As Climate Change Haven Communities are constructed across the Northern Hemisphere, it will be necessary to attract two types of migrants to populate them. The first group consists of professionals and companies in ec...As Climate Change Haven Communities are constructed across the Northern Hemisphere, it will be necessary to attract two types of migrants to populate them. The first group consists of professionals and companies in eco-sustainable businesses, such as law firms, insurance companies, investment firms, banking, technological innovation, mass media, medical research and pharmaceutical research. The second group will consist of persons engaged in organic/eco-sustainable agriculture whose crops and animal husbandry practices can be transferred successfully to Climate Change Haven regions. The present research focuses on the social and economic variables that must be taken into account to insure that each new Climate Change Haven Community becomes successfully integrated with the local population and forms a cohesive, harmonious social structure. Examples are given from the United States, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.展开更多
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the largest and most diverse energy, research, and development institution within the Department of Energy (DOE) system in the United States. As such, the site endures const...The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the largest and most diverse energy, research, and development institution within the Department of Energy (DOE) system in the United States. As such, the site endures constant land development that creates rigorous growing conditions for urban vegetation. Natural resource managers at ORNL recognize that trees are an integral component of the landscape and are interested in characterizing the urban forest and their associated ecosystem services benefits. We evaluated the urban forest structure, quantified ecosystem services and benefits, and estimated economic value of resources using i-Tree Eco at ORNL. While this assessment captured over 1100 landscape trees, the ORNL Natural Resources Management for landscape vegetation can be expanded to include unmanaged landscapes, e.g. riparian areas, greenspace, and other vegetative attributes to increase ecosystem services benefits. Assigning a monetary value to urban forest benefits help to inform decisions about urban forest management, ideally on cost-benefit analysis.展开更多
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is by mass the largest manufactured product on Earth, responsible for approximately 6% - 8% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (CO<sub>2</sub>) and 35% of indus...Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is by mass the largest manufactured product on Earth, responsible for approximately 6% - 8% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (CO<sub>2</sub>) and 35% of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. On average 0.8 to 0.9 ton of CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted to produce one ton of OPC. In this paper, partial substitution of clinker (30% - 35%) by the calcined clay-limestone mixture was investigated in order to produce an eco-cement (LC3). Analyzes by XRF, XRD and ATG/ATD have characterized different components, determined the calcination temperature and selected the right clay which can act as effective Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM). Mechanical tests on mortar carried out over a period of 90 days. The WBCSD/WRI “Greenhouse Gas Protocol” methodology then allowed the calculation of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions into the atmosphere. Three types of clay are available in the Songololo Region. The kaolinite is the principal clay mineral and its content varies from 27% to 34%. The sum of kaolinite and amorphous phase which enable clay to react with cementitious material ranges from 57% to 60%. The SiO<sub>2</sub> content ranges from 33% to 76%, the Alumina content from 12% to 20% so that the ratio Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> is on the higher side (0.17 - 0.53). The calcination window is between 750°C and 850°C and the best clay which can act as SCM identified. The clinker’s substitution reduced CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from 0.824 ton of CO<sub>2</sub> for one ton of OPC to 0.640 ton of CO<sub>2</sub> for one ton of LC3, means 22% less emissions. The compressive strengths developed by LC3 vary from 8.91 to 57.6 MPa (Day 1 to Day 90), exceed those of references 32.5 cement and are close to 42.5 cement. In view of the results, LC3 cement can be considered for industrial trials.展开更多
Eco-city development is a healthy process towards sustainable development, within the carrying capacity of local ecosystem through changing production mode, consumption behavior and decision instrument based on ecolog...Eco-city development is a healthy process towards sustainable development, within the carrying capacity of local ecosystem through changing production mode, consumption behavior and decision instrument based on ecological economics and system engineering. The key to its planning is an ecological integration to make trade-off between economic wealth and environmental health, between material and spiritual civilization, between natural and human eco-cybernetics. Integration, demonstration, citizens’ participation and scientists’ and technician’s catalyzing are the key instruments for the implementation of the ecocity plan. "Clean production" and "ecological industry" are key elements in comprehensive development towards an eco-city. Beyond the technical and management questions, how to interlink production, consumption and reduction at the local and regional level, the spatial and urban dimension should be considered in order to perform an integrative urban eco-space.展开更多
为了探究不同制酒车间空气微生物群落的功能多样性差异,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析了不同空气样品的微生物群落碳代谢特征。结果表明,不同微生物样品平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)均在培养144h后达到稳定,并...为了探究不同制酒车间空气微生物群落的功能多样性差异,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析了不同空气样品的微生物群落碳代谢特征。结果表明,不同微生物样品平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)均在培养144h后达到稳定,并且5个车间的AWCD值即对单一碳源的利用能力存在显著差异,老车间空气微生物的碳代谢能力和4类多样性指数均显著高于新车间。5个车间空气微生物对6类碳源的利用程度存在差异,对碳水化合物、氨基酸类、羧酸类、多聚物类和胺类碳源的利用率显著高于酚酸类。微生物代谢特征主成分分析结果表明,主成分1(PC1)贡献度为72.7%,主成分2(PC2)贡献度为14.2%,其中生产工艺相同的车间微生物群落差异较小,投产时间相同的车间微生物群落差异较小。分异代谢差异的主要碳源是与PC1有较高正相关性的α-D-乳糖、β-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐、肝糖等15种碳源,包括有9种碳水化合物、3种羧酸、2种多聚物和1种氨基酸。展开更多
Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Vall...Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of pro- grams of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers＇ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people＇s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.展开更多
The criteria for the construction of an eco agricultural county in China were suggested. The criteria should coordinate social, economic, and environmental effects together. At first, it emphasizes on the social e...The criteria for the construction of an eco agricultural county in China were suggested. The criteria should coordinate social, economic, and environmental effects together. At first, it emphasizes on the social effect input into the system, which includes population control, cultural, scientific, and moral education, technical training and so on. Secondly, economic criteria are mainly those of the increase of gross national product(GNP) and income per capita every year. Finally, the technical criteria consist of not only the grain yield, commodity percentage of the agricultural product, cultivated output/input, animal husbandry production value/total agricultural production value and other agricultural criteria, but also environmental criteria, such as the percentage of forest and grass cover, degenerated land under control, recycling of organic waste, recommended fertilization, integrated pest management, treatment of discharged wastes and others. In an eco agricultural system, the realization of these criteria by three different development steps were recommended too.展开更多
Based on the statistical data, we analyzed and evaluated the degree of coupling and coordination of the eco-economic system in Yanchi County for the period spanning from 1983 to 2014. The eco-economic system can be di...Based on the statistical data, we analyzed and evaluated the degree of coupling and coordination of the eco-economic system in Yanchi County for the period spanning from 1983 to 2014. The eco-economic system can be divided into socioeconomic and ecological sub-systems and their relationship can reveal the interaction state between the two sub-systems and help the local government to establish a coordinated development mode. An index system was constructed to assess the development of the two sub-systems before the evaluation of the degree of coupling and coordination. The principal component regression analysis was adopted to quantitatively assess the influences of natural, economic and social factors on the degree of coupling and coordination of the eco-economic system. Results showed that, from 1983 to 2014, the development trends of both sub-systems were increasing with the ecological sub-system having more fluctuations. The degree of coupling and coordination of the eco-economic system in the study area increased gradually from 1983 to 2014, but experienced five different development stages from the verge of disorder to favorable coordination. The development of the local social and economic conditions was the most important factor influencing the degree of coupling and coordination. The second most important factor was the financial support from the local government. In addition, the environment protection policies also played undeniable roles. Due to the diversity of the influence factors, the government should take comprehensive measures to promote the sustainable development of the eco-economic system.展开更多
There are complex river-lake systems in the Taihu Lake catchment with total water surface area of 6174.7 km2, and population density of 1079/km2, including Taihu Lake water surface area of 2338 km2. The water systems ...There are complex river-lake systems in the Taihu Lake catchment with total water surface area of 6174.7 km2, and population density of 1079/km2, including Taihu Lake water surface area of 2338 km2. The water systems in this catchment have healthy aquaecosystems during long history. However, in some riverlets in this catchment the water quality was estimated as “acute toxicity for higher organisms” and over standards for many heavy metal elements content;there were no any living plants and macro organisms in the water body, because there were developed a series of industry with abundant release of heavy metals and difficult decomposition organic chemical components along the riverlets during last decades. The even more serious situation was observed in sediments of the riverlets. How to restore such riverlet into a healthy aquaeosystem with abound plants and higher organisms? The main strategy and techniques are described in this paper as summarizing a report of engineering in a riverlet in Wuxi New District during last years, which leads to restore the aquaecosystem into a healthy one with abundant surface plant cultured on floating islands and observed living fish, lobster, frog, toad, mollusk and others in the riverlet. The main techniques are: 1) softwall buffer technic;2) floating eco-island technic by using which can culture any plant which can be cultured in solution;3) immobilized nitrogen cycle bacteria (INCB) technic;4) tattering esters and other big-molecule organic chemicals by using electronic pulse technic and photosensitization technic;5) mist spray facility technic for improving dissolved oxygen in deep water layers;6) technic for buffering and suppressing H2S release from water;7) the appropriate portion of surface with cultured plant to the total water surface area is about 1/3;8) Cress [Oenanthe Ljavanica (Bl.) DC.] and Myriophyllum verticilatum L. may be cultured in Taihu Lake catchment during the whole year as main plants with mosaic combination of other supplement plants in different seasons.展开更多
文摘As Climate Change Haven Communities are constructed across the Northern Hemisphere, it will be necessary to attract two types of migrants to populate them. The first group consists of professionals and companies in eco-sustainable businesses, such as law firms, insurance companies, investment firms, banking, technological innovation, mass media, medical research and pharmaceutical research. The second group will consist of persons engaged in organic/eco-sustainable agriculture whose crops and animal husbandry practices can be transferred successfully to Climate Change Haven regions. The present research focuses on the social and economic variables that must be taken into account to insure that each new Climate Change Haven Community becomes successfully integrated with the local population and forms a cohesive, harmonious social structure. Examples are given from the United States, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.
文摘The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the largest and most diverse energy, research, and development institution within the Department of Energy (DOE) system in the United States. As such, the site endures constant land development that creates rigorous growing conditions for urban vegetation. Natural resource managers at ORNL recognize that trees are an integral component of the landscape and are interested in characterizing the urban forest and their associated ecosystem services benefits. We evaluated the urban forest structure, quantified ecosystem services and benefits, and estimated economic value of resources using i-Tree Eco at ORNL. While this assessment captured over 1100 landscape trees, the ORNL Natural Resources Management for landscape vegetation can be expanded to include unmanaged landscapes, e.g. riparian areas, greenspace, and other vegetative attributes to increase ecosystem services benefits. Assigning a monetary value to urban forest benefits help to inform decisions about urban forest management, ideally on cost-benefit analysis.
文摘Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is by mass the largest manufactured product on Earth, responsible for approximately 6% - 8% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (CO<sub>2</sub>) and 35% of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. On average 0.8 to 0.9 ton of CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted to produce one ton of OPC. In this paper, partial substitution of clinker (30% - 35%) by the calcined clay-limestone mixture was investigated in order to produce an eco-cement (LC3). Analyzes by XRF, XRD and ATG/ATD have characterized different components, determined the calcination temperature and selected the right clay which can act as effective Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM). Mechanical tests on mortar carried out over a period of 90 days. The WBCSD/WRI “Greenhouse Gas Protocol” methodology then allowed the calculation of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions into the atmosphere. Three types of clay are available in the Songololo Region. The kaolinite is the principal clay mineral and its content varies from 27% to 34%. The sum of kaolinite and amorphous phase which enable clay to react with cementitious material ranges from 57% to 60%. The SiO<sub>2</sub> content ranges from 33% to 76%, the Alumina content from 12% to 20% so that the ratio Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> is on the higher side (0.17 - 0.53). The calcination window is between 750°C and 850°C and the best clay which can act as SCM identified. The clinker’s substitution reduced CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from 0.824 ton of CO<sub>2</sub> for one ton of OPC to 0.640 ton of CO<sub>2</sub> for one ton of LC3, means 22% less emissions. The compressive strengths developed by LC3 vary from 8.91 to 57.6 MPa (Day 1 to Day 90), exceed those of references 32.5 cement and are close to 42.5 cement. In view of the results, LC3 cement can be considered for industrial trials.
文摘Eco-city development is a healthy process towards sustainable development, within the carrying capacity of local ecosystem through changing production mode, consumption behavior and decision instrument based on ecological economics and system engineering. The key to its planning is an ecological integration to make trade-off between economic wealth and environmental health, between material and spiritual civilization, between natural and human eco-cybernetics. Integration, demonstration, citizens’ participation and scientists’ and technician’s catalyzing are the key instruments for the implementation of the ecocity plan. "Clean production" and "ecological industry" are key elements in comprehensive development towards an eco-city. Beyond the technical and management questions, how to interlink production, consumption and reduction at the local and regional level, the spatial and urban dimension should be considered in order to perform an integrative urban eco-space.
文摘为了探究不同制酒车间空气微生物群落的功能多样性差异,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析了不同空气样品的微生物群落碳代谢特征。结果表明,不同微生物样品平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)均在培养144h后达到稳定,并且5个车间的AWCD值即对单一碳源的利用能力存在显著差异,老车间空气微生物的碳代谢能力和4类多样性指数均显著高于新车间。5个车间空气微生物对6类碳源的利用程度存在差异,对碳水化合物、氨基酸类、羧酸类、多聚物类和胺类碳源的利用率显著高于酚酸类。微生物代谢特征主成分分析结果表明,主成分1(PC1)贡献度为72.7%,主成分2(PC2)贡献度为14.2%,其中生产工艺相同的车间微生物群落差异较小,投产时间相同的车间微生物群落差异较小。分异代谢差异的主要碳源是与PC1有较高正相关性的α-D-乳糖、β-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐、肝糖等15种碳源,包括有9种碳水化合物、3种羧酸、2种多聚物和1种氨基酸。
基金Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province, No.09YBA003 Science ＆ Technology Research Project of Hunan Province, No.2009JT3005+2 种基金 Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX2-SW-415 Foundation of Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region Wetland Project of WWF
文摘Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of pro- grams of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers＇ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people＇s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.
文摘The criteria for the construction of an eco agricultural county in China were suggested. The criteria should coordinate social, economic, and environmental effects together. At first, it emphasizes on the social effect input into the system, which includes population control, cultural, scientific, and moral education, technical training and so on. Secondly, economic criteria are mainly those of the increase of gross national product(GNP) and income per capita every year. Finally, the technical criteria consist of not only the grain yield, commodity percentage of the agricultural product, cultivated output/input, animal husbandry production value/total agricultural production value and other agricultural criteria, but also environmental criteria, such as the percentage of forest and grass cover, degenerated land under control, recycling of organic waste, recommended fertilization, integrated pest management, treatment of discharged wastes and others. In an eco agricultural system, the realization of these criteria by three different development steps were recommended too.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41471436,41601587)the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2015BAC06B01)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0500909)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41601587)
文摘Based on the statistical data, we analyzed and evaluated the degree of coupling and coordination of the eco-economic system in Yanchi County for the period spanning from 1983 to 2014. The eco-economic system can be divided into socioeconomic and ecological sub-systems and their relationship can reveal the interaction state between the two sub-systems and help the local government to establish a coordinated development mode. An index system was constructed to assess the development of the two sub-systems before the evaluation of the degree of coupling and coordination. The principal component regression analysis was adopted to quantitatively assess the influences of natural, economic and social factors on the degree of coupling and coordination of the eco-economic system. Results showed that, from 1983 to 2014, the development trends of both sub-systems were increasing with the ecological sub-system having more fluctuations. The degree of coupling and coordination of the eco-economic system in the study area increased gradually from 1983 to 2014, but experienced five different development stages from the verge of disorder to favorable coordination. The development of the local social and economic conditions was the most important factor influencing the degree of coupling and coordination. The second most important factor was the financial support from the local government. In addition, the environment protection policies also played undeniable roles. Due to the diversity of the influence factors, the government should take comprehensive measures to promote the sustainable development of the eco-economic system.
文摘There are complex river-lake systems in the Taihu Lake catchment with total water surface area of 6174.7 km2, and population density of 1079/km2, including Taihu Lake water surface area of 2338 km2. The water systems in this catchment have healthy aquaecosystems during long history. However, in some riverlets in this catchment the water quality was estimated as “acute toxicity for higher organisms” and over standards for many heavy metal elements content;there were no any living plants and macro organisms in the water body, because there were developed a series of industry with abundant release of heavy metals and difficult decomposition organic chemical components along the riverlets during last decades. The even more serious situation was observed in sediments of the riverlets. How to restore such riverlet into a healthy aquaeosystem with abound plants and higher organisms? The main strategy and techniques are described in this paper as summarizing a report of engineering in a riverlet in Wuxi New District during last years, which leads to restore the aquaecosystem into a healthy one with abundant surface plant cultured on floating islands and observed living fish, lobster, frog, toad, mollusk and others in the riverlet. The main techniques are: 1) softwall buffer technic;2) floating eco-island technic by using which can culture any plant which can be cultured in solution;3) immobilized nitrogen cycle bacteria (INCB) technic;4) tattering esters and other big-molecule organic chemicals by using electronic pulse technic and photosensitization technic;5) mist spray facility technic for improving dissolved oxygen in deep water layers;6) technic for buffering and suppressing H2S release from water;7) the appropriate portion of surface with cultured plant to the total water surface area is about 1/3;8) Cress [Oenanthe Ljavanica (Bl.) DC.] and Myriophyllum verticilatum L. may be cultured in Taihu Lake catchment during the whole year as main plants with mosaic combination of other supplement plants in different seasons.
