Introduction to marine emergency forecasting and early-warning system(MEFES)

Marine emergencies especially oil spill may bring irreversible harm to the marine environment,and will cause immeasurable economic losses.In recent years,the demand for crude oil is increasing year by year in China with the high-speed economic development,leading to the high risk of marine oil spill.Therefore,it is necessary that promoting emergency response on marine oil spill in China and improving oil spill forecasting and early-warning techniques.This paper introduces the Marine Emergency Forecasting and Early-warning System(MEFES)developed by National Marine Data and Information Service(NMDIS).The system consists of one database,two modelling subsystems and a GIS platform.The database is the marine emergency database,and two subsystems include the marine environmental forecasting subsystem and the oil spill behaviour forecasting subsystem.MEFES has been applied in the emergency response of some major oil spill accidents occurred in recent years.The operational applications of the system can provide some theoretical basis and reference for marine oil spill emergency response.

Analysis of Forecast and Early Warning of Flood in Medium and Small Rivers

Flooding of small and medium rivers is caused by environmental factors like rainfall and soil loosening.With the development and application of technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data,the disaster supervision and management of large river basins in China has improved over the years.However,due to the frequent floods in small and medium-sized rivers in our country,the current prediction and early warning of small and medium-sized rivers is not accurate enough;it is difficult to realize real-time monitoring of small and medium-sized rivers,and it is also impossible to obtain corresponding data and information in time.Therefore,the construction and application of small and medium-sized river prediction and early warning systems should be further improved.This paper presents an analysis and discussion on flood forecasting and early warning systems for small and medium-sized rivers in detail,and corresponding strategies to improve the effect of forecasting and early warning systems are proposed.

Current status and challenges of typhoon forecasting and warning systems in China

China is one of the countries most severely suffering from tropical cyclones. The exact and timely forecasting and warning is of significant importance in fighting against tropical cyclones and mitigating their impacts on China. The numerical weather prediction （NWP） system for tropical cyclone rainfall and strong wind is going to play a more and more important role. There is also a need for timely and user friendly modem warning services in order to provide the governments and relevant authorities at all levels and general public with typhoon forecasts and information about the associated disasters and response strategy services.

Study on the Analysis System of Meteorological and Geological Disaster Grades Early Warning of WebGIS

The method of realizing meteorological and geological disaster forecast and early warning information system in Qixian County of Shanxi Province was studied. According to meteorological factor parameter of the geological disasters for many years in Qixian County Land Bureau, and data of average meteorological element parameters that corresponded by evolution of geological disaster region each year, evaluation algorithm model of the forecast and eady warning of geological disasters in Qixian County was obtained, and the database of meteorological factor of geological disaster was established. On this basis, WebGIS geographic information system based on C/S and B/S which could real-time monitor geological disaster region was studied and designed. After data analysis system could evaluate the geological disaster forecast and early warning and make the real-time and accurate early warning, which greatly improved the timeliness of meteorological geological disasters forecast and early warning in Qixian County. System set of data processing and forecast and early warning issued in one, to realize the dynamic information release function of grade of geological disaster early warning, and had the characteristics of easy sharing, real-time dynamic update.

Classified Early Warning and Forecast of Severe Convective Weather Based on LightGBM Algorithm

Severe convective weather can lead to a variety of disasters, but they are still difficult to be pre-warned and forecasted in the meteorological operation. This study generates a model based on the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) algorithm using C-band radar echo products and ground observations, to identify and classify three major types of severe convective weather (i.e., hail, short-term heavy rain (STHR), convective gust (CG)). The model evaluations show the LightGBM model performs well in the training set (2011-2017) and the testing set (2018) with the overall false identification ratio (FIR) of only 4.9% and 7.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the average probability of detection (POD), critical success index (CSI) and false alarm ratio (FAR) for the three types of severe convective weather in two sample sets are over 85%, 65% and lower than 30%, respectively. The LightGBM model and the storm cell identification and tracking (SCIT) product are then used to forecast the severe convective weather 15 - 60 minutes in advance. The average POD, CSI and FAR for the forecasts of the three types of severe convective weather are 57.4%, 54.7% and 38.4%, respectively, which are significantly higher than those of the manual work. Among the three types of severe convective weather, the STHR has the highest POD and CSI and the lowest FAR, while the skill scores for the hail and CG are similar. Therefore, the LightGBM model constructed in this paper is able to identify, classify and forecast the three major types of severe convective weather automatically with relatively high accuracy, and has a broad application prospect in the future automatic meteorological operation.

Construction of Forecast and Early Warning System of Meteorological and Geological Disasters in Qinghai Province

Based on the meteorological and geological disaster data, ground observation data set, CLDAS grid point data set, and EC, BJ and other model product data during 2008-2020, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of meteorological and geological disasters and precipitation were analyzed, and the causes of the occurrence of meteorological geological disasters and the deviation of model precipitation forecast were revealed. Besides, an objective precipitation forecast system and a forecast and early warning system of meteorological and geological disasters were established. The results show that meteorological and geological disasters and precipitation were mainly concentrated from May to October, of which continuous precipitation appeared frequently in June and September, and convective precipitation was mainly distributed in July-August;the occurrence frequency of meteorological and geological disasters was basically consistent with the distribution of accumulated precipitation and short-term heavy precipitation, and they were mainly concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of Qinghai. Meteorological and geological disasters were basically caused by heavy rain and above, and meteorological and geological disasters were divided into three types: continuous precipitation(type I), short-term heavy precipitation(type II) and mixed precipitation(type III). For type I, the early warning conditions of meteorological and geological disasters in Qinghai are as follows: if the soil volumetric water content difference between 0-10 and 10-40 cm is ≤0.03 mm^(3)/mm^(3), or the soil volumetric water content at one of the depths is ≥0.25 mm^(3)/mm^(3), the future effective precipitation reaches 8.4 mm in 1 h, 10.2 mm in 2 h, 11.5 mm in 3 h, 14.2 mm in 6 h, 17.7 mm in 12 h, and 18.2 mm in 24 h, and such warning conditions are mainly used in Yushu, Guoluo, southern Hainan, southern Huangnan and other places. For type II, when the future effective precipitation is up to 11.5 mm in 1 h, 14.9 mm in 2 h, 16.2 mm in 3 h, 19.9 mm in 6 h, 25.3 mm in 12 h, and 26.3 mm in 24 h, such precipitation thresholds are mainly used in Hainan, Huangnan, and eastern Guoluo;as it is up to 13.3 mm in 1 h, 15.5 mm in 2 h, 16.6 mm in 3 h, 19.9 mm in 6 h, 31.1 mm in 12 h, and 34.0 mm in 24 h, such precipitation thresholds are mainly used in Hehuang valley. The precipitation thresholds of type III are between type I and type II, and closer to that of type II;such precipitation thresholds are mainly used in Hainan, Huangnan, and northern Guoluo. The forecasting ability of global models for heavy rain and above was not as good as that of mesoscale numerical prediction model, and global models had a wet bias for small-scale precipitation and a dry bias for large-scale precipitation;meso-scale models had a significantly larger precipitation bias. The forecast ability of precipitation objective forecast system constructed by frequency matching and multi-model integration has improved. At the same time, the constructed grid forecast and early warning system of meteorological and geological disasters is more precise and accurate, and is of instructive significance for the forecast and early warning of meteorological and geological disasters.

Application of remote monitoring technology in landslides in the Luoshan mining area

With the scale extending of mining, the landslide disaster in the earth’s surface will become more and more serious, and these landslide disasters are being threatened to the sustainable safe mining of the underground mine and the open-pit mine. Based on the theory that sliding force is greater than the shear resistance (resisting force) at the potential slip surface is the necessary and sufficient condition to occur the landslide as the sliding criterion, the principle and method for sliding force remote monitoring is presented, and the functional relationship between the human mechanical quantity and the natural sliding force is derived, hereby, the natural sliding force can be calculated according to the human mechanical quantity. Based on above principle and method, a new system of landslide remote monitoring is designed and 53 systems are installed on the landslide body in the Luoshan mining area, which make up the landslide remote monitoring network. According to the results of field test around 8 months, monitoring curves between sliding force and time are obtained, which can describe and forecast the develop trend of landslide. According to above analysis, the results show that this system has some following advantages: (1) real-time monitoring; (2) remote intelligent transmission; (3) landslides early warning.

The Development of Intelligent Operation Method of Urban Public Infrastructure Driven by Accurate Spatio-temporal Information

Urban public infrastructure is an important basis for urban development.It is of great significance to deepen the research on intelligent management and control of urban public infrastructure.Spatio-temporal information contains the law of state evolution of urban public infrastructure,which is the information base of intelligent control of infrastructure.Due to the needs of operation management and emergency response,efficient sharing and visualization of spatio-temporal information are important research contents of comprehensive management and control of urban public infrastructure.On the basis of summarizing the theoretical research and application in recent years,the basic methods and current situation of the acquisition and analysis of spatio-temporal information,the forecast and early warning,and the intelligent control of urban public infrastructure are reviewed in this paper.

Prevalence Characteristics of Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus Disease and Continuous Control Strategies

Through summarizing the prevalence characteristics of rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease(RBSDVD)in Linyi City of Shandong Province,this paper analyzed its prevalence is related to changes in farming and cultivation systems,the increase in the population of venomous Laodelphax striatellus Fallén and its own migration and spread,the poor disease resistance of cultivated varieties,and inadequate time of prevention and control.Besides,based on the practice of local control,it came up with some comprehensive control measures including strengthening monitoring,early warning and forecasting,planting resistant(tolerant)rice varieties according to local conditions,appropriately delaying the sowing(planting)period,supplemented by insect nets to cover seedlings,and making scientific use of chemical control.It is expected to provide a reference for the prevention and control of RBSDVD.

Forecast Service of An Extreme Rainstorm Process in Bayannur City,Inner Mongolia in 2022

On August 1,2022,a rainstorm process occurred in Bayannur City,Inner Mongolia.An extreme precipitation event occurred in Wuyuan County,Urat Middle Banner and Urat Front Banner,causing rainstorm,flood,strong convective wind and other disasters,thereby resulting in crop damage,livestock death and other losses.Meteorological departments made a series of forecast and early warning,meteorological service and basin joint prevention for the rainstorm process,set an example for dealing with the rainstorm disaster,and accumulated experience for the forecast service of rainstorm in future.

Analysis on Radar Characteristics of a Short-time Heavy Rainfall Event in Wuchuan County

Using minute rainfall data of automatic ground station and a variety of products from new generation Doppler weather radar in Wuchuan, the characteristics of a short-time heavy precipitation process on April 23, 2022 were analyzed. The results showed that the appearance of differential reflectivity(ZDR) column and big-value zone of high-elevation ZDR had better indication on short-term heavy rainfall process in Shichao station. Ice phase process played a very important role in particle growth. The storm tracking information product can predict the path of the storm 15 min in advance. The storm stayed and moved less or even turned back to more than two to three scanning volumes in one place, indicating the occurrence of short-term heavy rainfall. One-hour accumulated precipitation(OHP) had a good effect on the estimation of continuous precipitation in a large area where the hourly rainfall exceeded 50 mm for more than two stations. It had the ability to estimate short-term heavy precipitation in areas lacking automatic stations.

Review of big-data and AI application in typhoon-related disaster risk early warning in Typhoon Committee region

ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee Members are directly or indirectly affected by typhoons every year.Members have accumulated rich experiences dealing with typhoons'negative impact and developed the technologies and measures on typhoon-related disaster risk forecasting and early warning in various ways to reduce the damage caused by typhoon.However,it is still facing many difficulties and challenges to accurately forecast the occurrence of typhoons and warning the potential impacts in an early stage due to the continuously changing weather conditions.With the development of information technology(IT)and computing science,and increasing accumulated hydro-meteorological data in recent decades,scientists,researchers and operationers keep trying to improve forecasting models based on the application of big data and artificial intelligent(AI)technology to promote the capacity of typhoon-related disaster risk forecasting and early warning.This paper reviewed the current status of application of big data and AI technology in the aspect of typhoon-related disaster risk forecasting and early warning,and discussed the challenges and limitations that must be addressed to effectively harness the power of big data and AI technology application in typhoon-related disaster risk reduction in the future.