Evolution characteristics of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and its thermodynamic and dynamic effects on surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere

Based on modern observations,historical proxy data,and climate model simulations,this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the past,present and future evolution characteristics of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC),as well as its impact on the surface air temperature(SAT)at regional and hemispherical scales.The reconstruction results based on the proxy data indicate that the AMOC has weakened since the late 19th century and experienced overall weakening throughout the 20th century with low confidence.Direct observations show that the AMOC weakened during 2004–2016,but it is not possible to distinguish between its decadal variability and long-term trend.Climate models predict that if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase,AMOC will weaken in the future,but there will not be a sudden collapse before 2100.For the thermodynamic effects of AMOC,the increased surface heat flux release and meridional heat transport(MHT)over the North Atlantic associated with the strong AMOC cause an increase in the hemispherical SAT.At the millennial scale,climate cooling(warming)periods correspond to a weakened(strengthened)AMOC.The enhanced MHT of a strong AMOC can affect Arctic warming and thus influence regional SAT anomalies and SAT extremes through mutual feedback between Arctic sea ice and AMOC.In terms of dynamic effects,a strong AMOC modulates the Rossby wave trains originating from the North Atlantic and spreading across mid-to-high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and causes an increase in the variabilities in the circulation anomalies over the Ural and Siberian regions.Ultimately,a strong AMOC significantly affects the frequencies of extreme cold and warm events in the mid-to-high latitude regions over Eurasia.In addition,AMOC can also influence regional and global SAT anomalies through its dynamic adjustment of planetary-scale circulation.Decadal variation in AMOC is closely related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO).During positive phases of AMO and AMOC,enhanced surface heat fluxes over the North Atlantic lead to abnormal warming in the Northern Hemisphere,while during negative phases,the reverse case occurs.Under high emission scenarios in the future,the possibility of AMOC collapse increases due to freshwater forcing.However,most advanced climate models underestimate the strength of the AMOC and its impact on the AMO and relevant climate change,which presents a major challenge for future understanding and prediction of the AMOC and its climate effects.

Evaluation of dynamic effects of dietary medium-chain monoglycerides on performance,intestinal development and gut microbiota of broilers in large-scale production

Medium-chain monoglycerides(MG)have been reported to affect the productive performance,gut microbiota and health of broiler chickens reared in ideal experimental conditions at home and abroad.However,the effects of MG on performance,intestinal development and gut microbiota of chickens in large-scale farms during different feed stages remain unknown.The present study was conducted on a modern farm with a total of 12,000 yellow feathered broiler chicks that were randomly allotted to 2groups(1000 chicks/replicate,6 replicates/group)for a 70-day trial.The control group(CON group)received a basal diet,and the treated group(MG group)was fed a basal diet containing 300 mg/kg mixed MG.The results revealed that dietary MG significantly(P<0.05)increased the body weight and average feed intake,but notably reduced the feed conversion and mortality of chickens in large-scale production during the starter phase.The villus height of the duodenum in the MG group at 1,2 and 7 wk of age increased notably,and the villus height to crypt depth ratio at 1,2,5 and 10 wk of age was improved.Dietary MG decreased the serum insulin content of chickens at 5,7 and 10 wk of age,and decreased the serum lipopolysaccharide at 3 and 7 wk of age.The triglyceride level of chickens at 3,5 and 10 wk of age and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of chickens at 7 and 10 wk of age in the MG group decreased notably,while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly.Moreover,MG supplementation selectively increased the relative abundance of genus Bacteroides(family Bacteroidaceae)and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,but decreased the content of genus Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group,Collinsella and family Barnesiellaceae in the cecum of chickens at 3,7 and 10 wk of age.Conclusively,these findings showed that dietary MG notably enhanced chicken performance,health and feed nutrient utilization at early ages by regulating gut microbiota,intestinal development and serum biochemical indices.

Diagnosing the Dynamic and Thermodynamic Effects for the Exceptional 2020 Summer Rainy Season in the Yangtze River Valley

An exceptional rainy season occurred in the Yangtze River valley of eastern China in June-July 2020.The relative importance of the dynamic and thermodynamic effects on this unusual event is evaluated through the budget equations of moisture and moist static energy(MSE).The moisture budget analysis suggests that the thermodynamic effect contributes to the precipitation anomaly by 8.5%through the advection of abnormal water vapor by mean vertical motion,while the dynamic effect,related to water vapor advection by anomalous vertical motion,has the dominant contribution.The MSE budget analysis further reveals that the anomalous vertical motion is both constrained by the dynamic effect related to changes in atmospheric circulation and the thermodynamic effect related to changes of the atmospheric thermal state,with a ratio of thermodynamic versus total effects estimated at 45.3%.The dynamic effect is linked to the advection of warm and humid air by the abnormal southwesterly wind,which is related with an anomalous anticyclone over the Philippine Sea.The thermodynamic effect is partly induced by the positive advection of anomalous MSE(mainly latent energy)by the mean vertical motion.This analysis of the dynamic and thermodynamic effects is useful to understand the underlying physical mechanisms leading to the unusual rainy season in the Yangtze River valley in summer 2020.It is also helpful to put forward a few speculations on the potential role of global warming whose primary effect is,after all,to change the thermal state of the atmosphere.

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE DYNAMIC AND THERMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON THE SEASONAL TRANSITION IN THE EARLY SUMMER IN EAST ASIA

By employing a five-layer seasonal numerical weather prediction model and utilizing the National Meteorological Center (NMC) objective analysis data on May 10,1991 as the initial field,three numerical experiments——diabatic with orography,adiabatic with orography and adiabatic without orography——have been carried out to investigate the dy- namic and thermodynamic effects of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (hereafter the Plateau) on the seasonal transition in the early summer in East Asia.The results show that the typical seasonal transition features such as the northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet stream,the adjustment of the long-wave in middle and high latitudes and the changes of the circulation in the lower troposphere can be well simulated,if the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of the Plateau are both considered in the model as in the experiment adiabatic with orography.In other two experiments,it is failed to simulate out the seasonal transition features. The results also show that the thermodynamic effect of the Plateau acts on the atmosphere as a gradually enhanced heating source in the early summer,which makes the air temperature in 500 hPa over the Plateau increase by nearly 10℃ in a month and accelerates the northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet stream about seven latitudes more north- ward in twenty days and helps the shifted jet maintain at the northern periphery of the Plateau.It is also helpful to the formation and maintenance of the Lake Balchas trough and the northward and westward extension of the Pacific subtropical high.On the other hand,the dynamic effect of the Plateau weakens the northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet stream and barricades the westward extension of the Pacific subtropical high.If only the dynamic effect of the Plateau is considered in the model without consideration of the thermodynamic effect of the Plateau,not only the shifted jet withdraws southward but also the simulated Lake Balchas trough is 10 longitudes more eastward than that in the diabatic experiment,and the simulated Pacific subtropical high is more eastward and northward.However,the dy- namic effect of the Plateau strengthens the vertical movements in the west and east of the Plateau and makes the low-level jet maintain in the southeast of the Plateau.The path of the cold air and the tunnel of the water vapor in the lower troposphere during the seasonal transition period in the early summer in East Asia are determined by the coupling of the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of the Plateau.

Blood Lead Dynamics of Lead-Exposed Pregnant Women and Its Effects on Fetus Development

The dynamics of blood lead (Pb-B) and blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP-B) of women in early pregnancy and parturient women with lead exposure and the effects on fetus development were investigated. Pb-B of lead-exposed women was high: 0.984 μmol/L (20.38 μg/dl) and ZPP was 84.52μg/dl. Cord blood Pb-B was 0.896 μmol/L(18.56μg/dl)and cord blood ZPP was 69.24μg/dl. In the control group, Pb-B was 0.261μmol/L(5.41μg/dl), ZPP-B, 37.59 μg/dl, cord blood, Pb-B 0.34 μmol/L (7.93 μg/dl), and cord ZPP-B 49.0μg/dl. There was a significant correlation between blood lead and blood ZPP, maternal Pb-B and cord Pb-B, maternal Pb-B and cord ZPP-B. The significance of the consistency of high level Pb-B and the effects on fetus development is discussed.

Experimental and theoretical study on the dynamic effective stress of loaded gassy coal during gas release

In the process of mining coalbed methane(CBM),an unsteady state often arises due to the rapid extraction,release and pressure relief of CBM.In this case,the effective stress of coal changes dynamically,affecting the stability of the gassy coal seam.In this paper,gas release tests of gassy coal under conventional triaxial compression were performed,and the dynamic effective stress(DES)during gas release was obtained indirectly based on a constitutive equation and deformation of coal.The results show that the maximum increases in DES caused by the release of free gas and adsorbed gas under the stress of 1.1 MPa were 0.811 and 5.418 MPa,respectively,which seriously affected the stress state of the coal.During the gas release,the free gas pressure and the adsorbed gas volume were the parameters that directly affected the DES and showed a positive linear relationship with the DES with an intercept of zero.The DES of the coal sample increased exponentially with time,which was determined by the contents of free and adsorbed gas.Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis,an effective stress model was obtained for loaded gassy coal during gas release.The results of verification indicated accuracy greater than 99%.

Numerical Investigation of Dynamic Effects on Unsteady Flow Measurements Using a Two-Dimensional Probe

WTFZ] The dynamic effects in measurements of unsteady flow when using a probe with quasi-steady calibration curves has been investigated in this paper by numerical simulation of the compressible flow around a fixed two-dimensional 3-hole probe. The unsteady velocity and pressure distributions, as well as the hole-pressures, are calculated for high frequency flow variations. The measurement errors caused by the dynamic effects indicate that considerable measurement errors may occur for high frequency flow fluctuation, e.g., 2000Hz, especially, when the flow around the probe head approaches separation. This work shows how numerical simulation can be used to investigate and correct for the dynamic effects.[

Dynamical effects of switching a super-critical well potential on pair creation from a vacuum

The dynamical effects on electron-positron pair creation from a vacuum caused by the switching processes of a super- critical well potential are investigated in detail. The results show that only when the switching on and switching off time both increase will the final pair yield converge to the integer of embedded bound states nearly exponentially. But a single adiabatic switching on or switching off cannot lead to an integer pair yield. If the potential is turned on abruptly, associated with the discrete and embedded bound states, there is multi-frequency oscillation around the pair number＇s saturation. The slowly switching on can suppress the amplitude of this oscillation and reduce the final pair yield. The switching off can also reduce the final pair number in the same order of magnitude. The evolution of a single-pair number shows a robust long range correlation between particle and antiparticle. For an adiabatic switching case, the single-pair dominates the early pair creation, their upper limit value is equal to the integer, and these single-pairs will totally disentangle during the switching off.

Capital mobility in Latin American and Caribbean countries: new evidence from dynamic common correlated effects panel data modeling

This study investigates the degree of capital mobility in a panel of 16 Latin American and 4 Caribbean countries during 1960 to 2017 against the backdrop of the Feldstein-Horioka hypothesis by applying recent panel data techniques.This is the first study on capital mobility in Latin American and Caribbean countries to employ the recently developed panel data procedure of the dynamic common correlated effects modeling technique of Chudik and Pesaran(J Econ 188:393–420,2015)and the error-correction testing of Gengenbach,Urbain,and Westerlund(Panel error correction testing with global stochastic trends,2008,J Appl Econ 31:982–1004,2016).These approaches address the serious panel data econometric issues of crosssection dependence,slope heterogeneity,nonstationarity,and endogeneity in a multifactor error-structure framework.The empirical findings of this study reveal a low average(mean)savings–retention coefficient for the panel as a whole and for most individual countries,as well as indicating a cointegration relationship between saving and investment ratios.The results indicate that there is a relatively high degree of capital mobility in the Latin American and Caribbean countries in the short run,while the long-run solvency condition is maintained,which is due to reduced frictions in goods and services markets causing increase competition.Increased capital mobility in these countries can promote economic growth and hasten the process of globalization by creating a conducive economic environment for FDI in these countries.

Theoretical study on dynamic effective electroelastic properties of random piezoelectric composites with aligned inhomogeneities

The closed-form solutions of the dynamic problem of heterogeneous piezoelectric materials are formulated by introducing polarizations into a reference medium and using the generalized reciprocity theorem.These solutions can be reduced to the ones of an elastodynamic problem.Based on the effective medium method,these closedform solutions can be used to establish the self-consistent equations about the frequencydependent effective parameters,which can be numerically solved by iteration.Theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental results,and good agreement can be found.Furthermore,the analyses on the effects of microstructure and wavelength on the effective properties,resonance frequencies,and attenuation are also presented,which may provide some guidance for the microstructure design and analysis of piezoelectric composites.

Splash Zone Dynamic Analysis of A Suspended Semi-Submerged Subsea Module for Irregular Waves

Experimental and numerical studies on the dynamic cable tension of a subsea module during semi-submerged hoisting tests are performed. The experiments are carried out in irregular waves and the time-domain numerical simulations are conducted using the software “Simulation of Marine Operations”. The numerical formulation is validated through a comparison with experimental test measurements. The effects of the significant wave height, spectral peak period,and wave direction on the dynamic effect in the main sling and sub-slings are then investigated numerically. The relationship between the wave parameters and the dynamic effect is identified in the time and frequency domains,enabling the allowable sea states to be partially specified. The extreme dynamic effects in all slings under different wave conditions are estimated by using cumulative distribution functions of the Gumbel distribution. The results show that it is reasonable to model a complex subsea module via slender elements and depth-dependent coefficients in simulations of offshore operations. Lowering operations are safer if the wave height is 1 m and the wave period is larger than 8 s because the wave steepness is sufficient for the maximum possible dynamic effect to remain below 0.9. The dynamic tension may decrease when the wave direction is approximately 150°. It is dangerous for subsea modules to encounter lateral waves while entering the water because large overloads and underloads in the extreme dynamic tension may cause snap loads to occur and the slings to become slack.

Dynamic Responses of A Semi-Type Offshore Floating Wind Turbine During Normal State and Emergency Shutdown

This paper addresses joint wind-wave induced dynamic responses of a semi-type offshore floating wind turbine（OFWT） under normal states and fault event conditions. The analysis in this paper is conducted in time domain, using an aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation code-FAST. Owing to the unique viscous features of the reference system, the original viscous damping model implemented in FAST is replaced with a quadratic one to gain an accurate capture of viscous effects. Simulation cases involve free-decay motion in still water, steady motions in the presence of regular waves and wind as well as dynamic response in operational sea states with and without wind. Simulations also include the cases for transient responses induced by fast blade pitching after emergency shutdown. The features of platform motions, local structural loads and a typical mooring line tension force under a variety of excitations are obtained and investigated.

Flatness Control Based on Dynamic Effective Matrix for Cold Strip Mills

Steel strips are the main of steel products and flatness is an important quality indicator of steel strips. Flatness control is the key and highly difficult technique of strip mills. The bottle-neck restricting the improvement of flatness control techniques is that the research on flatness theories and control mathematic models is not in accordance with the requirement of technique developments. To build a simple, rapid and accurate explicit formulation control model has become an urgent need for the development of flatness control technique. This paper puts forward the conception of dynamic effective matrix based on the effective matrix method for flatness control proposed by the authors under the consideration of the influence of the change of parameters in roiling processes on the effective matrix, and the concept is validated by industrial productions. Three methods of the effective matrix generation are induced： the calculation method based on the flatness prediction model; the calculation method based on the data excavation in rolling processes and the direct calculation method based on the network model. A fuzzy neural network effective matrix model is built based on the clusters, and then the network structure is optimized and the high-speed-calculation problem of the dynamic effective matrix is solved. The flatness control scheme for cold strip mills is proposed based on the dynamic effective matrix. On stand 5 of the 1 220 mm five-stand 4-high cold strip tandem mill, the industrial experiment with the control methods of tilting roll and bending roll is done by the control scheme of the static effective matrix and the dynamic effective matrix, respectively. The experiment result proves that the control effect of the dynamic effective matrix is much better than that of the static effective matrix. This paper proposes a new idea and method for the dynamic flatness control in the rolling processes of cold strip mills and develops the theory and model of the flatness control effective matrix method.

EFFECTIVE DYNAMICS OF A COUPLED MICROSCOPIC-MACROSCOPIC STOCHASTIC SYSTEM

A conceptual model for microscopic-macroscopic slow-fast stochastic systems is considered. A dynamical reduction procedure is presented in order to extract effective dynamics for this kind of systems. Under appropriate assumptions, the effective system is shown to approximate the original system, in the sense of a probabilistic convergence.

Earth's deformation due to the dynamical perturbations of the fluid outer core

The elasto-gravitational deformation response of the Earths solid parts to the perturbations of the pressure and gravity on the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and the solid inner core boundary (ICB), due to the dynamical behaviors of the fluid outer core (FOC), is discussed. The internal load Love numbers, which are formulized in a general form in this study, are employed to describe the Earths deformation. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) is used as an example to calculate the internal load Love numbers on the Earths surface, CMB and ICB, respectively. The characteristics of the Earths deformation variation with the depth and the perturbation periods on the boundaries of the FOC are also investigated. The numerical results indicate that the internal load Love numbers decrease quickly with the increasing degree of the spherical harmonics of the displacement and depend strongly on the perturbation frequencies, especially on the high frequencies. The results, obtained in this work, can be used to construct the boundary conditions for the core dynamics of the long-period oscillations of the Earths fluid outer core.

Fatigue Life Evaluation Method for Foundry Crane Metal Structure Considering Load Dynamic Response and Crack Closure Effect

To compensate for the shortcomings of quasi-static law in anti-fatigue analysis of foundry crane metal structures,the fatigue life evaluation method of foundry crane metal structure considering load dynamic response and crack closure effect is proposed.In line with the theory of mechanical vibration,a dynamic model of crane structure during the working cycle is constructed,and dynamic coefficients under diverse actions are analysed.Calculation models of the internal force dynamic change process of dangerous cross-sections and a simulation model of first principal stress-time history are established by using the steel structure design criteria,which is utilised to extract the change of first principal stress of danger points over time.Then,the double-parameter stress spectrum is obtained by the rain flow counting method.The fatigue life calculation formula is corrected by introducing a crack closure parameter that can be calculated by the stress ratio and the effective stress ratio.Under the finite element model imported into Msc.Patran,crack propagation analysis is performed by the growth method in the fatigue integration module Msc.Fatigue.Taking the metal structure of a 100/40t-28.5m foundry crane with track offset as an example,the accuracy of calculation results and the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method are verified by theoretical calculation and finite element simulation,which provide a theoretical basis for improvement of the fatigue resistance design of foundry cranes.

Determination of dynamic capillary effect on two-phase flow in porous media: A perspective from various methods

The relationship between capillary pressure and saturation plays a critical role in the characterization of two-phase flow and transport in aquifers and oil reservoirs. This relationship is usually determined under the static condition, where capillary pressure is the only function of saturation. However,considerable experiments have suggested that the dependence of capillary pressure on desaturation rate is under the dynamic condition. Thus, a more general description of capillary pressure that includes dynamic capillary effect has been approved widely. A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic capillary effect is needed for the investigation of the two-phase flow in porous media by various methods. In general, dynamic capillary effect in porous media can be studied through the laboratory experiment, pore-to macro-scale modeling, and artificial neural network. Here, main principle and research procedures of each method are reviewed in detail. Then, research progress, disadvantages and advantages are discussed, respectively. In addition, upscaling study from pore-to macro-scale are introduced, which explains the difference between laboratory experiment and pore-scale modeling. At last, several future perspectives and recommendations for optimal solution of dynamic capillary effect are presented.

DYNAMIC EFFECTIVE SHEAR STRENGTH OF SATURATED SAND

The dynamic effective shear strength of saturated sand under cyclic loading is discussed in this paper.The discussion includes the transient time depen- dency behaviors based on the analysis of the results obtained in conventional cyclic triaxial tests and cyclic torsional shear triaxial tests.It has been found that the dy- namic effective shear strength is composed of effective frictional resistance and viscous resistance,which are characterized by the strain rate dependent feature of strength magnitude,the coupling of consolidation stress with cyclic stress and the dependency of time needed to make the soil strength sufficiently mobilized,and can also be ex- pressed by the extended Mohr-Coulomb's law.The two strength parameters of the dynamic effective internal frictional angle φd and the dynamic viscosity coefficient η are determined.The former is unvaried for different number of cyclic loading,dy- namic stress form and consolidation stress ratio.And the later is unvaried for the different dynamic shear strain rate γt developed during the sand liquefaction,but increases with the increase of initial density of sand.The generalization of dynamic effective stress strength criterion in the 3-dimensional effective stress space is studied in detail for the purpose of its practical use.

Stress-state dependence of dynamic strain aging:Thermal hardening and blue brittleness

This study aims to discover the stress-state dependence of the dynamic strain aging(DSA)effect on the deformation and fracture behavior of high-strength dual-phase(DP)steel at different deformation temperatures(25-400°C)and reveal the damage mechanisms under these various configurations.To achieve different stress states,predesigned specimens with different geometric features were used.Scanning electron microscopy was applied to analyze the fracture modes(e.g.,dimple or shear mode)and underlying damage mechanism of the investigated material.DSA is present in this DP steel,showing the Portevin-Le Chatelier(PLC)effect with serrated flow behavior,thermal hardening,and blue brittleness phenomena.Results show that the stress state contributes distinctly to the DSA effect in terms of the magnitude of thermal hardening and the pattern of blue brittleness.Either low stress triaxiality or Lode angle parameter promotes DSA-induced blue brittleness.Accordingly,the damage mechanisms also show dependence on the stress states in conjunction with the DSA effect.