AIM In order to understand the coverage, immunization strategy and cost of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination of China in recent years. METHODS A two stage household random sampling method was used in the survey. RESUL...AIM In order to understand the coverage, immunization strategy and cost of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination of China in recent years. METHODS A two stage household random sampling method was used in the survey. RESULTS The survey carried out at 112 Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) of 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of China in 1996, showed that the coverage rates of HB vaccination among neonates were 96 9% in the urban DSPs and 50 8% in the rural DSPs in 1993-1994, while in students aged 7-9 years, they were 85 8% and 31 5% in 1994, respectively. Up to 1994, 97 5% of the urban DSPs and 73 9% of the rural DSPs on a neonate vaccination against HB program were included in EPI. About 93% of the urban DSPs and 44% of the rural DSPs did HBsAg and HBeAg screening for all or part of pregnant women. The neonates received the regimen of high dose HB vaccine in combination with hepatitis B immune globin (HBIG) if their mothers were HBsAg and/or HBeAg positive in pregnancy, otherwise they received the low dose vaccine (10μg×3). Part of DSPs had a lower neonate coverage due to unreasonable allocation of the vaccines (used for adults not at risk) or higher cost or insufficient supply of the vaccines. It is necessary to evaluate the quality of serological lab test to HBVMs in the maternal prescreening. CONCLUSION Remarkable achievements have been made according to the national planning and policy of HB immunization in China.展开更多
Cloud radiative and microphysical effects on the relation between spatial mean rain rate, rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage are investigated in this study by conducting and analyzing a series of two-dime...Cloud radiative and microphysical effects on the relation between spatial mean rain rate, rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage are investigated in this study by conducting and analyzing a series of two-dimensional cloud resolving model sensitivity experiments of pre-summer torrential rainfall in June 2008. The analysis of time-mean data shows that the exclusion of radiative effects of liquid clouds reduces domain mean rain rate by decreasing convective rain rate mainly through the reduced convective-rainfall area associated with the strengthened hydrometeor gain in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds, whereas it increases domain mean rain rate by enhancing convective rain rate mainly via the intensified convective rain intensity associated with the enhanced net condensation in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds. The removal of radiative effects of ice clouds decreases domain mean rain rate by reducing stratiform rain rate through the suppressed stratiform rain intensity related to the suppressed net condensation in the presence of radiative effects of liquid clouds, whereas it increases domain mean rain rate by strengthening convective rain rate mainly via the enhanced convective rain intensity in response to the enhanced net condensation in the absence of radiative effects of liquid clouds. The elimination of microphysical effects of ice clouds suppresses domain mean rain rate by reducing stratiform rain rate through the reduced stratiform-rainfall area associated with severely reduced hydrometeor loss.展开更多
With the rapid increase of number and types of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) spacecrafts in China, the insufficiency of TT&C resources is exposed.How to improve LEO and MEO TT&C coverage r...With the rapid increase of number and types of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) spacecrafts in China, the insufficiency of TT&C resources is exposed.How to improve LEO and MEO TT&C coverage rate has become the key problem of TT&C system,which should be resolved urgently. Firstly,the basic concepts of TT&C coverage are discussed and the relation between TT&C coverage of ground station and geography latitude of ground station as well as spacecraft altitude are analyzed. Secondly,the United States NASA TT&C network is taken as an instance to describe the developing process of TT&C network. Finally,in combination with TT&C activities of LEO and MEO spacecrafts in China,the method to heighten TT&C coverage rate is put forward,such as rational establishing station,space resources application,international TT&C cooperation etc.展开更多
文摘AIM In order to understand the coverage, immunization strategy and cost of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination of China in recent years. METHODS A two stage household random sampling method was used in the survey. RESULTS The survey carried out at 112 Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) of 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of China in 1996, showed that the coverage rates of HB vaccination among neonates were 96 9% in the urban DSPs and 50 8% in the rural DSPs in 1993-1994, while in students aged 7-9 years, they were 85 8% and 31 5% in 1994, respectively. Up to 1994, 97 5% of the urban DSPs and 73 9% of the rural DSPs on a neonate vaccination against HB program were included in EPI. About 93% of the urban DSPs and 44% of the rural DSPs did HBsAg and HBeAg screening for all or part of pregnant women. The neonates received the regimen of high dose HB vaccine in combination with hepatitis B immune globin (HBIG) if their mothers were HBsAg and/or HBeAg positive in pregnancy, otherwise they received the low dose vaccine (10μg×3). Part of DSPs had a lower neonate coverage due to unreasonable allocation of the vaccines (used for adults not at risk) or higher cost or insufficient supply of the vaccines. It is necessary to evaluate the quality of serological lab test to HBVMs in the maternal prescreening. CONCLUSION Remarkable achievements have been made according to the national planning and policy of HB immunization in China.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41475039,41775040)National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China(2015CB953601)
文摘Cloud radiative and microphysical effects on the relation between spatial mean rain rate, rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage are investigated in this study by conducting and analyzing a series of two-dimensional cloud resolving model sensitivity experiments of pre-summer torrential rainfall in June 2008. The analysis of time-mean data shows that the exclusion of radiative effects of liquid clouds reduces domain mean rain rate by decreasing convective rain rate mainly through the reduced convective-rainfall area associated with the strengthened hydrometeor gain in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds, whereas it increases domain mean rain rate by enhancing convective rain rate mainly via the intensified convective rain intensity associated with the enhanced net condensation in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds. The removal of radiative effects of ice clouds decreases domain mean rain rate by reducing stratiform rain rate through the suppressed stratiform rain intensity related to the suppressed net condensation in the presence of radiative effects of liquid clouds, whereas it increases domain mean rain rate by strengthening convective rain rate mainly via the enhanced convective rain intensity in response to the enhanced net condensation in the absence of radiative effects of liquid clouds. The elimination of microphysical effects of ice clouds suppresses domain mean rain rate by reducing stratiform rain rate through the reduced stratiform-rainfall area associated with severely reduced hydrometeor loss.
文摘With the rapid increase of number and types of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) spacecrafts in China, the insufficiency of TT&C resources is exposed.How to improve LEO and MEO TT&C coverage rate has become the key problem of TT&C system,which should be resolved urgently. Firstly,the basic concepts of TT&C coverage are discussed and the relation between TT&C coverage of ground station and geography latitude of ground station as well as spacecraft altitude are analyzed. Secondly,the United States NASA TT&C network is taken as an instance to describe the developing process of TT&C network. Finally,in combination with TT&C activities of LEO and MEO spacecrafts in China,the method to heighten TT&C coverage rate is put forward,such as rational establishing station,space resources application,international TT&C cooperation etc.
