Characterization of early maturing elite genotypes based on MTSI and MGIDI indexes:an illustration in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Background Globally,the cultivation of cotton is constrained by its tendency for extended periods of growth.Early maturity plays a potential role in rainfed-based multiple cropping system especially in the current era of climate change.In the current study,a set of 20 diverse Gossypium hirsutum genotypes were evaluated in two crop seasons with three planting densities and assessed for 11 morphological traits related to early maturity.The study aimed to identify genotype(s)that mature rapidly and accomplish well under diverse environmental conditions based on the two robust multivariate techniques called multi-trait stability index(MTSI)and multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index(MGIDI).Results MTSI analysis revealed that out of the 20 genotypes,three genotypes,viz.,NNDC-30,A-2,and S-32 accomplished well in terms of early maturity traits in two seasons.Furthermore,three genotypes were selected using MGIDI method for each planting densities with a selection intensity of 15%.The strengths and weaknesses of the genotypes selected based on MGIDI method highlighted that the breeders could focus on developing early-maturing genotypes with specific traits such as days to first flower and boll opening.The selected genotypes exhibited positive genetic gains for traits related to earliness and a successful harvest during the first and second pickings.However,there were negative gains for traits related to flowering and boll opening.Conclusion The study identified three genotypes exhibiting early maturity and accomplished well under different planting densities.The multivariate methods(MTSI and MGIDI)serve as novel approaches for selecting desired genotypes in plant breeding programs,especially across various growing environments.These methods offer exclusive benefits and can easily construe and minimize multicollinearity issues.

Genetic Analysis of Earliness Traits in Short Season Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Inheritance and interrelationship of phenotype and genotype of earliness traits were evaluated in a diallel analysis involving six early-maturing parents. Date of first square （DFS）, date of first flower （DFF）, date of first open boll （DFOB）, number of node first sympodial branch （NNFSB）, and harvested rate before frost （HRBF） as earliness traits of six parents, 15 F1 hybrids and 15 F2 progenies were investigated from 2005 to 2008. The experiment design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Additive, dominance and epistasis effects were analyzed with ADAA （additive- dominance-epistasis） model. HRBF, DFF, and DFOB showed significant additive genetic variances. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.088 （HN, narrow sense） and 0.416 （HNE, environment interaction） for HRBF, to 0.103 （HN） and 0.524 （HNE） for DFF, and to 0.187 （HN） and 0.519 （H~） for DFOB. Dominance genetic effects for DFS, DFF, DFOB, and NNSFB were stronger than additive effects. Additive-by-additive epistatic effects for DFS, DFOB, and NNSFB were detected and affected by environment. Correlation analysis showed generally that HRBF had a significant negative genetic and phenotypic correlation with DFS, DFOB, and NNFSB; DFS had significant positive genetic and phenotypic correlations with DFF, DFOB, and NNFSB; significant positive genetic and phenotypic correlations were also detected between DFF and DFOB, DFF and NNFSB, DFOB and NNFSB. The results showed that the lower the node to the first fruiting branch and the shorter the plant, the earlier was the onset of squaring, flowering, and boll opening, the higher was the harvest rate before frost. Heredity of earliness traits among parents and their hybrids were also detected and parents A1, A2, Bl, B2, and B3 could be used to improve earliness traits of short season cotton cultivars.

Application of the cultural techniques of cotton leaf-age adjusting-controlling for promotng early maturity

According to the production index of lint cotton yield over 100kg per mu(1/15ha)and the relationship between the climate factors and the distribution of time and space for cottonboll setting in 1985—1990,we established a model of cultural techniques of cotton leaf-age-ad-justing-controlling for enhancing early maturity.By utilizing the principle of leaf-age model andthe principle of regulating nutrient distribution with DPC(Mepiquate chloride),the plants weretreated with DPC in proper time.A new type of population plant patterns was set up.It character-ized by high population density,dwarf,high boll weight,bolls near nodes,high energy and lowconsumption,short distance transport of nutrients,high yield and good quality.We put forward aset of management measures,i.e.adjusting boll setting stage,adjusting and controlling boll set-ting structure,stably applying N,increasing P,supplementing plants with K,increasing irrigationefficiency,techniques were applied and demonstrated in large areas in high yield

Biochemical Genetic Mechanism and QTLs of Early Maturing without Yield Loss in Short-season Upland Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The short season cotton(SSC) was important Upland plant ecotype(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The growth of SSC was very short that is 105 ～ 110 days(after planting). SSC could increase

早熟优质宜机采棉花新品种‘徐棉608’的选育

针对粮棉争地、棉花生产用工多及劳动力成本逐渐增加等问题,以‘鲁棉19号’为母本‘、徐棉266’为父本,采用杂交育种技术育成早熟棉花新品种‘徐棉608’,该品种可以满足麦(蒜、油)后棉一年两熟种植制度且适宜机械化采收。在2018—2019年江苏省棉花新品种区域试验中,‘徐棉608’生育期99 d,衣分为40.1%,皮棉产量为1221.0 kg/hm^(2),较对照‘中棉所50’增产3.9%。株高87.5 cm,第一果枝节位高度20.8 cm,符合机采棉株型标准。纤维上半部平均长度为28.1 mm,断裂比强度为29.2 cN/tex,马克隆值为5.1。在2020年江苏省生产试验中,平均皮棉产量为1340.3 kg/hm^(2),较对照‘中棉所50’增产幅度高达10.5%。该品种衣分高,耐枯萎病和黄萎病,抗棉铃虫,耐盐性强,对脱叶催熟剂较敏感,适宜在江苏省及长江流域、黄河流域早熟棉区推广种植。

陆地棉自然早落叶突变系的激素含量分析

为研究陆地棉自然早落叶性状的激素表达特征,本研究采用自然早落叶突变系落叶棉501为试验材料,以叶片功能期长的近等基因系N065、陆地棉品系N002作为对照1与对照2,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)定量测定不同组织的脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)、玉米素(ZR)和生长素(IAA)含量。从种胚激素含量看,落叶棉501的ABA含量极显著高于对照,分别是对照1与对照2的2.86倍和2.39倍;其GA3含量极显著低于对照,仅为对照1、对照2的21.4%、23.6%;其ZR含量也显著低于对照,分别为对照1、对照2的70.7%、60.4%;但其IAA含量与对照无显著差异。从叶片激素含量看,落叶棉501的ABA含量极显著高于对照,分别是对照1与对照2的2.65倍和5.63倍;其GA3含量则极显著低于对照,分别为对照1与对照2的21.8%、31.8%;其ZR含量与对照无显著差异;IAA的含量则显著低于对照,分别为对照1、对照2的21.7%和31.6%。综合分析,陆地棉早落叶性状与种胚、叶片中的ABA及GA3含量存在明显关系,可根据陆地棉顶端小真叶或种胚中的ABA、GA3含量,初步预判其是否具有早落叶特性。

单条胶黏藻(Dumontia simplex Cotton)孢子早期发育及其生活史的研究

为研究单条胶黏藻(Dumontia simplex Cotton)的孢子发育类型和生活史,探明其孢子发育的最适环境因子,在实验室条件下,通过培养观察,研究不同温度、光照强度和盐度对其孢子(果孢子和四分孢子)早期发育的影响。结果表明:(1)孢子发育过程中无丝状体出现,孢子的发育类型为直接盘状体型。(2)温度、光照强度和盐度对其孢子的早期发育均有影响,温度6—30°C范围内,果孢子发育的最适温度为9°C,四分孢子为9—12°C;光强80—400μmol/(m2·s)范围内,果孢子发育的最适光强为160μmol/(m2·s),四分孢子为160—200μmol/(m2·s);盐度15—50范围内,孢子(果孢子和四分孢子)发育的最适盐度为30。(3)单条胶黏藻生活史由单倍的雌、雄配子体和二倍的果孢子体及四分孢子体构成,配子体和四分孢子体外形一致,交替出现,属于典型的同型世代交替。

1979-1981年山东省棉花种植政策调整的历史考察

改革开放初期,党和政府着力改变我国农业内部结构不合理、农林牧比例失调的状况。山东省作为全国主要产棉区之一,新中国成立后棉花生产有了很大发展,但由于粮棉矛盾等问题,棉花生产一度陷入困局,生产发展迟滞,供需矛盾突出。1979年后,山东省逐步确立了“粮棉一起抓,重点抓棉花”的方针,并且调整了棉农口粮和棉花收购价格政策,辅之以其他因素,共同促成1980年棉花特大丰收。但是,1980年粮食产量下降,致使传统粮棉矛盾在1981年年初再次凸显。但在健康而富有活力的新的政策环境和政治生态里,中共中央决定扩充粮食进口规模作为调节手段,山东省也坚持改革方针不动摇,最终实现了粮棉双丰收,顺利化解新的问题。1979-1981年山东省棉花生产方面的政策调整是改革开放初期全国农业生产结构调整的一个缩影,对当前乡村产业振兴仍有借鉴意义。

适宜早熟棉—荷兰豆套作的荷兰豆品种筛选试验

为稳定豫东地区棉花种植面积,提高复种指数,降低种植成本,提高农民经济收益,引进5个荷兰豆品种,以筛选出适宜在豫东地区和早熟棉套作的荷兰豆品种。结果显示,口感脆嫩、产量高的金船白花双荚818和豌豆6号,开花时间比较集中,便于采摘,株高和棉株相近,适宜攀附在早熟棉植株上进行套作;早熟棉套种金船白花双荚818综合经济效益为50223元/hm^(2),套种豌豆6号综合经济效益为49 319元/hm^(2),效益可观,值得在豫东地区大力推广。

Role of SNPs in determining QTLs for major traits in cotton

A single nucleotide polymorphism is the simplest form of genetic variation among individuals and can induce minor changes in phenotypic,physiological and biochemical characteristics.This polymorphism induces various mutations that alter the sequence of a gene which can lead to observed changes in amino acids.Several assays have been developed for identification and validation of these markers.Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages but genotyping by sequencing is the most common and most widely used assay.These markers are also associated with several desirable traits like yield,fibre quality,boll size and genes respond to biotic and abiotic stresses in cotton.Changes in yield related traits are of interest to plant breeders.Numerous quantitative trait loci with novel functions have been identified in cotton by using these markers.This information can be used for crop improvement through molecular breeding approaches.In this review,we discuss the identification of these markers and their effects on gene function of economically important traits in cotton.

Evaluation of genetic diversity in short duration cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Background: Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important fiber crop in Bangladesh. Genetic diversity among the genotypes of a germplasm has a great importance for cotton breeding. An experiment was carried out at the experimental field of Cotton Research, Training and Seed Multiplication Farm, Sreepur, Gazipur during the cropping season of 2015-2016 with 100 genotypes to evaluate genetic diversity of cotton genotypes for short duration using field performance.Results: The genotypes under study were grouped into ten clusters through multivariate analysis using GENSTAT-5.Cluster III contained maximum number of genotypes(16) while cluster X contained the least number of genotypes(7).The inter cluster distances were larger than intra cluster distances in all cases suggesting wider genetic diversity among the genotypes of different clusters. The maximum and minimum inter cluster distances were observed between clusters II and V(10.78) and clusters VIII and IX(3.30), respectively. The results indicated diverse and close relationship among the genotypes of those clusters. Earliness index, single boll weight and days to boll opening showed the higher contribution to the genetic divergence among 19 characters.Conclusion: Based on the results of genetic diversity and earliness index, the genotypes from cluster Ⅱ could be used as parent in hybridization program for the development of short duration cotton variety.

国审早熟棉花新品种邯3206的选育与多元化配套栽培技术应用

【目的】选育出适合多元化种植模式的早熟棉花新品种,为粮食生产与棉花产业的协调发展提供新的思路。【方法】选用邯郸市农业科学院自育的棉花新品系HS601为母本和转基因抗虫棉邯685为父本杂交,经南繁北育,定向选择,成功培育出早熟棉新品种邯3206。【结果】早熟棉新品种邯3206于2019—2020年参加黄河流域棉区早熟组棉花品种区域试验,2年平均子棉、皮棉和霜前皮棉产量分别为3547.5 kg/hm^(2)、1449.0 kg/hm^(2)和1327.5 kg/hm^(2),分别比对照品种中棉所50增产7.7%、10.2%和9.6%。该品种生育期98 d,株型较紧凑,茎秆较粗壮。邯3206于2021年通过河北省品种委员会审定(冀审棉20219001),2022年通过国家品种委员会审定(国审棉20220028)。【结论】邯3206生育期短,在黄河流域棉区与蔬菜作物(甘蓝、西蓝花、大蒜)进行两熟制多元化配套栽培可取得较好经济效益。

棉花早熟高产优质抗逆适于机械化新品种创新应用

针对棉花生产管理机械化、轻简化的迫切需求和品种株型、早熟性、产量、纤维品质、抗病性协同改良提升的育种难题,开展了早熟、高产、优质、适于机械化新品种培育和配套技术研究。创新地提出“两改两增四选择”早熟、耐密植、抗倒伏、适于机械化的育种技术,创制了10份优异育种亲本材料;发掘出开花期,黄萎病抗性,棉铃重、衣分等产量,纤维长度、强度等品质共14个性状SNP位点633个;开发出可用于纤维品质、黄萎病抗性育种选择的低成本、高通量KASP标记26个;发现调控早熟性、品质、抗逆性、发芽出苗快慢的关键基因12个,并揭示其在不同品种中的表达规律;利用创新的亲本材料、育种技术和开发的分子标记,育成了冀农大23号、冀农大棉24号、冀农大棉25号、冀农大36号具不同特点适于机械化的早熟、高产、优质棉花新品种,在株型紧凑、早熟、吐絮集中等机采特性改良及其与高产、优质、抗病协同提升方面取得新突破;研究创建了新品种机采模式种植下“一穴一粒机播、扩群体增铃数、全化控免整枝、棉田集中采收”轻简省工高效配套技术,科企用相结合,建立了代表性强、覆盖面广、带动力大的示范基地,引领新品种大面积生产应用,每公顷增收2700~3000元、省工60~75个,节本增效显著。

西北内陆早熟陆地棉品种的综合评价及育种演化

【目的】综合评价近30年西北内陆棉区审定的早熟陆地棉品种,阐述该区域育成品种主要性状的育种演变规律,为西北内陆棉花新品种选育和主栽品种推荐提供参考依据。【方法】2020年和2021年分别在甘肃敦煌和新疆石河子对110个1988-2021年西北内陆棉区审定的早熟陆地棉品种与早熟、产量、纤维品质和株型相关的12个主要性状的表型进行鉴定;利用聚类分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等方法,对品种表型特征进行综合评分,筛选优良品种,并对其主要性状进行育种演化分析。【结果】110个早熟陆地棉参试品种的12个主要性状表型值分布范围较大,变异系数由大到小依次为:果枝长度>单株结铃数>吐絮率>单铃重>马克隆值>纤维强度>衣分>纤维长度>开花时间>果枝夹角>伸长率>整齐度。通过聚类分析将110个早熟陆地棉品种分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4个类群,它们分别为优良纤维品质、早熟、松散株型和高产的品种类群。相关性分析表明,早熟性与产量和纤维品质相关性状均呈负相关,产量构成性状与纤维品质性状呈正相关,且多数性状之间达显著或极显著水平。利用主成分分析将12个主要性状简化为4个主成分,其累积贡献率达66.92%;并对110份早熟陆地棉品种进行综合评分,评分排名第一的品种为中棉113(0.67),该品种具有早熟、高产、纤维品质优良和株型相对松散等特征。进一步分析发现,甘肃审定品种的早熟性显著优于西北内陆和新疆审定品种,产量和纤维品质相关性状显著低于西北内陆和新疆审定品种。西北内陆早熟陆地棉品种在30多年的演化过程中,多数产量和纤维品质相关性状呈显著上升的变化趋势,株型向更为紧凑的趋势演变;早期育成品种的单株结铃数与单铃重、衣分、纤维长度和强度呈负相关,而近期育成品种单株结铃数与单铃重、衣分、纤维长度和强度呈正相关。【结论】西北内陆早熟陆地棉品种在育种改良过程中,与产量和纤维品质相关的主要性状指标分布广泛,逐年呈显著提升的演变趋势;近期育成品种已实现了单株结铃数与纤维长度和强度的协同提高。

2011─2020年新疆早中熟棉花品种区试主要农艺性状、产量和品质的演变特征

对2011─2020年新疆早中熟棉花区试品种主要农艺、产量和品质性状的演变特征进行了综合分析。结果表明:在2011─2020年期间,新疆早中熟棉花区试品种的生育期、果枝始节位、果枝数和籽指均呈极显著的下降趋势,株高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,霜前花率呈极显著的上升趋势;单株铃数、总铃数、铃重、籽棉单产、皮棉单产、霜前皮棉单产均呈极显著的上升趋势,仅衣分呈极显著的下降趋势;纤维长度、纤维整齐度、比强度、黄度、纺纱均匀指数均呈极显著的上升趋势,马克隆值呈极显著的下降趋势但尚在正常范围内,伸长率和反射率均呈极显著的下降趋势。综上,近10年来,新疆早中熟棉花品种的生育期缩短,株高稳定在75 cm上下,单产提高,马克隆值适中,纤维品质总体得到了明显提升,基本上能满足机械采摘对棉花品种特性的要求。

GhAP1-D3 positively regulates flowering time and early maturity with no yield and fiber quality penalties in upland cotton

Flowering time(FTi)is a major factor determining how quickly cotton plants reach maturity.Early maturity greatly affects lint yield and fiber quality and is crucial for mechanical harvesting of cotton in northwestern China.Yet,few quantitative trait loci(QTLs)or genes regulating early maturity have been reported in cotton,and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown.In this study,we characterized 152,68,and 101 loci that were significantly associated with the three key early maturity traits—FTi,flower and boll period(FBP)and whole growth period(WGP),respectively,via four genome-wide association study methods in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum).We focused on one major early maturity-related genomic region containing three single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome D03,and determined that GhAP1-D3,a gene homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana APETALA1(AP1),is the causal locus in this region.Transgenic plants overexpressing GhAP1-D3 showed significantly early flowering and early maturity without penalties for yield and fiber quality compared to wild-type(WT)plants.By contrast,the mutant lines of GhAP1-D3 generated by genome editing displayed markedly later flowering than the WT.GhAP1-D3 interacted with GhSOC1(SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1),a pivotal regulator of FTi,both in vitro and in vivo.Changes in GhAP1-D3 transcript levels clearly affected the expression of multiple key flowering regulatory genes.Additionally,DNA hypomethylation and high levels of H3K9ac affected strong expression of GhAP1-D3 in early-maturing cotton cultivars.We propose that epigenetic modifications modulate GhAP1-D3 expression to positively regulate FTi in cotton through interaction of the encoded GhAP1 with GhSOC1 and affecting the transcription of multiple flowering-related genes.These findings may also lay a foundation for breeding early-maturing cotton varieties in the future.

Hap1型棉蚜在5种春季杂草上的生长发育情况

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是重要的棉花Gossypium hirsutum和葫芦科蔬菜害虫,严重影响寄主植物的生长发育、产量和品质。棉蚜在冬季寄主上产卵越冬,早春孵化后进行寄主转移扩散。阿拉伯婆婆纳Veronica persica、猪殃殃Galium spurium、飞蓬Erigeron canadensis等是早春时期的优势杂草,可能是棉蚜向棉花转移过程中的中间寄主。本试验选用Hap1型棉蚜,记录其取食棉花以及阿拉伯婆婆纳、猪殃殃、飞蓬、荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris、飞廉Carduus nutans等5种早春优势杂草时的生长发育、产仔量等数据,并通过计算、对比各组的生命表参数,从而得出Hap1型棉蚜在此5种春季杂草上的适合度。试验表明,Hap1型棉蚜在不同寄主上的若虫发育历期及各龄若虫的发育时间存在明显差异。相较于取食棉花叶片的Hap1型棉蚜,取食杂草的棉蚜总生殖前期缩短0.2~0.9 d,每雌生殖力最多减少50%。Hap1型棉蚜取食5种杂草及棉花的生命表参数显示,Hap1型棉蚜最适寄主为棉花,寿命比取食杂草高0.4~0.9倍。Hap1型棉蚜在杂草上能建立种群,内禀增长率高于0.29。Hap1型棉蚜在取食荠菜时体型最大,其平均体长可达1 100μm以上,取食其余4种杂草的棉蚜平均体长与取食棉花叶片的棉蚜没有显著差异。体宽方面除了取食飞蓬叶片的棉蚜较小以外,其余均无明显差别。本研究证实春季杂草可以作为Hap1型棉蚜的寄主,可能是棉花苗蚜的重要虫源地。研究结果对于揭示棉蚜寄主间转移规律,制定棉花苗蚜防治策略具有重要的意义。

早熟机采棉新品种筛选及机采性状研究

筛选鉴定早熟机采棉(Gossypium spp)新的品系、品种,以确保机采棉花品质、产量稳定提高。通过对早熟机采棉新品种农艺性状的研究,掌握机采棉性状的关键技术参数,为棉花产业发展奠定基础。2019和2020年在新疆石河子农业科学研究院进行品种试验,对12个品种机采性状进行研究。结果显示,12个参试品种全生育期在123~133 d,有5个品种比对照(陆新早61)生育期短。吐絮期整齐度在2~3级;第一果铃高度≥18.0cm的有10个品种。各品种机采性状综合分析可知,石大棉268表现最佳,生育期为123 d,第一果铃高度20.4 cm,衣分率43.2%,纤维长度33.5 mm,断裂比强度32.9N/tex,纺纱均匀指数182,皮棉增产20.9%;其次是金早1号,生育期为126 d,第一果铃高度20.7 cm,衣分率41.82%,纤维长度32.9 mm,断裂比强度31.9 N/tex,纺纱均匀指数180,皮棉增产8.9%;第三名是金垦1861,生育期为126 d,第一果铃高度21.3 cm,衣分率38.9%,纤维长度33.3 mm,断裂比强度30.9 N/tex,纺纱均匀指数179,皮棉增产7.6%。以上3个品种的机采性状、产量和品质表现适合研究区栽培。

不同播期对辽宁豌豆后直播特早熟棉生长发育及产量的影响

[目的]探讨辽宁省特早熟棉区豌豆后直播特早熟棉的可行性及不同播期对直播特早熟棉生长发育及产量构成因素的影响。[方法]以特早熟棉新品种(系)辽7140、辽3971、辽6270、辽6358为材料,研究不同播期对棉花生长发育、产量构成因素及农艺性状的影响。[结果]随着播种时间的推迟,生育期加长,出苗时间缩短,株高增高,第1果枝高度、单株果枝数、单株结铃数和铃重逐渐降低;随着播期推迟,籽棉产量、皮棉产量、衣分均显著降低。[结论]可为辽宁地区豌豆后直播特早熟棉种植模式提供参考依据。

机采棉机采性状及品种筛选试验研究

通过筛选鉴定早熟机采棉新的品系、品种,以确保机采棉花品质、产量稳定提高。2019、2020年在新疆生产建设兵团第七师农科所设定试验区,选择12个机采棉品种进行农艺性状对比试验。结果表明,‘石大棉268’、‘H1537’、‘金垦1861’和‘新石K33’生育期最短<120 d;第一果铃高度≥18.0 cm的有10个品种,吐絮期整齐度在2、3级。机采性状综合排名‘石大棉268’第一,子棉单产、皮棉单产、霜前皮棉单产均优于其他品种,与对照品种相比分别增加了7.2%、19.2%、25.1%,霜前花率达到99.2%;其次是‘新农早129’,子棉单产、皮棉单产、霜前皮棉分别比对照品种增产6.0%、14.7%、16.3%。‘石大棉268’、‘新农早129’两个品种的机采性状及棉花品质表现最佳,符合本研究区的机采要求。