Aiming at evaluating and predicting rapidly and accurately a high sensitivity receiver’s adaptability in complex electromagnetic environments,a novel testing and prediction method based on dual-channel multi-frequenc...Aiming at evaluating and predicting rapidly and accurately a high sensitivity receiver’s adaptability in complex electromagnetic environments,a novel testing and prediction method based on dual-channel multi-frequency is proposed to improve the traditional two-tone test.Firstly,two signal generators are used to generate signals at the radio frequency(RF)by frequency scanning,and then a rapid measurement at the intermediate frequency(IF)output port is carried out to obtain a huge amount of sample data for the subsequent analysis.Secondly,the IF output response data are modeled and analyzed to construct the linear and nonlinear response constraint equations in the frequency domain and prediction models in the power domain,which provide the theoretical criteria for interpreting and predicting electromagnetic susceptibility(EMS)of the receiver.An experiment performed on a radar receiver confirms the reliability of the method proposed in this paper.It shows that the interference of each harmonic frequency and each order to the receiver can be identified and predicted with the sensitivity model.Based on this,fast and comprehensive evaluation and prediction of the receiver’s EMS in complex environment can be efficiently realized.展开更多
In the era of an energy revolution,grid decentralization has emerged as a viable solution to meet the increasing global energy demand by incorporating renewables at the distributed level.Microgrids are considered a dr...In the era of an energy revolution,grid decentralization has emerged as a viable solution to meet the increasing global energy demand by incorporating renewables at the distributed level.Microgrids are considered a driving component for accelerating grid decentralization.To optimally utilize the available resources and address potential challenges,there is a need to have an intelligent and reliable energy management system(EMS)for the microgrid.The artificial intelligence field has the potential to address the problems in EMS and can provide resilient,efficient,reliable,and scalable solutions.This paper presents an overview of existing conventional and AI-based techniques for energy management systems in microgrids.We analyze EMS methods for centralized,decentralized,and distributed microgrids separately.Then,we summarize machine learning techniques such as ANNs,federated learning,LSTMs,RNNs,and reinforcement learning for EMS objectives such as economic dispatch,optimal power flow,and scheduling.With the incorporation of AI,microgrids can achieve greater performance efficiency and more reliability for managing a large number of energy resources.However,challenges such as data privacy,security,scalability,explainability,etc.,need to be addressed.To conclude,the authors state the possible future research directions to explore AI-based EMS's potential in real-world applications.展开更多
Nowadays, there exist various standards for individual management systems (MSs), at least, one for each stakeholder. New ones will be published. An integrated management system (IMS) aims to integrate some or all ...Nowadays, there exist various standards for individual management systems (MSs), at least, one for each stakeholder. New ones will be published. An integrated management system (IMS) aims to integrate some or all components of the business into one coherent and efficient MS. Maximizing integration is more and more a strategic priority in that it constitutes an opportunity to eliminate and/or reduce potential factors of destruction of value for the organizations and also to be more competitive and consequently promote its sustainable success. A preliminary investigation was conducted on a Portuguese industrial company which, over the years, has been adopting gradually, in whole or in part, individualized management system standards (MSSs). A research, through a questionnaire, was performed with the objective to develop, in a real business environment, an adequate and efficient IMS-QES (quality, environment, and safety) model and to potentiate for the future a generic IMS model to integrate other MSSs. The strategy and research methods have taken into consideration the case study. It was obtained a set of relevant conclusions resulting from the statistical analyses of the responses to the survey. Globally, the investigation results, by themselves, justified and prioritized the conception of a model of development of the IMS-QES and consequent definition and validation of a structure of an IMS-QES model, to be implemented at the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) where the investigation was conducted.展开更多
The networking of microgrids has received significant attention in the form of a smart grid.In this paper,a set of smart railway stations,which is assumed as microgrids,is connected together.It has been tried to manag...The networking of microgrids has received significant attention in the form of a smart grid.In this paper,a set of smart railway stations,which is assumed as microgrids,is connected together.It has been tried to manage the energy exchanged between the networked microgrids to reduce received energy from the utility grid.Also,the operational costs of stations under various conditions decrease by applying the proposed method.The smart railway stations are studied in the presence of photovoltaic(PV)units,energy storage systems(ESSs),and regenerative braking strategies.Studying regenerative braking is one of the essential contributions.Moreover,the stochastic behaviors of the ESS’s initial state of energy and the uncertainty of PV power generation are taken into account through a scenario-based method.The networked microgrid scheme of railway stations(based on coordinated operation and scheduling)and independent operation of railway stations are studied.The proposed method is applied to realistic case studies,including three stations of Line 3 of Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Company(TUSROC).The rolling stock is simulated in the MATLAB environment.Thus,the coordinated operation of networked microgrids and independent operation of railway stations are optimized in the GAMS environment utilizing mixed-integer linear programming(MILP).展开更多
In the current context,a smart grid has replaced the conventional grid through intelligent energy management,integration of renewable energy sources(RES)and two-way communication infrastructures from power gen-eration...In the current context,a smart grid has replaced the conventional grid through intelligent energy management,integration of renewable energy sources(RES)and two-way communication infrastructures from power gen-eration to distribution.Energy management from the distribution side is a critical problem for balancing load demand.A unique energy manage-ment strategy(EMS)is being developed for office building equipment.That includes renewable energy integration,automation,and control based on the Artificial Neural Network(ANN)system using Matlab Simulink.This strategy reduces electric power consumption and balances the load demand of the traditional grid.This strategy is developed by taking inputs from an office building electricity consumption behavior study,a power generation study of a solar photovoltaic system,and the supply pattern of a grid in peak and non-peak hours.All this is done in consideration of the Indian scenario,where real-time data of month-wise ANN-based intelligent switching has been established for intermittent renewable sources and peak load reduction,as well as average load reduction,has been demonstrated along with the power control loop without the battery system.展开更多
The global economic crisis that blew up at the end of 2006 in the United States has had extremely negative impacts on the social, political, and economic fields. The countries operating in the most affected macro area...The global economic crisis that blew up at the end of 2006 in the United States has had extremely negative impacts on the social, political, and economic fields. The countries operating in the most affected macro areas---the United States and Europe---have put through the wringer the domestic trade relationships as well as the international ones, by injecting a chain reaction into the global economic scenario. However, there are countries that seem to be free from the economic and financial contagion overflowing over the past years, as they are moved by an "invincible projection toward the growth". The present study aims to analyze how much the main emerging market of China has been effectively involved in this vicious circle. More specifically, the study intends to propose an empirical analysis on the real connection between the macroecnnomic data and the strong structure of the Chinese publicly listed companies. This paper investigates the prediction of failure among 3,220 Chinese publicly traded companies (listed companies) during the global crisis period. By analysing the financial accounting data over the past seven years (2008 to 2014), the emerging market score (EMS) has been adopted in order to investigate the impact of the crisis on financial distress in the main emerging market of China. The results confirm the following hypotheses: On one hand, the great majority of companies have not been suffering the downturn, since 71.93% of the entire samples present no risk of financial distress during the global crisis; on the other hand, only 6.18% have a reasonable risk of financial distress.展开更多
Over the past five decades, increased pressure caused by the rapidly growing population has resulted in a reclamation of agricultural and urban buffer zones along China's coastline. However, information about the ...Over the past five decades, increased pressure caused by the rapidly growing population has resulted in a reclamation of agricultural and urban buffer zones along China's coastline. However, information about the spatio–temporal variation of soil salinity in these reclaimed regions is limited. As such, obtaining this information is crucial for mapping the variation in saline areas and to identify suitable salinity management strategies. In this study, we employed EM38 data to conduct digital soil mapping of spatio–temporal variation and map these variations of different site-specific zones. The results indicated that the distribution of soil salinity was heterogeneous in the middle of, and that the leaching of salts was significant at the edges of, the study field. Afterwards, fuzzy-k means algorithm was used to divide the site-specific management zones within the time series apparent soil electrical conductivity(ECa) data and the spatial correlations of variation. We concluded that two management zones are optimal to guide precision management. Zone A had an average salinity level of about 165 mS m–1, in which salt-tolerant crops, such as cotton and barley can grow normally, while crops such as soybean and cowpeas may be planted using leaching and increasing the mulching film methods to reduce the accumulation of salt in surface soil. In Zone B, there was a low salinity level with a mean of 89 mS m–1 for ECa, which allows for rice, wheat, and a wide range of vegetables to be grown normally. In such situations, measures such as an optimized combination of irrigation and drainage, as well as soil amendment can be taken to adjust and control the salt content. Particularly, flattening the land with a large-scale machine was used to improve the ability of micro-topography to influence salt migration; rice and other dry, land crops were planted in rotation in combination with utilizing salt-leaching multiple times to speed up desalinization.展开更多
Essential meiotic endonuclease 1 homolog 1 (EME1) is a key DNA repair protein that participates in the rec- ognition and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Deficiency of the EME1 gene can lead to spontaneous genomi...Essential meiotic endonuclease 1 homolog 1 (EME1) is a key DNA repair protein that participates in the rec- ognition and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Deficiency of the EME1 gene can lead to spontaneous genomic instability and thus contribute to tumorgenesis. We hypothesized that the exon variants of EME1 confer genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. In a case-control study of 748 breast cancer patients and 778 normal controls, we analyzed the association between two exon variants of EME! (i.e.,Ile350Thr: rs12450550T 〉 C and Glu69Asp: rs3760413T 〉 G) and breast cancer risk. We found that compared to the common lie/lie genotype, the Thr variant genotypes (Thr/lle + Thr/Thr) conferred a 1.47-fold increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.47, 95% CI=I. 13-1.92). The variant Ile350Thr was also associated with early onset of breast cancer (r = -0.116, P = 0.002). The mean age of onset was 44.4 years for Thr/Thr genotype carders and 46.5 years for Thr/lle genotype carriers, which was significantly lower than that (49.4 years) for Ile/Ile genotype carriers (P = 0.006). Moreover, no significant as- sociation was observed between the Glu69Asp variant and breast cancer risk. Our findings suggest that the EME1 variant Ile350Thr contributes to an increased risk and early onset of breast cancer.展开更多
Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time controlalgorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach withincorporation of a stand-by optimization algorith...Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time controlalgorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach withincorporation of a stand-by optimization algorithm is proposed. The aim of it is to minimize theengine fuel consumption and maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) in its operation range, whilesatisfying the vehicle performance and drivability requirements. The hybrid powertrain bench testis carried out to collect data of the engine, motor and battery pack, which are used in the EMS tocontrol the powertrain. Computer simulation model of the HEV is established in the MATLAB/Simulinkenvironment according to the bench test results. Simulation results are presented for behaviors ofthe engine, motor and battery. The proposed EMS is implemented for a real parallel hybrid carcontrol system and validated by vehicle field tests.展开更多
A novel parallel hybrid electrical urban bus (PHEUB) configuration consisting of an extra one-way clutch and an automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) is taken as the study subject. An energy management strategy ...A novel parallel hybrid electrical urban bus (PHEUB) configuration consisting of an extra one-way clutch and an automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) is taken as the study subject. An energy management strategy combining a logic threshold approach and an instantaneous optimization algorithm is proposed for the investigated PHEUB. The objective of the energy management strategy is to achieve acceptable vehicle performance and drivability requirements while simultaneously maximizing the engine fuel consumption and maintaining the battery state of charge in its operation range at all times. Under the environment of Matlab/Simulink, a computer simulation model for the PHEUB is constructed by using the model building method combining theoretical analysis and bench test data. Simulation and experiment results for China Typical Bus Driving Schedule at Urban District (CTBDS_UD) are obtained, and the results indicate that the proposed control strategy not only controls the hybrid system efficiently but also improves the fuel economy significantly.展开更多
This paper presents the design and implementation of an energy management system (EMS) with wavelet transform and fuzzy control for a residential micro-grid. The hybrid system in this paper consists of a wind turbin...This paper presents the design and implementation of an energy management system (EMS) with wavelet transform and fuzzy control for a residential micro-grid. The hybrid system in this paper consists of a wind turbine generator, photovoltaic (PV) panels, an electric vehicle (EV), and a super capacitor (SC), which is able to connect or disconnect to the main grid. The control strategy is responsible for compensating the difference between the generated power by the wind and solar generators and the demanded power by the loads. Wavelet transform decomposes the power difference into a smoothed component and a fast fluctuated component. The command approach used for fuzzy logic rules considers the state of charging (SOC) of EV, renewable production, and the load demand as parameters. Furthermore, the command rules are developed in order to ensure a reliable grid when taking into account the EV battery protection to decide the output power of the EV. The model of the hybrid system is developed in detail under Matlab/Simulink software environment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62071473).
文摘Aiming at evaluating and predicting rapidly and accurately a high sensitivity receiver’s adaptability in complex electromagnetic environments,a novel testing and prediction method based on dual-channel multi-frequency is proposed to improve the traditional two-tone test.Firstly,two signal generators are used to generate signals at the radio frequency(RF)by frequency scanning,and then a rapid measurement at the intermediate frequency(IF)output port is carried out to obtain a huge amount of sample data for the subsequent analysis.Secondly,the IF output response data are modeled and analyzed to construct the linear and nonlinear response constraint equations in the frequency domain and prediction models in the power domain,which provide the theoretical criteria for interpreting and predicting electromagnetic susceptibility(EMS)of the receiver.An experiment performed on a radar receiver confirms the reliability of the method proposed in this paper.It shows that the interference of each harmonic frequency and each order to the receiver can be identified and predicted with the sensitivity model.Based on this,fast and comprehensive evaluation and prediction of the receiver’s EMS in complex environment can be efficiently realized.
文摘In the era of an energy revolution,grid decentralization has emerged as a viable solution to meet the increasing global energy demand by incorporating renewables at the distributed level.Microgrids are considered a driving component for accelerating grid decentralization.To optimally utilize the available resources and address potential challenges,there is a need to have an intelligent and reliable energy management system(EMS)for the microgrid.The artificial intelligence field has the potential to address the problems in EMS and can provide resilient,efficient,reliable,and scalable solutions.This paper presents an overview of existing conventional and AI-based techniques for energy management systems in microgrids.We analyze EMS methods for centralized,decentralized,and distributed microgrids separately.Then,we summarize machine learning techniques such as ANNs,federated learning,LSTMs,RNNs,and reinforcement learning for EMS objectives such as economic dispatch,optimal power flow,and scheduling.With the incorporation of AI,microgrids can achieve greater performance efficiency and more reliability for managing a large number of energy resources.However,challenges such as data privacy,security,scalability,explainability,etc.,need to be addressed.To conclude,the authors state the possible future research directions to explore AI-based EMS's potential in real-world applications.
基金Acknowledgements: This work had the financial support of the Portuguese National Science Foundation (FCT) through the Research Unit, UI 4005, Project Reference PEst-OE/EME/UI4005/2011.
文摘Nowadays, there exist various standards for individual management systems (MSs), at least, one for each stakeholder. New ones will be published. An integrated management system (IMS) aims to integrate some or all components of the business into one coherent and efficient MS. Maximizing integration is more and more a strategic priority in that it constitutes an opportunity to eliminate and/or reduce potential factors of destruction of value for the organizations and also to be more competitive and consequently promote its sustainable success. A preliminary investigation was conducted on a Portuguese industrial company which, over the years, has been adopting gradually, in whole or in part, individualized management system standards (MSSs). A research, through a questionnaire, was performed with the objective to develop, in a real business environment, an adequate and efficient IMS-QES (quality, environment, and safety) model and to potentiate for the future a generic IMS model to integrate other MSSs. The strategy and research methods have taken into consideration the case study. It was obtained a set of relevant conclusions resulting from the statistical analyses of the responses to the survey. Globally, the investigation results, by themselves, justified and prioritized the conception of a model of development of the IMS-QES and consequent definition and validation of a structure of an IMS-QES model, to be implemented at the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) where the investigation was conducted.
文摘The networking of microgrids has received significant attention in the form of a smart grid.In this paper,a set of smart railway stations,which is assumed as microgrids,is connected together.It has been tried to manage the energy exchanged between the networked microgrids to reduce received energy from the utility grid.Also,the operational costs of stations under various conditions decrease by applying the proposed method.The smart railway stations are studied in the presence of photovoltaic(PV)units,energy storage systems(ESSs),and regenerative braking strategies.Studying regenerative braking is one of the essential contributions.Moreover,the stochastic behaviors of the ESS’s initial state of energy and the uncertainty of PV power generation are taken into account through a scenario-based method.The networked microgrid scheme of railway stations(based on coordinated operation and scheduling)and independent operation of railway stations are studied.The proposed method is applied to realistic case studies,including three stations of Line 3 of Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Company(TUSROC).The rolling stock is simulated in the MATLAB environment.Thus,the coordinated operation of networked microgrids and independent operation of railway stations are optimized in the GAMS environment utilizing mixed-integer linear programming(MILP).
文摘In the current context,a smart grid has replaced the conventional grid through intelligent energy management,integration of renewable energy sources(RES)and two-way communication infrastructures from power gen-eration to distribution.Energy management from the distribution side is a critical problem for balancing load demand.A unique energy manage-ment strategy(EMS)is being developed for office building equipment.That includes renewable energy integration,automation,and control based on the Artificial Neural Network(ANN)system using Matlab Simulink.This strategy reduces electric power consumption and balances the load demand of the traditional grid.This strategy is developed by taking inputs from an office building electricity consumption behavior study,a power generation study of a solar photovoltaic system,and the supply pattern of a grid in peak and non-peak hours.All this is done in consideration of the Indian scenario,where real-time data of month-wise ANN-based intelligent switching has been established for intermittent renewable sources and peak load reduction,as well as average load reduction,has been demonstrated along with the power control loop without the battery system.
文摘The global economic crisis that blew up at the end of 2006 in the United States has had extremely negative impacts on the social, political, and economic fields. The countries operating in the most affected macro areas---the United States and Europe---have put through the wringer the domestic trade relationships as well as the international ones, by injecting a chain reaction into the global economic scenario. However, there are countries that seem to be free from the economic and financial contagion overflowing over the past years, as they are moved by an "invincible projection toward the growth". The present study aims to analyze how much the main emerging market of China has been effectively involved in this vicious circle. More specifically, the study intends to propose an empirical analysis on the real connection between the macroecnnomic data and the strong structure of the Chinese publicly listed companies. This paper investigates the prediction of failure among 3,220 Chinese publicly traded companies (listed companies) during the global crisis period. By analysing the financial accounting data over the past seven years (2008 to 2014), the emerging market score (EMS) has been adopted in order to investigate the impact of the crisis on financial distress in the main emerging market of China. The results confirm the following hypotheses: On one hand, the great majority of companies have not been suffering the downturn, since 71.93% of the entire samples present no risk of financial distress during the global crisis; on the other hand, only 6.18% have a reasonable risk of financial distress.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41601213)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0700501)the Major Science and Technology Projects of Henan, China (171100110600)
文摘Over the past five decades, increased pressure caused by the rapidly growing population has resulted in a reclamation of agricultural and urban buffer zones along China's coastline. However, information about the spatio–temporal variation of soil salinity in these reclaimed regions is limited. As such, obtaining this information is crucial for mapping the variation in saline areas and to identify suitable salinity management strategies. In this study, we employed EM38 data to conduct digital soil mapping of spatio–temporal variation and map these variations of different site-specific zones. The results indicated that the distribution of soil salinity was heterogeneous in the middle of, and that the leaching of salts was significant at the edges of, the study field. Afterwards, fuzzy-k means algorithm was used to divide the site-specific management zones within the time series apparent soil electrical conductivity(ECa) data and the spatial correlations of variation. We concluded that two management zones are optimal to guide precision management. Zone A had an average salinity level of about 165 mS m–1, in which salt-tolerant crops, such as cotton and barley can grow normally, while crops such as soybean and cowpeas may be planted using leaching and increasing the mulching film methods to reduce the accumulation of salt in surface soil. In Zone B, there was a low salinity level with a mean of 89 mS m–1 for ECa, which allows for rice, wheat, and a wide range of vegetables to be grown normally. In such situations, measures such as an optimized combination of irrigation and drainage, as well as soil amendment can be taken to adjust and control the salt content. Particularly, flattening the land with a large-scale machine was used to improve the ability of micro-topography to influence salt migration; rice and other dry, land crops were planted in rotation in combination with utilizing salt-leaching multiple times to speed up desalinization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 30671813,30872178,81072366,and 81273149)Guangdong Provincial High Level Experts Grants (No.2010-79)+1 种基金Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University grant (No.IRT0961)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation Team Grant (No.10351012003000000 to Dr.J.Lu)
文摘Essential meiotic endonuclease 1 homolog 1 (EME1) is a key DNA repair protein that participates in the rec- ognition and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Deficiency of the EME1 gene can lead to spontaneous genomic instability and thus contribute to tumorgenesis. We hypothesized that the exon variants of EME1 confer genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. In a case-control study of 748 breast cancer patients and 778 normal controls, we analyzed the association between two exon variants of EME! (i.e.,Ile350Thr: rs12450550T 〉 C and Glu69Asp: rs3760413T 〉 G) and breast cancer risk. We found that compared to the common lie/lie genotype, the Thr variant genotypes (Thr/lle + Thr/Thr) conferred a 1.47-fold increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.47, 95% CI=I. 13-1.92). The variant Ile350Thr was also associated with early onset of breast cancer (r = -0.116, P = 0.002). The mean age of onset was 44.4 years for Thr/Thr genotype carders and 46.5 years for Thr/lle genotype carriers, which was significantly lower than that (49.4 years) for Ile/Ile genotype carriers (P = 0.006). Moreover, no significant as- sociation was observed between the Glu69Asp variant and breast cancer risk. Our findings suggest that the EME1 variant Ile350Thr contributes to an increased risk and early onset of breast cancer.
基金This project is supported by Electric Vehicle Key Project of National 863 Program of China (No.2001AA501200, 2001AA501211).
文摘Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time controlalgorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach withincorporation of a stand-by optimization algorithm is proposed. The aim of it is to minimize theengine fuel consumption and maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) in its operation range, whilesatisfying the vehicle performance and drivability requirements. The hybrid powertrain bench testis carried out to collect data of the engine, motor and battery pack, which are used in the EMS tocontrol the powertrain. Computer simulation model of the HEV is established in the MATLAB/Simulinkenvironment according to the bench test results. Simulation results are presented for behaviors ofthe engine, motor and battery. The proposed EMS is implemented for a real parallel hybrid carcontrol system and validated by vehicle field tests.
基金Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission, China (No. 033012017).
文摘A novel parallel hybrid electrical urban bus (PHEUB) configuration consisting of an extra one-way clutch and an automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) is taken as the study subject. An energy management strategy combining a logic threshold approach and an instantaneous optimization algorithm is proposed for the investigated PHEUB. The objective of the energy management strategy is to achieve acceptable vehicle performance and drivability requirements while simultaneously maximizing the engine fuel consumption and maintaining the battery state of charge in its operation range at all times. Under the environment of Matlab/Simulink, a computer simulation model for the PHEUB is constructed by using the model building method combining theoretical analysis and bench test data. Simulation and experiment results for China Typical Bus Driving Schedule at Urban District (CTBDS_UD) are obtained, and the results indicate that the proposed control strategy not only controls the hybrid system efficiently but also improves the fuel economy significantly.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51205046
文摘This paper presents the design and implementation of an energy management system (EMS) with wavelet transform and fuzzy control for a residential micro-grid. The hybrid system in this paper consists of a wind turbine generator, photovoltaic (PV) panels, an electric vehicle (EV), and a super capacitor (SC), which is able to connect or disconnect to the main grid. The control strategy is responsible for compensating the difference between the generated power by the wind and solar generators and the demanded power by the loads. Wavelet transform decomposes the power difference into a smoothed component and a fast fluctuated component. The command approach used for fuzzy logic rules considers the state of charging (SOC) of EV, renewable production, and the load demand as parameters. Furthermore, the command rules are developed in order to ensure a reliable grid when taking into account the EV battery protection to decide the output power of the EV. The model of the hybrid system is developed in detail under Matlab/Simulink software environment.