Research on casing deformation prevention technology based on cementing slurry system optimization

The casing deformation prevention technology based on the optimization of cement slurry is proposed to reduce the casing deformation of shale oil and gas wells during hydraulic fracturing. In this paper, the fracture mechanism of hollow particles in cement sheath was firstly analyzed by discrete element method, and the effect of hollow particles in cement on casing deformation was investigated by laboratory experiment method. Finally, field test was carried out to verify the improvement effect of the casing deformation based on cement slurry modification. The results show that the formation displacement can be absorbed effectively by hollow particles inside the cement transferring the excessive deformation away from casing. The particles in the uncemented state provide deformation space during formation slipping. The casing with diameter of 139.7 mm could be passed through by bridge plug with the diameter of 99 mm when the mass ratio of particle/cement reaches 1:4. According to the field test feedback, the method based on optimization of cement slurry can effectively reduce the risk of casing deformation, and the recommended range of hollow microbeads content in the cement slurry is between 15% and 25%.

Experimental analysis of the pore structure, relative permeability, and water flooding characteristics of the Yan'an Formation sandstone, southwestern Ordos Basin

The oil and gas potential of the Yan'an Formation in the Ordos Basin has yet to be fully tapped. In this study, the pore structure, mobile fluid saturation, and water flooding micro-mechanism of the Yan'an Formation sandstone are systematically studied through the application of a series of rock physics and fluid experiments. The results show that there is a good positive correlation between porosity and permeability, and the reservoirs are divided into types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ. Mercury injection tests show that the average pore throat radius of the oil-bearing reservoir ranges from 1 to 7 μm. The displacement pressure of the Yan'an Formation is also relatively low, and it decreases from 0.1 MPa to 0.01 MPa as the rock porosity increases from 11% to 18%. NMR tests show that small (diameter <0.5 μm) and medium pores (diameter ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 μm) are predominant in the reservoir. Different types of reservoirs have different characteristics of relative permeability curve. In addition, when the average oil recovery rate is less than 1 ml/min, the oil displacement efficiency increases faster. However, when the average oil recovery rate is between 1–3.5 ml/min, the oil displacement efficiency is maintained at around 27%–30%. Physical properties of the reservoir, pore-throat structure, experimental pressure difference, and pore volume injected — all have significant effects on oil displacement efficiency. For Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ reservoirs, the increase of the pore volume injected has a significant effect on oil displacement efficiency. However, for Type Ⅲ reservoirs, the change of pore volume injected has insignificant effect on oil displacement efficiency. This study provides a reference for the formulation of estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) measures for similar sandstone reservoirs.

Numerical analysis of the effects of downhole dynamic conditions on formation testing while drilling

Formation testing while drilling is an innovative technique that is replacing conventional pressure testing in which the fluid sampling is conducted in a relatively short time following the drilling. At this time, mud invasion has just started, mudcake has not formed entirely and the formation pressure is not stable. Therefore, it is important to study the influence of the downhole dynamic environment on pressure testing and fluid sampling. This paper applies an oil-water two phase finite element model to study the influence of mudcake quality and mud filtrate invasion on supercharge pressure, pretest and sampling in the reservoirs of different permeability. However, the study is only for the cases with water based mud in the wellbore. The results illustrate that the mudcake quality has a significant influence on the supercharge pressure and fluid sampling, while the level of mud filtrate invasion has a strong impact on pressure testing and sampling. In addition, in-situ formation pressure testing is more difficult in low permeability reservoirs as the mud filtrate invasion is deeper and therefore degrades the quality of fluid sampling. Finally, a field example from an oil field on the Alaskan North Slope is presented to validate the numerical studies of the effects of downhole dynamic conditions on formation testing while drilling.

Centrifuge model tests of the formation mechanism of coarse sand debris flow

Using the self-developed visualization test apparatus, centrifuge model tests at 20 g were carried out to research the macro and microscopic formation mechanism of coarse sand debris flows. The formation mode and soil-water interaction mechanism of the debris flows were analyzed from both macroscopic and microscopic points of view respectively using high digital imaging equipment and micro-structure analysis software Geodip. The test results indicate that the forming process of debris flow mainly consists of three stages, namely the infiltration and softening stage, the overall slide stage, and debris flow stage. The essence of simulated coarse sand slope forming debris flow is that local fluidization cause slope to wholly slide. The movement of small particles forms a transient stagnant layer with increasing saturation, causing soil shear strength lost and local fluidization. When the driving force of the saturated soil exceeds the resisting force, debris flow happens on the coarse sand slope immediately.

Determination of the Minimum Testing Time for Wireline Formation Testing with the Finite Element Method

The wireline formation tester （WFT） is an important tool for formation evaluation, such as calculating the formation pressure and permeability, identifying the fluid type, and determining the interface between oil and water. However, in a low porosity and low permeability formation, the supercharge pressure effect exists, since the mudcake has a poor sealing ability. The mudcake cannot isolate the hydrostatic pressure of the formation around the borehole and the mud seeps into the formations, leading to inaccurate formation pressure measurement. At the same time, the tool can be easily stuck in the low porosity/low permeability formation due to the long waiting and testing time. We present a method for determining the minimum testing time for the wireline formation tester. The pressure distribution of the mudcake and the formation were respectively calculated with the finite element method （FEM）. The radius of the influence of mud pressure was also computed, and the minimum testing time in low porosity/low permeability formations was determined within a range of values for different formation permeabilities. The determination of the minimum testing time ensures an accurate formation pressure measurement and minimizes possible accidents due to long waiting and testing time.

A Simulated Test of Algal Influence of Formation and Deposition of Phosphates

This paper deals with a simulated test of biogenic mineralization made with a blue-green alga species,Spirulina platensix. The data in the experiment were recorded by a computerized surveying system. The influ-ence of algae on the accumulation of phosphorus by changing their microenvironment to promote the forma-tion and deposition of phosphate was studied. The results show that the pH value of cultural liquor rose up to 10 and the redox potential (Eh) may dropby 100-200 mV during the algal logarithmic growth stage, and the cultrual liquor was changed into a mediumwith a weakly reducing condition. At the end of the logarithmic growth stage white deposits of Na_2Ca(CO_3)_2·5H_2O and Ca_2Mg (PO_4)_2·2H_2O were formed on the floor of cultural containers. The test presented a wduableevidence for the theory of biogenic mineralization.

Application of Formation Testing Technology to Oil and and Gas Exploration in China

The introduction and application of formation testing technology to China has been relatively late.In the 1940's,the pounding valve tester developed by Johnston Company was used in.Yumen Oilfield.After the 1950's,the formation testing technology was no longer used due to introduction and application of former Soviet Union's testing technology.

Study on determination method of in-situ stress using formation fracturing test and Kaiser effect method

A new method, which is based on formation fracturing test and Kaiser effect method, has been developed for confirming the oilfield in-situ stress in this paper. The new method has been used in a certain oilfield of China and the determined oilfield in-situ stresses is more accurate than that based on one single method.

A Strain Rate Dependent Constitutive Model for the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Fuling Gas Field of the Sichuan Basin,China

Shale,as a kind of brittle rock,often exhibits different nonlinear stress-strain behavior,failure and timedependent behavior under different strain rates.To capture these features,this work conducted triaxial compression tests under axial strain rates ranging from 5×10-6 s-1 to 1×10-3 s-1.The results show that both elastic modulus and peak strength have a positive correlation relationship with strain rates.These strain rate-dependent mechanical behaviors of shale are originated from damage growth,which is described by a damage parameter.When axial strain is the same,the damage parameter is positively correlated with strain rate.When strain rate is the same,with an increase of axial strain,the damage parameter decreases firstly from an initial value(about 0.1 to 0.2),soon reaches its minimum(about 0.1),and then increases to an asymptotic value of 0.8.Based on the experimental results,taking yield stress as the cut-off point and considering damage variable evolution,a new measure of micro-mechanical strength is proposed.Based on the Lemaitre’s equivalent strain assumption and the new measure of micro-mechanical strength,a statistical strain-rate dependent damage constitutive model for shale that couples physically meaningful model parameters was established.Numerical back-calculations of these triaxial compression tests results demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce the primary features of the strain rate dependent mechanical behavior of shale.

The formation evaluation tool and its application in offshore China

The Formation Evaluation Tool （FET） introduced in the paper represents a new generation of formation evaluation systems developed and manufactured by China Oilfield Services Limited （COSL）, CNOOC, using a FET technology transfer from Crocker Research, Australia. The system has been applied successfully in the Bohai Sea and South China Sea. For instance, a multilayered oil and water system has been confirmed with the aid of accurate formation pressure tests, even in very thin beds and edge water reservoirs, overcoming the difficulty of determining this kind of oil-water and gas-water contacts. Moreover, the FET pumping and real-time fluid monitoring function allows acquiring a true sample of formation fluid unpolluted by drilling mud which plays an important role in determining the fluid properties of the target stratum and analyzing the fluid component. The principles and purpose of the Formation Evaluation Tool （FET） will be briefly introduced and successful examples of the application of the technology will be described in detail in this paper.

Simulation of coupled THM process in surrounding rock mass of nuclear waste repository in argillaceous formation

To investigate and analyze the thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) coupling phenomena of a surrounding rock mass in an argillaceous formation, a nuclear waste disposal concept in drifts was represented physically in an in-situ test way. A transversely isotropic model was employed to reproduce the whole test process numerically. Parameters of the rock mass were determined by laboratory and in-situ experiments. Based on the numerical simulation results and in-situ test data, the variation processes of pore water pressure, temperature and deformation of surrounding rock were analyzed. Both the measured data and numerical results reveal that the thermal perturbation is the principal driving force which leads to the variation of pore water pressure and deformations in the surrounding rock. The temperature, pore pressure and deformation of rock mass change rapidly at each initial heating stage with a constant heating power. The temperature field near the heater borehole is relatively steady in the subsequent stages of the heating phase. However, the pore pressure and deformation fields decrease gradually with temperature remaining unchanged condition. It also shows that a transversely isotropic model can reproduce the THM coupling effects generating in the near-field of a nuclear waste repository in an argillaceous formation.

Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the formation and dissociation process of nature gas hydrate in sandstone

In this work,the authors monitored the formation and dissociation process of methane hydrate in four different rock core samples through nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)relaxation time(T_(2))and 2D imaging measurement.The result shows that the intensity of T_(2) spectra and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)signals gradually decreases in the hydrate formation process,and at the same time,the T_(2) spectra move toward the left domain as the growth of hydrate in the pores of the sample accelerates the decay rate.The hydrate grows and dissociates preferentially in the purer sandstone samples with larger pore size and higher porosity.Significantly,for the sample with lower porosity and higher argillaceous content,the intensity of the T_(2) spectra also shows a trend of a great decrease in the hydrate formation process,which means that high-saturation gas hydrate can also be formed in the sample with higher argillaceous content.The changes in MRI of the sample in the process show that the formation and dissociation of methane hydrate can reshape the distribution of water in the pores.

New method of calculating formation parameters of low permeability gas reservoir

The data of modified isochronal testing of gas well is just used to calculate gas well deliverability. Fully utilizing well test data make it possible to obtain formation parameters, such as gas well deliverability, effective permeability and skin factor at the same time. Based on transient flow theory, the pressure drawdown equation of gas unsteady seepage can be deducted. One simulated case is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. The result of analyzed case shows that the proposed method can provide accurate estimate of formation permeability and skin factor compared with the method of Homer curves.

顺北超深断溶体储层典型试井曲线特征及类别

顺北地区超深断溶体储层主要发育有裂缝及片状洞穴,采用可横向穿越缝洞储集体的水平井进行开发,其试井曲线形态特征复杂多变。依据井筒和表皮效应结束后的中期试井曲线的典型特征,将顺北地区实测试井曲线分成了3个大类。该3大类试井曲线特征直接反映了井与缝洞储集体的不同接触关系。再根据后期的试井形态特征,将顺北地区实测试井曲线细分成了9个亚类,不同的亚类试井曲线特征明显不同,是井外围缝洞发育状况变化的试井曲线响应。最后,提出了与试井曲线特征相对应的3大类9个亚类的试井解释评价物理模型。本文研究成果可用于指导顺北地区的试井分析与试井研究工作,亦可为其他深层断溶体储层的试井研究提供借鉴与参考。

各向异性地层中随钻地层测试压力响应数值模拟

在随钻地层测试器测试过程中,钻井液动态侵入和地层各向异性会导致不同的压力响应特征,并直接影响地层压力测试结果的解释精度。为此,基于各向异性多孔介质渗流理论,建立了钻井液侵入条件下横观各向同性地层随钻地层测试压力响应数学模型,采用有限元方法对模型进行求解,通过与经典解析解对比进行了模型验证,并分析了渗透率各向异性、地层产状、抽吸间歇时间、抽吸探头半径对随钻地层测试压力响应的影响规律。结果表明:在抽吸前阶段,地层各向异性和地层产状对钻井液侵入导致的井周增压影响较大;在压力恢复阶段,由于井周地层增压作用的影响,测试压力响应初始值会高于原始地层压力,且压力呈先升高后降低的演化趋势;渗透率各向异性程度越小、地层倾角和倾向越小,抽吸压降阶段的压力响应初始值越大、压降值越大、压力恢复速率越低;抽吸间隔时间和抽吸探头半径对压力响应也有一定影响,抽吸间隔时间越小,测试初始压力越大,探头半径越大,压力恢复速率越快。揭示了渗透率各向异性对随钻地层测试压力响应的影响规律,研究结果可为随钻地层测试结果解释和地层参数反演提供理论依据。

双封隔取样压力数据深入解释方法研究

双封隔器是一种地层测试测压取样工具,取样过程通常需要泵抽几小时甚至十几小时,取得地层流体样品,获得压力和流量数据,但无法真实反映地层渗透率的探测范围。利用油藏模拟软件模拟双封隔器泵抽取样过程,引入Schroeter算法和Levitan算法这两种压力/流量数据反褶积算法,反演渗透率参数波及半径从几厘米到上百米,并使用数值模拟案例验证了只利用取样完成后的压力恢复数据进行反褶积方法的准确性和合理性。该研究应用于双封隔现场测井数据,采用反褶积方法得到渗透率探测半径31m,反褶积处理后的数据可用于产能预测,对正确认识油气藏具有重要意义。

高温快速地层压力测试仪研制与应用

随着勘探井向深井领域发展,高温深地深海小直径井眼油气的开发成为必然。快速地层压力测试仪是通过对地层压力测量来分析计算地层渗透率及储层有效性的仪器,但现有仪器不能满足4.5in*小直径井眼及耐温205℃的作业要求,测压时抽吸速度不可控,无法实现恒流抽吸,导致测压精确度低。高温快速地层压力测试仪各功能短节模块化设计,其液压动力与精密抽吸短节高度集成、推靠坐封短节结构紧凑,这使仪器的长度和直径得以减小;采用耐高温电子元器件和高温厚膜封装技术,实现仪器耐温205℃的技术指标;采用直流无刷电机精密控制技术实现对超低渗透率等复杂地层流体的恒流抽吸、精准测压。高温快速地层压力测试仪经过高温和可靠性测试及实井作业验证,该仪器具有尺寸小、集成度高、可靠性好、耐高温的优点,解决了高温复杂井况测压问题,具有较好的应用前景。

冲积性弯曲河道造床过程及演变机制

冲积性弯曲河道独特的几何边界特征,使得弯曲河道的水沙运动特性和河床演变特性与其他类型河道显著不同。为模拟自然条件下的冲积性弯曲河道河床冲淤演变特性,采用自然模型法的理念在试验水槽中塑造出近似的弯曲河道,探究不同水沙条件对弯曲河道形成和发育过程的影响。试验表明:进口水沙循环周期长、来水来沙强度较小时,弯曲河道达到动态平衡状态所需的时间相对较短,河道形成稳定河宽也较小。弯曲河道在形成和发育过程中,河道的形态要素主要由水沙作用条件决定,在一定变化范围内,当水沙作用循环变换周期较短、来流流量较小、含沙量较大时,有利于形成弯曲度较大的河道;而当来流量较大、水位漫滩冲刷浅滩时,所塑造的弯曲河道会偏向于宽浅形断面形态。在河道弯曲程度和河道横断面形态的调整中,水沙作用变化对横断面形态塑造的作用相对较强。

考虑负摩阻力的桩基设计研究

以广东省广州市南沙区的房屋建筑工程为例,对复杂地质情况下桩周负摩阻力的桩基设计进行研究,详细分析了桩侧阻力的计算方法、桩基静载试验检测要点,探讨了桩侧阻力成因和影响因素,并提出负摩阻力防治措施。经过在复杂地质条件下的工程应用,表明本工程所提出的方案具有良好的实践效果,证明未能正确考虑桩周负摩阻力的桩基设计存在较大的安全风险,必须全面掌握桩周负摩阻力的成因、计算方法,有效进行桩基静载试验检测,采取有效的防治措施,才能确保桩基设计的安全和良好的经济效益。