Understanding the local structure and thermophysical behavior of Mg-La liquid alloys via machine learning potential

The local structure and thermophysical behavior of Mg-La liquid alloys were in-depth understood using deep potential molecular dynamic(DPMD) simulation driven via machine learning to promote the development of Mg-La alloys. The robustness of the trained deep potential(DP) model was thoroughly evaluated through several aspects, including root-mean-square errors(RMSEs), energy and force data, and structural information comparison results;the results indicate the carefully trained DP model is reliable. The component and temperature dependence of the local structure in the Mg-La liquid alloy was analyzed. The effect of Mg content in the system on the first coordination shell of the atomic pairs is the same as that of temperature. The pre-peak demonstrated in the structure factor indicates the presence of a medium-range ordered structure in the Mg-La liquid alloy, which is particularly pronounced in the 80at% Mg system and disappears at elevated temperatures. The density, self-diffusion coefficient, and shear viscosity for the Mg-La liquid alloy were predicted via DPMD simulation, the evolution patterns with Mg content and temperature were subsequently discussed, and a database was established accordingly. Finally, the mixing enthalpy and elemental activity of the Mg-La liquid alloy at 1200 K were reliably evaluated,which provides new guidance for related studies.

The Dynamical Characteristics and Wave Structure of Typhoon Rananim (2004)

Typhoon Rananim （2004） was one of the severest typhoons landfalling the Chinese mainland from 1996 to 2004. It brought serious damage and induced prodigious economical loss. Using a new generation of mesoscale model, named the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） modeling system, with 1.667 km grid horizontal spacing on the finest nested mesh, Rananim was successfully simulated in terms of track, intensity, eye, eyewall, and spiral rainbands. We compared the structures of Rananim to those of hurricanes in previous studies and observations to assess the validity of simulation. The three-dimensional （3D） dynamic and thermal structures of eye and eyewall were studied based on the simulated results. The focus was investigation of the characteristics of the vortex Rossby waves in the inner-core region. We found that the Rossby vortex waves propagate azimuthally upwind against the azimuthal mean tangential flow around the eyewall, and their period was longer than that of an air parcel moving within the azimuthal mean tangential flow. They also propagated outward against the boundary layer inflow of the azimuthal mean vortex. Puthermore, we studied the connection between the spiral potential vorticity （PV） bands and spiral rainbands, and found that the vortex Rossby waves played an important role in the formation process of spiral rainbands.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY OF THE INNER-CORE STRUCTURES AND THE MECHANISM FOR INSHORE STRENGTHENING OF SOUTH CHINA SEA TYPHOON VONGFONG (0214) DURING LANDFALL

An explicit simulation with a fine mesh at intervals of 6 km is used to explore the inner-core structures of Vongfong (0214). The dynamic mechanism for the inshore strengthening of Vongfong is examined. It is found as follows. (1) The radius of maximum wind of the axisymmetric structures of the typhoon decreased with height during its mature stage. When Vongfong was inshore, the strongest low-layer inflow located in front of it and the outflow was to the rear of it, which was just reversed from the Atlantic hurricanes and other Pacific typhoons. (2) The dynamic and thermodynamic fields were highly asymmetric in structure. Convection was stronger in the northwest quadrant of the typhoon than in the southeast; the strongest convective cloud bands were consistent with the maximum wind region. During its strengthening stage, it was cold west of and warm east of the eye in the lower layer but warm in the west and cold in the east of the mid-upper layer. During its mature stage, a warm-core structure was evident in the lower and middle-upper layer. (3) The interactions between a mid-latitude cold low in the middle-upper troposphere and the typhoon were responsible for the latter to strengthen inshore. Firstly, the outer circulation of the cold low entered the typhoon from the middle troposphere when an outer cold airflow from the cold low flowed into the northwest quadrant of the typhoon so that geopotentially instable energy increased and convection developed. Secondly, the downdraft in the cold low was just the corresponding branch of the secondary circulation of the typhoon system; when the cold low weakened while moving south, the typhoon strengthened inshore. Due to the CISK mechanism, these two phenomena might be realized.

The Structural,Dielectric,Lattice Dynamical and Thermodynamic Properties of Zinc-Blende CdX(X=S,Se,Te) from First-Principles Analysis

The structural, dielectric, lattice dynamical and thermodynamic properties of zinc-blende CdX （X=S, Se, Te） are studied by using a plane-wave pseudopotential method within the density-functional theory. Our calculated lattice constants and bulk modulus are compared with the pubfished experimental and theoretical data. In addition, the Born effective charges, electronic dielectric tensors, phonon frequencies, and longitudinal opticaltransverse optical splitting are calculated by the linear-response approach. Some of the characteristics of the phonon-dispersion curves for zinc-blende CdX （X= S, Se, Te） are summarized. What is more, based on the lattice dynamical properties, we investigate the thermodynamic properties of CdX （X= S, Se, Te） and analyze the temperature dependences of the Helmholtz free energy F, the internal energy E, the entropy S and the constant-volume specific heat Cv. The results show that the heat capacities for CdTe, CdSe, and CdS approach approximately to the Petit-Dulong limit 6R.

Finescale Spiral Rainbands Modeled in a High-Resolution Simulation of Typhoon Rananim (2004)

Finescale spiral rainbands associated with Typhoon Rananim （2004） with the band length ranging from 10 to nearly 100 km and band width varying from 5 to 15 km are simulated using the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model （MM5）. The finescale rainbands have two types： one intersecting the eyewall and causing damaging wind streaks, and the other distributed azimuthally along the inner edge of the eyewall with a relatively short lifetime. The formation of the high-velocity wind streaks results from the interaction of the azimuthal flow with the banded vertical vorticity structure triggered by tilting of the horizontal vorticity. The vertical advection of azimuthal momentum also leads to acceleration of tangential flow at a relatively high Mtitude. The evolution and structures of the bands are also examined in this study. Further investigation suggests that the boundary inflection points are related tightly to the development of the finescale rainbands, consistent with previous findings using simple symmetric models. In particular; the presence of the level of inflow reversal in the boundary layer is a crucial factor controlling the formation of these bands. The near-surface wavy peaks of vertical vorticity always follow the inflection points in radial flow. The mesoscale vortices and associated convective updrafts in the eyewall are considered to strengthen the activity of finescale bands, and the updrafts can trigger the formation of the bands as they reside in the environment with inflow reversal in the boundary layer.

On the Evolution and Structure of a Radiation Fog Event in Nanjing

An extremely dense radiation fog event during 10-11 December 2007 was studied to understand its macro-micro-physics in relation to dynamic and thermodynamic structures of the boundary layer, as well as its structural evolution in conjunction with the air-surface exchange of heat and water vapor. The findings are as follows. The extreme radiation fog process was divisible into formation, development, mature, and dissipation phases, depending on microstructure and visibility. This fog event was marked by rapid evolution that occurred after sunrise, when enhanced surface evaporation and cold air intrusion led to a three order of magnitude increase in liquid water content （LWC） in just 20 minutes. The maximum droplet diameter （MDD） increased four-fold during the same period. The fog structure was two-layered, with the top of both the surface-layer and upper-layer components characterized by strong temperature and humidity inversions, and low-level jets existed in the boundary layer above each fog layer. Turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and friction velocity differed remarkably from phase to phase： these features increased gradually before the fog formation and decreased during the development phase; during the mature and dissipation phases these characteristics increased and then decreased again. In the development and mature stages, the mean kinetic energy of the lower-level winds decreased pronouncedly, both in the horizontal and vertical directions.

A review of extractive distillation from an azeotropic phenomenon for dynamic control

Extractive distillation is an effective method for separating azeotropic or close boiling point mixtures by adding a third component.Various technologies for performing the extractive distillation process have been explored to protect the environment and save resources.This paper focuses on the improvement of these advanced technologies in recent years.Extractive distillation is retrieved and analyzed from the view of phase equilibrium,selection of solvent in extractive distillation,process design,energy conservation,and dynamic control.The quantitative structure–property relationship used in extractive distillation is discussed,and the future development of extractive distillation is proposed to determine how the solvent affects the relative volatility of the separated mixture.In the steady state design,the relationship between the curvature of the residue curve and parameters of the optimal steady state is also highlighted as another field worthy of further study to simplify the distillation process.

A numerical simulation of latent heating within Typhoon Molave

The weather research and forecasting（WRF） model is a new generation mesoscale numerical model with a fine grid resolution（2 km）, making it ideal to simulate the macro-and micro-physical processes and latent heating within Typhoon Molave（2009）. Simulations based on a single-moment, six-class microphysical scheme are shown to be reasonable, following verification of results for the typhoon track, wind intensity, precipitation pattern, as well as inner-core thermodynamic and dynamic structures. After calculating latent heating rate, it is concluded that the total latent heat is mainly derived from condensation below the zero degree isotherm, and from deposition above this isotherm. It is revealed that cloud microphysical processes related to graupel are the most important contributors to the total latent heat. Other important latent heat contributors in the simulated Typhoon Molave are condensation of cloud water, deposition of cloud ice, deposition of snow, initiation of cloud ice crystals, deposition of graupel, accretion of cloud water by graupel, evaporation of cloud water and rainwater,sublimation of snow, sublimation of graupel, melting of graupel, and sublimation of cloud ice. In essence, the simulated latent heat profile is similar to ones recorded by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, although specific values differ slightly.

Regional Characteristics of Typhoon-Induced Ocean Eddies in the East China Sea

The asymmetrical structure of typhoon-induced ocean eddies（TIOEs） in the East China Sea（including the Yellow Sea）and the accompanying air–sea interaction are studied using reanalysis products. Thirteen TIOEs are analyzed and divided into three groups with the k-prototype method： Group A with typhoons passing through the central Yellow Sea; Group B with typhoons re-entering the sea from the western Yellow Sea after landing on continental China; and Group C with typhoons occurring across the eastern Yellow Sea near to the Korean Peninsula. The study region is divided into three zones（Zones Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ） according to water depth and the Kuroshio position. The TIOEs in Group A are the strongest and could reverse part of the Kuroshio stream, while TIOEs in the other two groups are easily deformed by topography. The strong currents of the TIOEs impact on the latent heat flux distribution and upward transport, which facilitates the typhoon development. The strong divergence within the TIOEs favors an upwelling-induced cooling. A typical TIOE analysis shows that the intensity of the upwelling of TIOEs is proportional to the water depth, but its magnitude is weaker than the upwelling induced by the topography. In Zones Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the vertical dimensions of TIOEs and their strong currents are much less than the water depths.In shallow water Zone Ⅲ, a reversed circulation appears in the lower layer. The strong currents can lead to a greater, faster,and deeper energy transfer downwards than at the center of TIOEs.

Atomic simulation of amorphization and crystallization of Ag_( 50)Au_(50) alloy during rapid solidification

By means of constant temperature and constant pressure molecular dynamic simulation technique, a series of simulations of the glass transition and crystallization processes of Ag 50Au 50 were performed. The atoms interact via EAM potential function. Pair correlation functions of liquid Ag 50Au 50 during different cooling rates and temperatures were simulated to reveal the structural features of liquid, super-cooled liquid, glass state and crystal. The thermodynamics and kinetics of structure transition of Ag 50Au 50 during cooling processes were performed.

Effect of Dynamic Pressure on the Shock Structure and Sub‑shock Formation in a Mixture of Polyatomic Gases

We study the shock structure and the sub-shock formation in a binary mixture of rarefied polyatomic gases,considering the dissipation only due to the dynamic pressure.We classify the regions depending on the concentration and the Mach number for which there may exist the sub-shock in the profile of shock structure in one or both constituents or not for prescribed values of the mass ratio of the constituents and the ratios of the specific heats.We compare the regions with the ones of the corresponding mixture of Eulerian gases and perform the numerical calculations of the shock structure for typical cases previously classified and confirm whether sub-shocks emerge.

Responses of thermal structure and vertical dynamic structure of South China Sea to Typhoon Chanchu

The response of the South China Sea（SCS） to Typhoon Chanchu（2006） was examined using the MM5 and POM model. In the POM model, sea surface boundary conditions were forced by the simulation wind field from MM5, the velocity forcing was introduced in the eastern boundary and the computational schemes of heat fluxes at the surface were introduced. Comparison with the observation data shows that the simulated results are reliable. In the response process of the SCS to Typhoon Chanchu, the influence of the heat fluxes on thermal structure of the SCS was regionally different. Strong wind forcing would lead to upwelling phenomenon in the lateral boundary of deep water basin. Furthermore, the Ekman pumping theory was used to discuss subsurface upwelling and downwelling phenomenon in typhoon forced stage.

ANALYSIS OF DISSIPATIVE STRUCTURE IN MATERIAL COMMINUTION

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Ni-Zr合金高温熔体与非晶形成能力的分子动力学研究

采用分子动力学模拟的方法,对不同成分Ni-Zr合金高温熔体的原子结构和热力学性质方面进行研究,分析影响其非晶形成能力的因素。通过观察降温过程中平均原子体积随温度的变化,以及300 K下构型的可视化分析中非晶结构比例的变化,发现Ni-Zr合金非晶形成能力在Ni含量占比60%~90%区间,非晶形成能力出现显著下降后又回升的情况。混合焓、混合熵、混合自由能等热力学参数未表现出与非晶形成能力有明显相关性,混合自由能二阶偏导数的变化,体现出热力学因子的变化显著影响非晶形成能力。双体分布函数,配位数等与非晶形成能力密切相关的结构参数呈现较弱相关性。Warren-Cowley参数,及键长分析,发现Ni-Zr键的变化表现出与非晶形成能力相同的变化趋势。此项研究有利于加深对合金高温熔体与非晶形成能力间关系的理解。

2023年台风杜苏芮登陆后残涡维持的热力和动力机制研究

利用ERA5再分析数据和多源观测资料,分析2023年西北太平洋第5号台风杜苏芮登陆后台风残余旋涡(以下简称残涡)先减弱后增强过程,台风残涡的维持阶段出现在7月29日夜间至30日白天。研究发现,残涡维持阶段一直保持了暖心结构,并未发生变性过程;而残涡中心东北侧出现了明显的水汽辐合和湿位涡增加。“杜苏芮”残涡中心在北上过程中,北侧遭遇带状副热带高压阻挡移速减慢,对流层中高层副热带高压引导下的干冷气流进一步加剧了与中低层残涡和暖湿气团之间的温湿梯度,使得残涡北侧出现明显的等熵面倾斜,而倾斜涡度发展形成的动力抬升作用促发了残涡气旋性涡度的垂直发展。同时,残涡仍能从土壤湿度增加中获得一定的地表潜热释放加热。残涡东北侧出现的水汽径向流入和垂直上升运动释放的大量凝结潜热,也为残涡的维持和加强提供了必要条件。

风荷载作用下滨海地区水闸结构受力特性研究

以广东省珠海市金湾区滨海商务区机场东路东侧主渠水闸为例,针对水闸结构所受风荷载,对比研究中英美日设计规范的计算方法,分析各国方法的差异;基于计算流体动力学数值模拟,对不同风向、规范风压及极端台风天气下水闸结构所受风荷载的分布情况进行研究;采用结构有限元分析不同风荷载工况下,水闸结构的受力特性,为滨海地区水闸结构的抗风设计提供一定的借鉴意义。研究结果表明:中国规范考虑风振系数后的风荷载值与英美日3国规范基本相当;水闸风向系数为0.75~1.03,风荷载可根据水闸朝向与主导风向的夹角乘以一定的风向折减系数;水闸背风面风荷载体型系数大于常规建筑物,建议水闸结构按照风敏感建筑进行风荷载计算;台风极端天气作用下,水闸结构风荷载在考虑风振系数的基础上再乘以一定的放大系数,并适当增加水闸结构的刚度以满足正常使用要求;考虑外海潮位及风暴增水的叠加影响,水闸结构地基承载力建议乘以不小于1.15的安全系数。

基于GPS的高耸结构动态特性监测

在土木工程领域,GPS作为一种新的结构振动健康监测方法正受到广泛关注。以在建的广州新电视塔(塔高610 m)为研究背景,利用RTK-GPS测量技术对其在台风以及一般风荷载作用下的动态特性进行了监测试验,获得了电视塔核心筒顶部一个测点沿其短轴和长轴方向的动位移时程曲线,位移曲线的谱分析结果表明,利用动态GPS观测能精确地识别出高耸结构物的低阶振动频率,其识别结果同加速度计识别结果以及有限元模型分析结果吻合很好。研究结果表明,在高耸结构施工监控和健康监测中,应用动态GPS技术进行环境激励动态特性监控是一种有效的方法。

台风“鲇鱼”(1013)路径突变过程的成因分析

利用NCEP提供的GFS(Global Forecast System)再分析资料,对2010年西北太平洋最强台风"鲇鱼"(1013)路径突变的成因开展诊断分析,研究其影响系统、引导气流的演变特征等,并运用CPS(Cyclone Phase Space)方法对其生命史中的热力结构演变过程进行定量描述,重点分析路径突变前后各因子的变化。结果表明,"鲇鱼"移入南海后,冷空气南侵导致其热力结构发生变化,台风环流右侧较暖,此时引导气流微弱,"趋暖"运动占主导,首先引起路径向右偏转,随后引导气流转为西南气流并逐渐增强,在二者共同作用下,"鲇鱼"路径持续右转,逐渐向东北方向移动,完成路径突变。

湛江东海岛一次春季海雾的宏微观结构及边界层演变特征

2011年2—3月利用雾滴谱仪、能见度仪、风廓线雷达及100 m边界层气象要素梯度观测塔在湛江东海岛开展海雾综合观测试验。选取2011年2月23—24日一次约15 h的浓雾过程,从宏微观角度着重分析了其间近地层风、温、湿结构和热、动力演变,微物理过程和爆发性增长特征,及湍流通量输送。结果表明:来自南海暖海面的偏东南暖湿气流平流至广东省沿岸冷海面,发生冷却并达到饱和形成海雾。偏东南暖湿气流为浓雾的酝酿、生成及成熟提供了充沛水汽和稳定的逆温层结条件,逆温强度与暧湿气流强度关系密切。海雾多发生在270 m以下,当630—870 m高度层存在明显的下沉运动时,150—390 m高度层则可保持近似等温和弱逆温层,阻止了下层(270 m以下)水汽与其上层(390 m以上)干冷空气交换,导致下层大气持续髙湿稳定状态。整个过程中,雾滴数浓度(/V)、含水量(W)、平均直径(DnvJ、谱宽(Dmax)和有效半径的平均值分别为248 cm 3,0.102 g/cm3、5.2 pm、36.0和7.0/im。雾滴数浓度(iV)与平均直径(CU)在雾发展初期(生成、发展)和末期(消散)多成正相关趋势,而在成熟阶段两者多成反相关趋势。雾前4小时稳定层结及偏东南暖湿气流持续增湿可认为是雾层爆发性增长的酝酿阶段,雾滴谱拓宽是经过活跃一稳定一爆发的3阶段完成,湍流混合对其影响不大;浓雾快速消散是雾滴蒸发、重力碰并沉降、湍流碰并沉降等共同作用造成的,其中直径大于21 Mm液滴的大量耗散是消散的重要阶段。雾前,湍流由强转弱。雾发生后,湍流持续较弱。由于东南急流引发的风切变导致湍流增强,感热通量出现向上强输送,这与冷海雾维持阶段高层热量交换过程类似。雾消散时,湍流逐渐转强。平均动能在雾前和雾中的两次跃增与偏东南暖湿气流显著增强有关,而雾成熟期湍流动能大幅跃增主要是由雾顶辐射冷却产生的热力湍流和风切变引发的机械湍流增强所致。

青藏高原大气科学试验研究进展

该文对半个世纪以来,我国气象工作者在青藏高原研究,特别是1979年和1998年两次大规模青藏高原大气科学试验科学成果进行了全面回顾,给出近年来青藏高原研究许多有重要价值的研究成果,可概要地归纳为以下几个方面:两次青藏高原大气科学试验在青藏高原边界层研究、对流特征研究方面取得新进展,发现许多新的观测事实。证明青藏高原也可能是低频振荡源地。试验发现青藏高原摩擦层风的Ekman螺线及热力混合层特征,发现青藏高原上对流边界层高度可达2200 m,湍流边界层高度比平原地区明显偏高;研究给出了青藏高原近地层与边界层动力、热力结构及其湍流、对流云特征可构成青藏高原地区边界层的综合物理图像。追踪分析研究发现,连续成串从青藏高原中部或东部发生、发展的对流云团族呈显著东移的特征,认为长江暴雨洪水的初始对流云系统可追溯到青藏高原;研究发现,在适当的云天条件下,在青藏高原上可观测到极大的太阳总辐射、有效辐射和地表净辐射。青藏高原地面反照率的变化产生热源、热汇的区域影响效应,这种源汇带来季节性和区域性的变化将进一步影响到大气中长波波形的季节尺度变化,研究还强调指出青藏高原雪盖的年度变化的反馈作用表现对行星尺度环流特征的影响,在热带洋面也产生对SST异常的相互作用与影响;青藏高原与亚洲季风系统影响研究取得显著进展;研究发现,青藏高原“感热气泵”(SHAP)的有效工作导致了青藏高原地区由冬到夏大气环流的突变及南亚高压的突然北跳,并维持着亚洲季风期;研究揭示出青藏高原周边“大三角”区域是影响我国长江中下游暴雨的水汽输送关键区,揭示在青藏高原地区及其东部水汽输送的“转运站”特征。水汽流向东的“转运”效应对长江梅雨期洪涝形成甚为重要;青藏高原大气物质输送及其臭氧异常特征研究取得进展,研究发现夏季在青藏高原上大气臭氧总量有一明显的低值中心存在,并且发现拉萨的臭氧递减趋势比我国东部同纬度地区大,而拉萨位于青藏高原臭氧低值中心的区域。