Effect of strain rate difference between inside and outside groove in M-K model on prediction of forming limit curve of Ti6Al4V at elevated temperatures

The influence of initial groove angle on strain rate inside and outside groove of Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated.Based on the evolution of strain rate inside and outside groove,the effect of strain rate difference on the evolution of normal stress and effective stress inside and outside groove was also analyzed.The results show that when linear loading path changes from uniaxial tension to equi-biaxial tension,the initial groove angle plays a weaker role in the evolution of strain rate in the M-K model.Due to the constraint of force equilibrium between inside and outside groove,the strain rate difference makes the normal stress inside groove firstly decrease and then increase during calculation,which makes the prediction algorithm of forming limit convergent at elevated temperature.The decrease of normal stress inside groove is mainly caused by high temperature softening effect and the rotation of groove,while the increase of normal stress inside groove is mainly due to strain rate hardening effect.

Effects of Heating Rate on the Process Parameters of Superplastic Forming for Zr_(55)Cu_(30)Al_(10)Ni_5

We investigated the effects of heating rate on the process parameters of superplastic forming for Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 by differential scanning calorimetry. The continuous heating and isothermal annealing analyses suggested that the temperatures of glass transition and onset crystallization are heating rate-dependent in the supercooled liquid region. Then, the time-temperature-transformation diagram under different heating rates indicates that increasing the heating rate can lead to an increase of the incubation time at the same anneal temperature in the supercooled liquid region. Based on the Arrhenius relationship, we discovered that the incubation time increases by 1.08-1.11 times with double increase of the heating rate at the same anneal temperature, and then verified it by the data of literatures and the experimental results. The obtained curve of the max available incubation time reveals that the incubation time at a certain anneal temperature in the supercooled liquid region is not infinite, and will increase with increasing heating rate until this temperature shifts out of the supercooled liquid region because of exceeding critical heating rate. It is concluded that heating rate must be an important processing parameter of superplastic forming for Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5.

A method for calculation of ion distribution in reaction system forming hydroxide

A formula was proposed to calculate the distribution of metal ions quantitatively in chemical reaction system forming hydroxide where precipitation and complex are formed together. The effects of some factors on formation of precipitation and complex were investigated, and the corresponding precipitation rates of zinc, iron （III）, aluminum, copper and magnesium were calculated. As a result, it shows that the proposed formula is reliable. By the proposed formula, the existence state of metal ions in hydroxides reaction system with any metal ions can be well described and the effects of some factors on the distribution of metal ions were determined.

Effects of N Forms and Rates on Vegetable Growth and Nitrate Accumulation

Experiments were carried out on a vegetable field with Peking cabbage(Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.), cabbage (Brassica, chinensis var. oleifcra Makino and nemoto),green cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and rape(Brassica campestrisL.) to study the effects of N forms and N rates on their growth and nitrate accumulation. Theresults indicated that application of ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and ureasignificantly increased the yields and nitrate concentrations of Peking cabbage and spinach.Although no significant difference was found in the yields after application of the 4 N forms,nitrate N increased nitrate accumulation in vegetables much more than ammonium N. The vegetableyields were not increased continuously with N rate increase, and oversupply of N reduced the plantgrowth, leading to a yield decline. This trend was also true for nitrate concentrations in somevegetables and at some sampling times. However, as a whole, the nitrate concentrations in vegetableswere positively correlated with N rates. Thus, addition of N fertilizer to soil was the major causefor increases in nitrate concentrations in vegetables. Nitrate concentrations were much higher inroots, stems and petioles than in blades at any N rate.

A Study on Super Speed Forming of Metal Sheet by Laser Shock Waves

Metal sheet plastic deformation or forming is gener at ed through a mechanical pressure or a thermal variation. These pressure variatio ns or thermal variations can be created by a variety of means such as press form ing, hydroforming, imploding detonation and so on. According to the magnitude of the strain rates all these forming methods can be divided into quasi-static fo rming and dynamical forming. Up to now there are no reports of forming methods w ith the strain rates above 10 5sec -1, even though the exploding forming. In this article, we work on a dynamic super-speed forming method driven by lase r shock waves and advanced a novel concept of laser shock forming. The initial o bservation of the laser shock forming is done through a bugle testing with speci mens of SUS430 sheet metal, using a neodymium-glass laser of pulse energy 10J～ 3 0J and duration of 20 ns (FWHM). The investigation revealed that the plastic de formation during the laser shock forming is characterized as ultrahigh strain ra te up to 10 7sec -1. We indicate that plastic deformation increases nonlin early when the energy density of the laser varies. By investigating the hardness and residual stress of the surfaces, we conclude that laser shock forming is a combination technique of laser shock strengthening and metal forming for introdu cing a strain harden and a compressive residual stress on the surface of the wor k-piece, and the treated surface by laser shock forming has good properties in fatigue and corrosion resistance. This technique can achieve forming wit h or without mould.

Effect of strain rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of spray-formed Al-Cu-Mg alloy

Transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD),and tensile tests were used to study the effects of strain rates(0.1,1 and 9.1 s^(-1))on the microstructure and mechanical properties of spray-formed Al-Cu-Mg alloys during large-strain rolling at 420℃.Results show that during hot rolling,the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries(HAGBs)and the degree of dynamic recrystallization(DRX)initially increase and then decrease,whereas the average grain size and dislocation density show the opposite trend with the increase of the strain rate.In addition,the number of S′phases in the matrix decreases,and the grain boundary precipitates(GBPs)become coarser and more discontinuous as the strain rate increases.When the strain rate increases from 0.1 to 9.1 s^(-1),the tensile strength of the alloy decreases from 492.45 to 427.63 MPa,whereas the elongation initially increases from 12.1%to 21.8%and then decreases to 17.7%.

VISUAL OBSERBATION OF HCFC141b GAS HYDRATE FORMATION/DECOMPOSITION PROCESS OUTSIDE OF A TUBE

In order to design a kind of heat exchanger suitable to the indirect-touched gas hydrate cool storage vessel, a visual observation of HCFC141b gas hydrate formation/decomposition process was presented through a self-designed small-scale visualization apparatus of gas hydrate cool storage. Based on the shooted photos and recorded temperatures, the formation/decomposition process of HCFC141b are described, some characteristics are concluded, and some suggestions of designing heat exchanger are indicated according to the specific characteristics of HCFC141b gas hydrate formation/decomposition process.

Numerical simulation and its application of rheological forming of titanium alloy vane disk

The hot Theological forming method was proposed to form the second titanium alloy vane disk. The hot rheological forming process of the TC11 titanium vane disk under a certain temperature and different strain rates was investigated by using the bulk forming software of DEFORM 3D. A series of results including temperature field, equivalent strain distribution, load-stroke curve and rheology procedure were obtained by this finite element method. The rheological forming characteristics were well realized and the forming parameters were determined. The results and analysis show that with decreasing strain rate, the metal flow more equably and the filling of the vane shape is also better. Moreover, the mechanical properties and microstructures of the products produced by this new technique are improved evidently compared with that produced by traditional method.

金属板材大深宽比微沟槽特征辊压成形工艺分析

提出一种新型的辊压成形的工艺,对主辅成形辊轮的轮廓设计提出新的设计思路,并对0.1 mm的厚度TA1钛板微沟槽(深度2.5 mm,深宽比86.2%)进行辊压成形的试验,将最大减薄率、最大深度偏差作为评价指标,验证工艺的合理性与科学性。结果表明:辅助成形辊轮在满足挠度(<0.02 mm)的前提下,应尽可能减少辅助成形辊轮的特征数,使其在辊压过程中板材折弯变形而非拉延,其最大减薄率为小于0.4%,深度偏度小于0.5%,配合冲压模具可以对大深宽比的微沟槽成形,而不受拔模角度的影响,此新型成形工艺可以促进金属板材微沟槽产品的产业化。

Forming Suite在车身同步工程中的应用

建立车身同步工程可以有效地提高产品的可制造性(DFM)、降低产品成本,达到提质增效、提高收益的目的。文章从设计可制造性、成本优化两个方面,通过实例介绍Forming Suite在车身同步工程中的应用,得出基于Forming Suite的车身同步工程不需要专业工艺分析团队,且具有更高同步性的特点的结论。

内置CFRP管的钢管再生混凝土短柱轴压性能研究

目的研究不同截面形式下,内置CFRP管的钢管再生混凝土短柱力学性能。方法利用有限元软件建立试件模型,验证模型的正确性,在此基础上,建立组合短柱模型,分析CFRP层数、钢管厚度、再生骨料取代率对不同截面形式下组合柱力学性能的影响。结果增加CFRP层数和钢管厚度可以提高组合短柱的极限承载力和位移延性系数;改变再生骨料取代率,对组合短柱力学性能的影响较小;改变截面形式,圆截面短柱的力学性能优于方截面短柱。结论在工程设计中,使用该组合短柱时建议组合柱内置两层CFRP,截面形式建议优先考虑圆截面;若需提高组合柱承载力,建议采用增加钢管厚度的方式。

高渗透率新能源发电并网变流器跟网/构网混合模式控制综述

随着新能源发电渗透率的不断提升,目前以跟网型控制为主流的并网变流器稳定运行受到严峻挑战,具有主动电网支撑能力且弱电网稳定性强的构网型变流器控制技术受到广泛关注。然而,在高渗透率新能源发电条件下,尤其是末端弱电网中,并网变流器采用单一的跟网或构网模式控制难以兼顾稳定性、经济性和电网支撑性能。为此,国内外学者从2种模式的互补特性出发,提出并研究了跟网/构网混合模式控制策略,以期使并网变流器在弱电网下稳定运行的同时,最大限度地利用新能源,并取得优越的电网支撑性能。文中首先从跟网型与构网型变流器的基本控制结构出发,分析了跟网型和构网型变流器控制性能的互补特性;在此基础上,重点梳理了几种不同技术路线的混合模式控制方案,涉及多种单机混合控制策略和多机的场站级混合控制策略,并详细阐述了各方案的技术研究思路、原理和优缺点;最后,对跟网/构网混合模式控制技术的发展进行了展望。

基于全概率公式的M-APSK误码率分析模型

为有效评估加性白高斯噪声信道中M-APSK的性能,提出了一种基于全概率公式的理论误码率分析模型。首先根据星座点分布及其编码特点对星座平面进行区域划分,然后由接收符号落在相应区域的概率推导出各比特的判决错误概率表达式,最后得到理论误码率的精确闭式解。以16APSK和32APSK为例,推导出了其各类星座图的理论误码率计算公式,与Monte Carlo仿真结果非常吻合。模型具有通用性,PSK、QAM、PAM、APSK等调制方式均可利用该模型得到理论误码率的精确闭式解。相较于依赖大量数值计算的复杂二维概率积分方法,所提模型能够更方便地给出M-APSK的误码率性能。

神阙穴穴位贴敷联合推拿对脑卒中后便秘患者胃肠道功能、粪便性状和特质焦虑的影响

目的:观察神阙穴穴位贴敷联合推拿对脑卒中后便秘患者胃肠道功能、粪便性状和特质焦虑的影响。方法:选取155例脑卒中后便秘患者,按照护理方式的不同分为常规组79例和试验组76例。常规组实施神经外科常规护理,试验组在常规护理基础上给予神阙穴穴位贴敷联合推拿治疗。比较2组胃肠道功能[胃肠道症状评定量表(GSRS)评分]、粪便性状[Bristol粪便性状量表(BSFS)评分]、特质焦虑[焦虑状态特质问卷(ST-AI)评分]、生活质量[便秘患者生活质量量表(PAC-QOL)评分]以及护理满意度。结果:治疗后,2组GSRS评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),且试验组GSRS评分低于常规组(P<0.05);2组BSFS评分均较治疗前升高(P<0.05),且试验组BSFS评分高于常规组(P<0.05);2组S-AI、T-AI评分及总分均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且试验组S-AI、T-AI评分及总分均低于常规组(P<0.05);2组PAC-QOL量表中躯体功能、心理社会不适、负面情绪、满意度评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),且试验组PAC-QOL量表各项评分均低于常规组(P<0.05)。治疗后,试验组护理满意度为93.42%,常规组为82.28%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:神阙穴穴位贴敷联合推拿可以改善脑卒中后便秘患者胃肠道功能、粪便性状和特质焦虑,提高患者生活质量及护理满意度。

Microstructure evolution of spray-formed hypereutectic Al-Si alloys in semisolid reheating process

The Al-27%Si alloy was prepared by the spray forming process,and its microstructure evolution during the semisolid reheating process was investigated.The results show that,the primary Si phase coarsens during the reheating process and the coarsening rate increases with the increase of reheating temperature.The eutectic phase is produced in the molten region when quenched in the cold water.The microstructure evolution in the semisolid state can be divided into three stages.The remarkable characteristic of the first stage is only a solid-state phase transformation process.However,the region around the α（Al） matrix gradually melts in the second stage.The primary Si in the liquid phase coarsens obviously,and the eutectic phase is produced in the molten region when the specimens are quenched in cold water.In the last stage,the same thing as that in the second stage happens except that all the α（Al） matrixes are melted.

不锈钢双极板高速冲击成形仿真分析

为探究在不均匀速度下高速冲击的不锈钢双极板变形情况及成形规律,结合箔片气化冲击成形的板料速度场分布,运用LS-DYNA建立不锈钢双极板高速冲击成形有限元仿真模型,分析了该成形工艺下不锈钢双极板的动态变形过程,研究了不均匀冲击速度对双极板流道成形质量的影响。结果表明,不锈钢双极板冲击成形的最小初始冲击速度为350 m·s^(-1),流道脊处的减薄率最大,其余部位减薄率小于30%,随着初始冲击速度的增加,双极板成形深度稳定在0.78 mm以上,填充率稳定在95%。但受限于速度场的不均匀性,单次成形有效区域有限,仿真结果表明多道次成形能够形成一致性较好的多通道不锈钢双极板,最后,通过多道次箔片气化冲击成形实验验证了仿真结果。

城镇污水厂各工序段对微塑料去除率差异特性分析

污水处理厂被认为是微塑料的主要排放与储存场所.为探究城镇污水处理厂不同处理工序段对污水中微塑料的去除效率差异特性,以内蒙古某污水处理厂为研究对象,通过采用体式显微镜观察,并借助LAS X软件统计分析的方法展开研究,结果表明:污水厂中微塑料的主要存在形态以纤维状为主(61.8%),其次为碎片状与薄膜状,微塑料的尺寸主要集中在0.25-0.50mm(32.9%).一级处理工序中对微塑料去除效果最好的构筑物分别是:粗格栅、细格栅和初沉池,尤其对尺寸小于0.25mm微塑料颗粒的去除效果最好.旋流沉砂池对纤维、碎片和薄膜状微塑料均没有起到积极的去除效果,二级处理工序中的二沉池对微塑料的去除起到了关键作用,其次为纤维生物转盘,其对尺寸介于0.50~1.00mm的微塑料去除效率最高.一级处理工序对3种形状微塑料的去除效率均为正值,且去除效率与微塑料尺寸呈负相关关系.一级处理工序中的构筑物对小尺寸微塑料的去除效率比较稳定,而对大尺寸微塑料的去除效率波动较大,对不同形状微塑料的去除率随污水在各处理构筑物流动方向沿程呈下降趋势.二级处理工序对3种形状微塑料的去除率均呈现为负值,而仅对尺寸小于0.50mm的微塑料去除率为正值.本研究旨在为污水厂提升微塑料去除率的运行管理提供理论指导作用.

高速造纸用SSB成形网结构与耐磨损性能

为研究高速造纸用自支撑绑定成形网(self-supporting binding, SSB)结构对其耐磨性能的影响,分析不同参数(编织网纹、底面纬线直径、经纬纱线密度和插接方式等)下的SSB成形网在500、750、1 000、2 500和5 000转的磨损试验条件下的质量损失率。结果表明:SSB成形网的磨损程度随摩擦转数增加而加重;编织网纹对SSB成形网耐磨性能的影响随经纬密度变化存在差异,经纬密较小时,底层采用10枚变则经面缎纹成形网时质量损失率最大,经纬密较大时,底层采用10枚变则经面缎纹成形网时质量损失率最小;其他参数相同条件下,SSB成形网耐磨性能与底纬直径、经纬密度呈正相关;SSB成形网主体结构耐磨性能优于插接工序形成的插接结构部分。

大截面变化率对称结构管整体液力成形工艺研究

为解决某汽车排气尾管一体化成形中成形道次多的制造问题,提出了与传统压扁特征处对称结构(A型)设计思路不同的圆截面处对称结构(B型),并采用液力成形工艺对其进行成形,通过对比成形道次和零件质量,分析了两种对称结构工件成形的优缺点。研究发现,由于A型结构工件一道次成形时圆角处会出现裂纹,需采用多工步成形才能实现;而B型结构工件一道次成形效果良好;经多工步成形的A型结构工件和一道次成形的B型结构工件最大壁厚减薄率均小于25%。但是,与A型对称结构工件相比,B型对称结构工件圆角处壁厚减薄率更低,成形效果更好,并且模具数量由3套减少为1套。通过合理的零件结构设计,该结构打破了传统圆形截面端部密封的设计束缚,不仅有效降低了模具成本,还提高了生产效率,大幅提高了零件成形效果。

铁素体不锈钢430连续铸造板坯成形合理工艺参数的研究

目的以某钢厂板厚为180~220 mm的铁素体不锈钢430连铸板坯为对象,研究合理的板坯连铸工艺参数,以提高不锈钢430连铸坯的等轴晶率,强化铸坯质量。方法通过高温拉伸试验、结晶器凝固冷却温度分析以及电磁搅拌磁感应强度模拟,探讨了液体加热温度、结晶器冷却水参数及电磁搅拌参数等工艺参数对连铸坯质量的影响规律。结果高温拉伸试验结果表明,430不锈钢在不同温度下的应力-应变曲线都是典型的塑性拉伸曲线,当温度超过1000℃后,抗拉强度显著减小;在结晶器宽面水量3400 L/min、窄面水量400 L/min的参数条件下,结晶器宽面及窄面铜板温度均匀,满足铸坯成形要求;在扇形1段第6^(#)和7^(#)辊位并列增加电磁搅拌辊后,430不锈钢铸坯电磁场分布合理且铸坯中心磁感应强度最大,为0.104 T,平均磁感应强度为0.09 T,显著提升了液相穴内钢水的流动性。结论在结晶器宽面水量为3400 L/min、窄面水量为400 L/min条件下,在连铸机扇形1段第6^(#)和7^(#)辊位并列增加电磁搅拌辊后,对430不锈钢进行连续铸造工业试验,铁素体不锈钢430板坯等轴晶率达到62.5%,裂纹发生率降低。