89–0.91, respectively）;（2） They are characterized by pronounced negative Eu anomaly, ＂seagullstyle＂ chondrite-normalized REE patterns and ＂tetrad effect＂ of REE;（3） They are rich in Rb, K, Th, Ta, Zr, Hf, Y and REE, but depleted in Sr, P, Ti and Nb. The magma of granite porphyries in Dabate can be interpreted to have been generated by partial melting of the upper crust due to mantle-derived magma underplating in a post-collisional extensional setting.

Geochemical Characteristics and Significance of Major Elements, Trace Elements and REE in Mineralized Altered Rocks of Large-Scale Tsagaan Suvarga Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposit in Mongolia

The alteration types of the large-scale Tsagaan Suvarga Cu-Mo porphyry deposit mostly comprise stockwork silicification, argillization, quartz-sericite alteration, K-silicate alteration, and propylitization. The mineralized and altered zones from hydrothermal metallogenic center to the outside successively are Cu-bearing stockwork silicification zone, Cu-beating argillized zone, Cu-Mo-bearing quartz-sericite alteration zone, Cu-Mo-bearing K-silicate alteration zone, and pro- pylitization zone. The K-silicate alteration occurred in the early phase, quartz-sericite alteration in the medium phase, and argillization and carbonatization （calcite） in the later phase. Ore-bearing-altered rocks are significantly controlled by the structure and fissure zones of different scales, and NE- and NW-trending fissure zones could probably be the migration pathways of the porphyry hydrothermal system. Results in this study indicated that the less the concentrations of REE, LREE, and HREE and the more the extensive fractionation between LREE and HREE, the closer it is to the center circulatory hydrothermal ore-forming and the more extensive silicification. The exponential relationship between the fractionation of LREE and HREE and the intensity of silicification and K-silicate alteration was found in the Cu-Mo deposit studied. The negative Eu anomaly, normal Eu, positive Eu anomaly and obviously positive Eu anomaly are coincident with the enhancement of Na2O and K2O concentrations gradually, which indicated that Eu anomaly would be significantly controlled by the alkaline metasomatism of the circulatory hydrothermal ore-forming system. Therefore, such characteristics as the positive Eu anomaly, the obvious fractionation between LREE and HREE and their related special alteration lithofacies are suggested to be metallogenic prognostic and exploration indications for Tsagaan Suvarga-style porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in Mongolia and China.

Late Jurassic adakitic ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry intrusions in the Xiaokele porphyry Cu(–Mo)deposit,Northeast China:implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting

The Xiaokele Cu(–Mo)deposit is a recently discovered porphyry deposit in the northern Great Xing’an Range(GXR)of northeast China.The ore bodies in this deposit are mainly hosted within granodiorite porphyry intrusions.Potassic,phyllic,and propylitic alteration zones develop from center to edge.In this paper,we present zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb ages,zircon Hf isotopic compositions,and whole-rock geochemistry of the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyries from the Xiaokele Cu(–Mo)deposit.Zircon U–Pb dating suggests that the Xiaokele granodiorite porphyries were emplaced at 148.8±1.1 Ma(weighted-mean age;n=14).The Xiaokele granodiorite porphyries display high SiO2,Al2O3,Sr,and Sr/Y,low K2O/Na2O,MgO,Yb,and Y,belonging to high-SiO2 adakites produced by partial melting of the subducted oceanic slab.Marine sediments were involved in the magma source of the Xiaokele granodiorite porphyries,as indicated by enriched Sr–Nd isotopic compositions(eNd(-t)=-1.17–-0.27),low positive zircon eHf(t)values(0.4–2.2),and high Th contents(4.06–5.20).The adakitic magma subsequently interacted with the mantle peridotites during ascent through the mantle wedge.The Xiaokele granodiorite porphyries were derived from slab melting during the southward subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean.

Geology,Geochemistry,and Genesis of the Tongcun Reduced Porphyry Mo(Cu) Deposit,NW Zhejiang Province,China

The Tongcun Mo（Cu） deposit in Kaihua city of Zhejiang Province,eastern China,occurs in and adjacent to the Songjiazhuang granodiorite porphyry and is a medium-sized and important porphyry type ore deposit.Two irregular Mo（Cu） orebodies consist of various types of hydrothermal veinlets.Intensive hydrothermal alteration contains skarnization,chloritization,carbonatization,silicification and sericitization.Based on mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships,the oreforming processes are divided into five stages,i.e.,the early stage of garnet ＋ epidote ± chlorite associated with skarnization and K-feldspar ＋ quartz ± molybdenite veins associated with potassicsilicic alteration,the quartz-sulfides stage of quartz ＋ molybdenite ± chalcopyrite ± pyrite veins,the carbonatization stage of calcite veinlets or stockworks,the sericite ＋ chalcopyrite ± pyrite stage,and the late calcite ＋ quartz stage.Only the quartz-bearing samples in the early stage and in the quartzsulfides stage are suitable for fluid inclusions（FIs） study.Four types of FIs were observed,including1） CO2-CH4 single phase FIs,2） CO2-bearing two- or three-phase FIs,3） Aqueous two-phase FIs,and4） Aqueous single phase FIs.FIs of the early stages are predominantly CO2- and CH4-rich FIs of the CO2-CH4-H2O-NaCl system,whereas minerals in the quartz-sulfides stage contain CO2-rich FIs of the CO2-H2O-NaCl system and liquid-rich FIs of the H2O-NaCl system.For the CO2-CH4 single phase FIs of the early mineralization stage,the homogenization temperatures of the CO2 phase range from 15.4 ℃ to 25.3 ℃（to liquid）,and the fluid density varies from 0.7 g/cm^3 to 0.8 g/cm^3;for two- or three-phase FIs of the CO2-CH4-H2O-NaCl system,the homogenization temperatures,salinities and densities range from 312℃ to 412℃,7.7 wt%NaCl eqv.to 10.9 wt%NaCl eqv.,and 0.9 g/cm^3 to 1.0 g/cm^3,respectively.For CO2-H2O-NaCI two- or threephase FIs of the quartz-sulfides stage,the homogenization temperatures and salinities range from255℃ to 418℃,4.8 wt%NaCl eqv.to 12.4 wt%NaCl eqv.,respectively;for H2O-NaCl two-phase FIs,the homogenization temperatures range from 230 ℃ to 368 ℃,salinities from 11.7 wt%NaCl eqv.to16.9 wt%NaCl eqv.,and densities from 0.7 g/cm^3 to 1.0 g/cm^3.Microthermometric measurements and Laser Raman spectroscopy analyses indicate that CO2 and CH4 contents and reducibility（indicated by the presence of CH4） of the fluid inclusions trapped in quartz-sulfides stage minerals are lower than those in the early stage.Twelve molybdenite separates yield a Re-Os isochron age of 163 ± 2.4 Ma,which is consistent with the emplacement age of the Tongcun,Songjiazhuang,Dayutang and Huangbaikeng granodiorite porphyries.The 〈S18OSMow values of fluids calculated from quartz of the quartz-sulfides stage range from 5.6‰ to 8.6‰,and the 〈JDSMOw values of fluid inclusions in quartz of this stage range from-71.8‰ to-88.9‰,indicating a primary magmatic fluid source.〈534SV-cdt values of sulfides range from＋1.6‰ to ＋3.8‰,which indicate that the sulfur in the ores was sourced from magmatic origins.Phase separation is inferred to have occurred from the early stage to the quartz-sulfides stage and resulted in ore mineral precipitation.The characteristics of alteration and mineralization,fluid inclusion,sulfur and hydrogen-oxygen isotope data,and molybdenite Re-Os ages all suggest that the Tongcun Mo（Cu） deposit is likely to be a reduced porphyry Mo（Cu） deposit associated with the granodiorite porphyry in the Tongcun area.

Geochronological Constraints on the Haftcheshmeh Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Ore Deposit, Central Qaradagh Batholith, Arasbaran Metallogenic Belt, Northwest Iran

The Haftcheshmeh porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt （AMB） of NW Iran contains more than 185 Mt of ore, with a grade ranging from 0.3% to 0.4%. It is hosted within a porphyritic diorite to granodiorite intruded into an older gabbro - diorite intrusion. 40Ar/39Ar analyses of primary magmatic hornblende from the granodiorite porphyry and gabbro - diorite show plateau ages of 26.41 ± 0.59 Ma, with an inverse isochron age of 25.9 ± 1.0 Ma and a plateau age of 27.47 ± 0.17 Ma, with an inverse isochron age of 27.48 ± 0.35 Ma for these two rock types, respectively. Comparing these new age data with those from the nearby Sungun （20.69 ± 0.35 Ma） and Kighal porphyry deposits defines a northwest-southeast Cu-Mo-Au mineralization zone extending for 20 km over the time span of-27 to 20 Ma. Geochemically, Haftcheshmeh rocks are calc-alkaline with high potassium affinities with tectonic setting in relation to volcanic arc setting. Large ion lithophile elements （LILE） such as Th, U and K show enrichment on a primitive mantle normalized diagram （specially Pb）, and are depleted in high field strength elements （HFSE） such as Ti and Nb, pointing to a mantle magma source contamination with crustal materials by subducted oceanic crust.

Temporal Periods and Duration of Formation of Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposits(Siberia and Mongolia)

Copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits of Russia (Sib eria) and Mongolia were formed within the interaction zone of the Siberian conti nent with Paleo-As ian (Pt 2-Pz 2), Paleo-Tethys (Pz 3) and Mongolo-Okhotsk (Pz 2-Mz) ocean s. Ore-beari ng magmatic (porphyry) complexes, which are closely associated in time and space with Cu-Mo mineralization, are represented by small stocks (up to 1 km 2) and numerous dikes of basic to acid composition. Rb-Sr and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating fix three temporal periods of activity o f ore-form ing process within Siberia and Mongolia which resulted in a wide appearance of C u-Mo porphyry mineralization. A series of large-scale deposits was formed at t ha t time: 1) Early Devonian (Mo-porphyry Sora deposit, Kuznetsk-Alatau; Cu-Mo- porp hyry Aksug deposit, Tuva), 2) Triassic (Cu-Mo-porphyry Erdenetuin-Obo, Northe rn Mongolia), 3) Late Jurassic (Cu-Mo-porphyry Zhireken and Shakhtama deposits, Eastern Transbaikalia). The deposits of small size were formed between these periods (Cu-Mo-porphyry Tsagan-Suburga, Cu-porphyry Kharmagtai deposits in Southern Mongolia, etc.). C u- Mo-porphyry deposits within Siberia and Mongolia as a whole were formed with a regular periodicity at 20～30 Ma intervals. Large copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits are characterized by the manifestat ion of multiple ore-forming processes which are related to separate pulses of o r e-bearing magmatism. Three pulses of ore-bearing magmatism are established at th e large scale Erdenetuin-Obo deposit: I-250～240 Ma, II-225～220 Ma, III-225 ～195 M a. Every magmatic pulse is accompanied by ore mineralization. The Erdenet ore di strict includes three deposits of different sizes. Large-scale deposits are in principle multi-stage formations. They are charac terized by the repeated manifestation of ore-bearing magmatism and the ore-for mi ng processes during the long period of geological time within a relatively limit ed space.

秘鲁Morococha斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型矿床成矿地质特征与区域找矿方向

秘鲁中部Morococha地区位于中安第斯秘鲁中新世成矿带,是全球最具代表性的世界级斑岩-矽卡岩型和浅成低温热液型成矿系统之一。系统总结了该区斑岩型、矽卡岩型、浅成低温热液型等多种铜钼铅锌银多金属矿化成矿作用特征和最新的研究进展,结合区域岩浆-热液成矿作用过程,提出了下一步找矿方向。Morococha矿区位于秘鲁中部Yali穹隆北段,由中心部位的Toromocho斑岩型铜钼矿床及外围铅锌银金多金属矿脉组成。区内主要构造为北西向Morococha背斜,地层主要为二叠纪—三叠纪Mitu群火山碎屑岩、侏罗纪Pucara群碳酸盐岩、早白垩世Goyllarisquizga群海相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩。矿区中新世岩浆活动主要为中中新世不含矿的闪长质侵入岩(14.3~14.1 Ma)和晚中新世与成矿有关的花岗闪长岩和长石斑岩岩株(9.4~7.7 Ma)。Morococha岩浆-热液系统(8.5~7.2 Ma)是其形成超大型斑岩型铜矿成矿的原因之一,铅锌银多金属矿化主要发生在斑岩型矿化之后约0.5 Ma,受区域构造控制。矿床在空间上显示出明显的金属分带特征,中心斑岩区域为富铜矿石,而远离斑岩区出现更多的富铅锌银矿石。秘鲁中部中新世成矿带分布着众多具有重要经济价值的脉状热液型铅锌银多金属矿床,总结近年来综合地质调查和研究成果,表明这些多金属矿床都属于斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统的一部分,因此斑岩-矽卡岩型铜矿床及浅成低温热液型贵金属矿床是秘鲁中部重要的找矿方向。

富碱斑岩成因与Cu—Mo—Au矿床成矿作用——以金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带为例

富碱斑岩因其产出构造环境独特、岩石类型特殊,并常与铜多金属矿床密切相关,而受到广泛关注。笔者等在回顾相关研究进展的基础上,通过岩石成因和构造环境、岩浆性质和岩浆源区等方面的综合研究,探讨了金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带富碱岩浆成矿作用及成岩成矿机制。系统的矿床地质、年代学、地球化学等研究表明:①金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带内成岩成矿作用集中于43~32 Ma,成矿富碱斑岩系始新世—渐新世I型钾玄质花岗斑岩,是印—亚大陆后碰撞背景下大陆内部大型走滑和伸展等动力过程诱导的岩浆活动产物,金沙江和哀牢山—红河断裂的差异走滑运动可能控制了成矿带差异性成岩成矿事件;②成矿带北段以Cu—Mo为主的成矿富碱斑岩源自新元古代下地壳的部分熔融,且源区有富集地幔和亏损地幔物质的加入,而南段以Cu—Au或Cu(—Mo—Au)为主的成矿富碱斑岩源自具有不同程度富集地幔物质加入的新生下地壳的部分熔融;③带内以Cu为主的斑岩—矽卡岩型矿床中成矿富碱斑岩的氧逸度(ΔFMQ)与矿床规模具有正相关性。除受氧逸度控制外,源区高K2O含量有利于斑岩—矽卡岩型Au矿床的形成。该研究对金沙江—红河富碱斑岩成矿带乃至同类矿床研究和找矿勘查具有理论和实际意义。

Geology, geochronology and geochemistry of large Duobaoshan Cu-Mo-Au orefield in NE China: Magma genesis and regional tectonic implications

Duobaoshan is the largest porphyry-related Cu-Mo-Au orefield in northeastern(NE)Asia,and hosts a number of large-medium porphyry Cu(PCDs),epithermal Au and Fe-Cu skarn deposits.Formation ages of these deposits,from the oldest(Ordovician)to youngest(Jurassic),have spanned across over 300 Ma.No similar orefields of such size and geological complexity are found in NE Asia,which reflects its metallogenic uniqueness in forming and preserving porphyry-related deposits.In this study,we explore the actual number and timing of magmatic/mineralization phases,their respective magma genesis,fertility,and regional tectonic connection,together with the preservation of PCDs.We present new data on the magmatic/mineralization ages(LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb,pyrite and molybdenite Re-Os dating),whole-rock geochemistry,and zircon trace element compositions on four representative deposits in the Duobaoshan orefield,i.e.,Duobaoshan PCD,Tongshan PCD,Sankuanggou Fe-Cu skarn,and Zhengguang epithermal Au deposits,and compiled published ones from these and other mineral occurrences in the orefield.In terms of geochronology,we have newly summarized seven magmatic phases in the orefield:(1)Middle-Late Cambrian(506-491 Ma),(2)Early and Middle Ordovician(485-471 Ma and~462 Ma),(3)Late Ordovician(450-447 Ma),(4)Early Carboniferous and Late-Carboniferous to Early Permian(351-345 and 323-291 Ma),(5)Middle-Late Triassic(244-223 Ma),(6)Early-Middle and Late Jurassic(178-168 Ma and~150 Ma),and(7)Early Cretaceous(~112 Ma).Three of these seven major magmatic phases were coeval with ore formation,including(1)Early Ordovician(485-473 Ma)porphyry-type Cu-Mo-(Au),(2)Early-Middle Triassic(246-229 Ma)porphyry-related epithermal Au-(Cu-Mo),and(3)Early Jurassic(177-173 Ma)Fe-Cu skarn mineralization.Some deposits in the orefield,notably Tongshan and Zhengguang,were likely formed by more than one mineralization events.In terms of geochemistry,ore-causative granitoids in the orefield exhibit adakite-like or adakite-normal arc transitional signatures,but those forming the porphyry-/epithermal-type Cu-Mo-Au mineralization are largely confined to the former.The varying but high Sr/Y,Sm/Yb and La/Yb ratios suggest that the ore-forming magmas were mainly crustal sourced and formed at different depths(clinopyroxene-/amphibole-/garnet-stability fields).The adakite-like suites may have formed by partial melting of the thickened lower crust at 35-40 km(for the Early Ordovician arc)and>40 km(for the Middle-Late Triassic arc)depths.The Early Jurassic Fe-Cu skarn orecausative granitoids show an adakitic-normal arc transitional geochemical affinity.These granitoids were likely formed by partial melting of the juvenile lower crust(35-40 km depth),and subsequently modified by assimilation and fractional crystallization(AFC)processes.In light of the geological,geochronological and geochemical information,we proposed the following tectonometallogenic model for the Duobaoshan orefield.The Ordovician Duobaoshan may have been in a continental arc setting during the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean,and formed the porphyry-related deposits at Duobaoshan,Tongshan and Zhengguang.Subduction may have ceased in the latest Ordovician,and the regional tectonics passed into long subsidence and extension till the latest Carboniferous.This extensional tectonic regime and the Silurian terrestrial-shallow marine sedimentation had likely buried and preserved the Ordovician Duobaoshan magmatic-hydrothermal system.The south-dipping Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean subduction from north of the orefield had generated the Middle-Late Triassic continental arc magmatism and the associated Tongshan PCD and Zhengguang epithermal Au mineralization(which superimposed on the Ordovician PCD system).The Middle Jurassic closure of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the northwestern Amuria block(Erguna terrane),and the accompanying Siberia-Amuria collision,may have placed the Paleo-Pacific subduction system in NE China(including the orefield)under compression,and formed the granodiorite-tonalite and Fe-Cu skarn deposits at Sankuanggou and Xiaoduobaoshan.From the Middle Jurassic,the consecutive accretion of Paleo-Pacific arc terranes(e.g.,Sikhote-Alin and Nadanhada)onto the NE Asian continental margin may have gradually distant the Duobaoshan orefield from the subduction front,and consequently arc-type magmatism and the related mineralization faded.The minor Late Jurassic and Cretaceous unmineralized magmatism in the orefield may have triggered mainly by the far-field extension led by the post-collisional(Siberia-Amuria)gravitational collapse and/or Paleo-Pacific backarc-basin opening.

Re-Os geochronology of Cu and W-Mo deposits in the Balkhash metallogenic belt,Kazakhstan and its geological significance

The Central Asian metallogenic domain （CAMD） is a multi-core metallogenic system controlled by boundary strike-slip fault systems. The Balkhash metallogenic belt in Kazakhstan, in which occur many large and super-large porphyritic Cu--Mo deposits and some quartz vein- and greisen-type W-Mo deposits, is a well-known porphyritic Cu--Mo metallogenic belt in the CAMD. In this paper 11 molybdenite samples from the western segment of the Balkhash metallogenic belt are selected for Re--Os compositional analyses and Re--Os isotopic dating. Molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu deposit and the three quartz vein-greisen W--Mo deposits--East Kounrad, Akshatau and Zhanet--all have relatively high Re contents （2712--2772 μg/g for Borly and 2.267--31.50 μg/g for the other three W-Mo deposits）, and lower common Os contents （0.670-2.696 ng/g for Borly and 0.0051--0.056 ng/g for the other three）. The molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu--Mo deposit and the East Kounrad, Zhanet, and Akshatau quartz vein- and greisen-type W-Mo deposits give average model Re--Os ages of 315.9 Ma, 298.0 Ma, 295.0 Ma, and 289.3 Ma respectively. Meanwhile, molybde- nites from the East Kounrad, Zhanet, and Akshatan W-Mo deposits give a Re--Os isochron age of 297.9 Ma, with an MSWD value of 0.97. Re--Os dating of the molybdenites indicates that Cu-W-Mo metallogenesis in the western Balkhash metallogeuic belt occurred during Late Carboniferous to Early Permian （315.9--289.3 Ma）, while the porphyry Cu--Mo deposits formed at ~316 Ma, and the quartz vein-greisen W--Mo deposits formed at ~298 Ma. The Re--Os model and isochron ages thus suggest that Late Carboniferous porphyry granitoid and pegmatite magmatism took place during the late Hercy- nian movement. Compared to the Junggar-East Tianshan porphyry Cu metallogenic belt in northwestern China, the formation of the Cu-Mo metallogenesis in the Balkhash rnetallogenic belt occurred between that of the Tuwu-Yandong in East Tianshan and the Baogutu porphyry Cu deposits in West Junggar. Collectively, the large-scale Late Carboniferous porphyry Cu-Mo metallogenesis in the Central Asian metallogenic domain is related to Hercynian tectono-magmatic activities.

黑龙江多宝山斑岩Cu-Mo矿床成岩成矿时代研究

多宝山斑岩型铜(钼)矿床是中国东北地区重要的斑岩型铜(钼)矿床,文章对矿区主要成矿岩体及辉钼矿样品进行了系统的成岩成矿年代学研究。对成矿岩体采用高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得成矿母岩花岗闪长斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(474.8±4.7)Ma,矿体寄主岩石花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(478.1±4.1)Ma,以及矿体外围黑云母花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(483.9±4.5)Ma;矿体辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素模式年龄加权平均值为(475.1±5.1)Ma。测年结果显示,多宝山斑岩铜(钼)矿床形成于早奥陶世。结合含矿地层、矿区岩石组合特征,以及前人研究的岩石地球化学特征,推测多宝山矿床形成于早奥陶世与板块俯冲有关的岛弧环境,说明在区域上寻找类似多宝山的斑岩铜矿应沿早奥陶世多宝山-伊尔斯岩浆岛弧带开展。

斑岩型Cu(Mo)矿床中微量元素富集贫化规律研究

依据江西城门山、内蒙古乌奴格吐山、甘肃白山堂三个斑岩型Cu(Mo)矿床试验资料,探讨了斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床中微量元素的富集贫化规律。在斑岩型Cu(Mo)矿床中,除存在成矿元素及其伴生元素的富集以外,还存在着部分亲石分散元素、稀有元素等的贫化。发生贫化的微量元素因矿床而异,既有共性又有特殊性。Sr等微量元素在斑岩型Cu(Mo)矿床中显著贫化并且有随Cu矿化增强贫化程度增强的规律,可以作为判断与斑岩体有关的地球化学异常的成矿前景。此项研究成果为实现地球化学勘查指标的定量化提供了基础。

西藏驱龙巨型斑岩Cu-Mo矿床的富S、高氧化性含矿岩浆——来自岩浆成因硬石膏的证据

西藏冈底斯成矿带上的驱龙巨型斑岩Cu-Mo矿床以发育大量的硬石膏为特征。详细的岩相学研究发现:驱龙矿床不仅发育热液脉状的硬石膏,含矿斑岩中还产出岩浆成因硬石膏,这在国内系首次报道。观察表明,在岩浆演化早期的花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩中,岩浆硬石膏以矿物包体的形式产于斜长石、石英中;在主成矿期的二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩中,岩浆硬石膏以矿物包体产于斜长石斑晶中,局部以斑晶形式产出,并伴有富S的磷灰石(SO3含量为0.11%～0.44%)、磁铁矿发育。后期热液活动也形成了大量的硬石膏±石英+硫化物脉,是矿区主要的矿化类型之一。电子探针分析结果显示,后期的热液硬石膏与岩浆硬石膏相比,在微量成分上明显富集Sr(分别为0.24%和0.03%),可能是由于在岩浆-热液演化过程中,Sr的不相容性或者/以及粘土化蚀变造成的。岩浆硬石膏以及与之共生的富S磷灰石的出现,明确指示驱龙矿床成矿岩浆具有富S、高氧逸度的特征;同时也为研究S在斑岩型矿床岩浆演化过程中的状态、行为,提供了很好的研究对象。

云南金平铜厂斑岩Cu(Mo-Au)矿床含矿石英正长斑岩地球化学特征及成因机制探讨

铜厂斑岩型Cu(Mo-Au)矿床位于金沙江-红河富碱侵入岩带的南段,其含矿的石英正长斑岩侵入体属金沙江-红河富碱侵入岩带的重要组成部分。对铜厂石英正长斑岩开展详细的地球化学研究结果表明,其具有高碱、富钾及准铝质-弱过铝质等特征,属钾玄岩系列岩石;微量和稀土元素分析表明,铜厂石英正长斑岩明显富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、La和Sr等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素,具有明显的"TNT"负异常,稀土总量高,明显富集轻稀土而亏损重稀土,轻重稀土分馏显著;(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.707097～0.707138,εNd(t)为-7.1～-6.8,在Sr-Nd同位素相关图上,与EMII来源岩石相似。对比金沙江-红河富碱侵入岩带北段的玉龙含矿的二长花岗斑岩和中段的马厂箐含矿的花岗斑岩的地球化学特征,铜厂含矿斑岩具有高的全碱、微量元素和稀土元素含量、高的(87Sr/86Sr)i值和低的εNd(t)值、不具埃达克质岩属性等特征。综合研究表明,铜厂含矿的石英正长斑岩在成因类型上属于A型花岗岩类,形成于～35Ma的晚碰撞走滑环境且直接起源于EMII地幔的部分熔融。铜厂与玉龙及马厂箐斑岩型Cu(Mo-Au)矿床含矿斑岩地球化学特征和成矿规模存在差异,与源区物质的部分熔融程度和地壳物质的混染程度密切相关。

青海东昆仑托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)矿床含矿斑岩成因:锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学约束

东昆仑造山带是我国斑岩型矿床的重要成矿区之一。对东昆仑托克妥Cu-Au（Mo）矿床含矿斑岩利用原位LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和地球化学分析方法,探讨该地区岩体成因以及岩浆作用与成矿作用的深部约束机制。东昆仑托克妥Cu-Au（Mo）矿床含矿二长花岗斑岩年龄为（232.49±0.93）Ma,花岗闪长斑岩年龄为（232.6±1.2）Ma,处于东昆仑碰撞造山阶段。含矿斑岩为二长花岗斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩,具有富硅（w（SiO2）=63.11%~71.78%）、高钾（w（K2O）=2.62%~3.61%）、高镁（w（MgO）=0.52%~1.89%）、低钛（w（TiO2）=0.26%~0.53%）和偏铝质（A/CNK=1.05~1.10）的特征,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K和Pb等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti和P,属于高钾钙碱性系列的I型花岗岩。研究认为,托克妥Cu-Au（Mo）矿床形成于大陆动力体制下的伸展背景,与阿尼玛卿洋壳岩石圈北向俯冲碰撞有关的俯冲板片断离有关。

还原性斑岩型Cu与Mo-Cu矿特征与形成机制

还原性斑岩型Cu矿是近年新识别的一类斑岩型矿床,以岩浆阶段发育大量磁黄铁矿和成矿流体富CH4为主要特征。成因上,还原性斑岩型Cu矿与钛铁矿系列I型花岗岩伴生,形成于俯冲环境或者后碰撞环境。成矿流体为岩浆流体。岩浆阶段磁黄铁矿的结晶沉淀将导致岩浆中成矿元素Cu进入硫化物相而贫化,不利于成矿元素在流体中富集,结果导致还原性斑岩型Cu矿的矿化和蚀变规模较小。对比研究发现西准噶尔宏远Mo-Cu矿也具有还原性斑岩型矿床的特征,可能为还原性斑岩型矿床的新类型。

东秦岭160～140Ma Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)矿床磷灰石成分特征

东秦岭地区分布有160~140 Ma斑岩、斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)两种不同矿化类型矿床,对两种矿化的成矿岩体中磷灰石进行成分分析,结果显示本次研究的Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体的磷灰石均为岩浆磷灰石,但在主要成分和挥发份上两者具有一定的差异性。相对于Cu(Mo)矿床,Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体的磷灰石具有相对较高的F/Cl比值(分别为81~262和0.8~25)和MnO含量(分别为:0.05%~0.91%,平均为0.25%和0.02%~0.18%,平均为0.07%),说明Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体的岩浆源区具有较为强烈的沉积物源区特征。随着大地构造位置变化,从华北板块南缘到北秦岭,再到南秦岭,成矿岩体中磷灰石的F/Cl比值和MnO含量逐渐降低,说明岩浆源区中幔源物质成分逐渐增多。与此同时矿化类型也逐渐由Mo(W)矿化转变为Cu(Mo)矿化,这也说明成矿岩体岩浆源区特征对矿化类型具有一定的约束性。此外,Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体中磷灰石具有不同的挥发份含量,而且挥发份类型对不同矿化元素具有选择性。相对于Cu(Mo)矿床,Mo(W)矿床的成矿岩体中磷灰石含有相对较高的F含量(2.83%~5.81%,平均为3.97%),较高的F含量能够提高熔体中羟基含量,增强Mo的配分系数,有利于Mo矿化。Cu(Mo)矿床的成矿岩体中磷灰石含有相对较高的Cl含量(0.13%~1.14%,平均为0.45%),主要与Cu在流体相中主要以氯合物形式存在,且Cu在熔体相和流体相间的分配系数与Cl含量呈正相关关系有关。Cu(Mo)和Mo(W)矿床成矿岩体中磷灰石均含有相似的SO3含量(均为0.17%),与斑岩型矿床中含矿岩体磷灰石的SO3范围相一致。但是,相对于典型大型、超大型斑岩型铜矿,东秦岭地区晚侏罗世—早白垩世Cu(Mo)矿床的成矿岩体中磷灰石SO3含量略低,相应的成矿岩浆也具有相对较低的氧逸度和S含量,而这可能是造成区域内Cu(Mo)矿化规模较小的原因之一。

内蒙古八大关斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床成矿流体特征及成矿机制研究

八大关斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床是我国内蒙大兴安岭成矿带北段典型的斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床之一,矿体主要产出在成矿斑岩体与围岩的内外接触带。通过详细的岩相学和矿相学观察,矿床可以划分出5个成矿阶段,即钾长石阶段→辉钼矿-石英阶段→磁铁矿-黄铁矿(黄铜矿)石英阶段→铜(铅锌)石英阶段→石英-绿泥石±碳酸盐阶段。矿床内石英中的流体包裹体类型有富气相包裹体、富液相包裹体、含子矿物的多相包裹体和含CO_2的三相包裹体,但石英-绿泥石阶段石英中明显缺乏后两类包裹体。显微测温和激光拉曼结果显示,石英斑晶中代表早期成矿流体的均一温度为460~572℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))高达59.76%,子矿物有石盐和代表氧化环境的硬石膏,气相成分富含CO_2,液相成分以H_2O为主,富含CO_3^(2-)。辉钼矿-石英阶段流体包裹体的均一温度为320~440℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))为0.83%~63.13%,子矿物有石盐、赤铁矿和未知硫化物,可见富气相、富液相和含CO_2或子矿物的多相包裹体共存,且其具有相近的均一温度,但盐度相差悬殊,指示成矿流体曾发生过沸腾作用;而铜(铅锌)-石英阶段的均一温度为260~340℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))为0.42%~37.40%,子矿物有石盐和硬石膏,气液相成分以H_2O为主,富含CO_3^(2-)。与辉钼矿-石英阶段相比,该阶段成矿流体的温度变化尤为显著。石英-绿泥石阶段中流体包裹体的均一温度为237~306℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))则低于10.86%,无子晶,贫CO_2。综合O、H同位素,初始成矿流体属于中高温、高盐度、高氧逸度和富CO_2的岩浆热液;随着成矿过程的进行,大气水的混合比例越来越高,成矿流体逐渐演化为岩浆热液和大气水的混合热液;晚阶段成矿流体主要以大气水为主。通过系统的流体包裹体研究,我们认为矿床的成矿物质是由同一流体带入成矿热液系统,但其沉淀机制却发生了解耦,即辉钼矿的沉淀主要与减压沸腾作用有关,而铜(铅锌)硫化物的沉淀主要与温度降低有关。

云南省马厂箐Cu-Mo-Au矿床花岗斑岩成矿地质证据

马厂箐铜钼(金)矿床是金沙江-哀牢山构造带内与喜马拉雅期富碱侵入岩有关的典型的斑岩型矿床之一,其铜钼(金)矿(化)体在空间上与花岗斑岩紧密相伴,且主要位于花岗斑岩脉(体)的上、下盘。花岗斑岩内发育有具斑岩型矿化特征的细网脉状、浸染状矿化,其上盘的(似)斑状花岗岩和下盘的向阳组围岩内均发育有脉状、细脉状矿化,且总体表现出向接触带附近花岗斑岩倾斜的特点。(似)斑状花岗岩中的矿化脉体北倾,围岩地层中的矿化脉体南倾。花岗斑岩脉(体)上、下盘的矿化脉体表现出越靠近接触带(花岗斑岩脉体)蚀变矿化越强、矿化体的规模越大、出现的频率越高,而远离接触带(花岗斑岩脉体)则蚀变矿化越弱、矿化体的规模越小、出现的频率越低。铜钼(金)的成矿时代与花岗斑岩的成岩时代较为一致,其同位素年龄集中在34～36Ma。花岗斑岩含有源于富集地幔的镁铁质暗色微粒包体,并发育浸染状的黄铁矿化、磁铁矿化。暗色微粒包体及其寄主岩(花岗斑岩)具有同源性,且与壳-幔岩混合作用及成分分异有关,具有提供成矿物质、成矿流体的基础。因此,该区的铜钼(金)成矿与花岗斑岩有关。