A study of the soil water potential threshold values to trigger irrigation of ‘Shimizu Hakuto’ peach at pivotal fruit developmental stages

Water management is an important practice that affects fruit size and quality.Effective implementation of irrigation scheduling requires knowledge of the appropriate indicators and thresholds,which are established manly based on the effects of water deficits on final fruit quality.Few studies have focused on the real-time effects of water status on fruit and shoot growth.To establish soil water potential (ψ_(soil)) thresholds to trigger irrigation of peach at pivotal fruit developmental stages,photogrammetry,^(13)C labelling,and other techniques were used in this study to investigate real-time changes in stem diameter,fruit projected area,net leaf photosynthetic rate (P_(n)),and allocation of photoassimilates to fruit under soil water potential conditions ranging from saturation to stress in 6-year-old Shimizu hakuto’peach.Stem growth,fruit growth,and P_n exhibited gradually decreasing sensitivity to water deficits during fruit developmental stages I,II,and III.Stem diameter growth was significantly inhibited whenψ_(soil)dropped to-8.5,-7.6,and-5.4 k Pa,respectively.Fruit growth rate was low,reaching zero when theψ_(soil)was-9.0 to-23.1,-14.9 to-21.4,and-16.5 to-23.3 k Pa,respectively,and P_ndecreased significantly when theψ_(soil)reached-24.2,-22.7,and-20.4 kPa,respectively.In addition,more photoassimilates were allocated to fruit under moderateψ_(soil)conditions (-10.1 to-17.0 k Pa) than under otherψ_(soil)values.Our results revealed threeψ_(soil)thresholds,-10.0,-15.0,and-15.0 kPa,suitable for triggering irrigation during stages I,II,and III,respectively.These thresholds can be helpful for controlling excessive tree vigor,maintaining rapid fruit growth and leaf photosynthesis,and promoting the allocation of more photoassimilates to fruit.

Genomic analysis provides insights into the westward expansion of domesticated peaches in China

Peach, an economically important model plant of the Rosaceae family, has been domesticated and cultivated in China for approximately5 000 years. The Hexi Corridor, an important corridor connecting east-central China and the Tarim Basin, is the starting point of the Silk Road that links China and the Eurasian region. As a globally distributed fruit tree, the spread of peach was accomplished through historical trade routes in the Hexi Corridor and the Tarim Basin. However, knowledge of peach genetic diversity in these regions remains limited. In this study,we examined the relationships and the spread history of domesticated peaches through sequencing and genomic analysis of 161 peach accessions collected from Northwest China, including 43 from the Hexi Corridor and 104 from the Tarim Basin. The results indicate that peach landraces in the Hexi Corridor and the Tarim Basin are derivatives of peaches from the east and south of China (ESC). Notably, the genetic diversity of accessions from both the Hexi Corridor and the Tarim Basin was lower than that of ESC accessions. Reduction of diversity (ROD) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses detected a genetic bottleneck in peaches from these regions. Additionally, these peaches have undergone varying degrees of selection from natural environment. Moreover, genes responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses were under selection, which could be the result of the climate change of Northwest China after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our findings provide a better understanding of the genetic basis of peach migration in Northwest China. Furthermore, this study expands the available genomic data for peaches and provides critical information for future peach breeding programs.

Peculiarity of transcriptional and H3K27me3 dynamics during peach bud dormancy

Bud dormancy facilitates the survival of meristems under harsh environmental conditions.To elucidate how molecular responses to chilling accumulation controlling dormancy in peach buds,chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to identify the H3K27me3 modifications and RNA sequencing of two peach cultivars with pronounced differences in chilling requirement were carried out,the results showed that genes associated with abscisic acid and gibberellic acid signal pathways play key roles in dormancy regulation.The results demonstrated that peach flower bud differentiation occurred continuously in both cultivars during chilling accumulation,which was correlated with the transcript abundance of key genes involved in phytohormone metabolism and flower bud development under adverse conditions.The more increased strength in high chillingrequirement cultivar along with the chilling accumulation at the genome-wide level.The function of the dormancy-associated MADS-box gene PpDAM6 was identified,which is involved in leaf bud break in peach and flower development in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum(NC89).In addition,PpDAM6 was positively regulated by PpCBF,and the genes of putative dormancy-related and associated with metabolic pathways were proposed.Taken together,these results constituted a theoretical basis for elucidating the regulation of peach bud dormancy transition.

Study on Germplasm Resources of Peach Cultivars

[Objectives]To study the germplasm resources of excellent peach cultivars.[Methods]Five peach cultivars were introduced,in-cluding‘Jinxiu’peach,‘Jinxiang’peach,‘Chunxiao’peach,‘Hujingmilu’peach and‘018 nectarine’peach.Then,these five cultivars were used to study the biological characteristics of peach trees,namely,as phenology,fruit quality,heat resistance,cold resistance and other resistance.[Results]Five cultivars of peach plants grew fast and robust,among which‘018 nectarine’had very crisp fruit,‘Jinxiu’,‘Jinxiang’,‘Chunxiao’and‘Hujingmilu’had very sweet fruitꎻthe peach trees of these five cultivars have good water resistance,heat resist-ance and cold resistance.[Conclusions]The results of this study can not only provide a reference for the introduction of peach trees,but also provide a practical basis for the large-scale planting of peach trees.

Evaluation of Trace Elements in the Soil of Typical Peach Orchards in Zunyi City

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the enrichment and paucity of trace elements in the soil environment of peach orchards in Zunyi City,and to provide reference for supplementary application of microelement fertilizers and high-quality peach production in peach orchards.[Methods]Taking the soil of three typical peach orchards(Taoli Renjia peach orchard,Pengrui peach orchard and Taohuadao peach orchard)in Shenxi Town,Honghuagang District,Zunyi City as the research object,the contents of trace elements in soil were analyzed through field sampling and indoor determination of trace elements.[Results]The effective contents of trace elements in the soil of peach orchard bases in the study area were at a medium level,and the soil of the peach orchards was rich in available Fe and Se.The contents of available Cu,Mo and Mn were relatively rich.The contents of available B were not high overall.The contents of available Zn were at a moderate to low level overall.The soil of Taoli Renjia peach orchard was relatively rich in trace elements.[Conclusions]The research results can provide a scientific basis for the production of high-quality crispy peaches in peach orchards.

Color of the Year 2024: Peach Fuzz

Pantone has declared Pantone 13-1023Peach Fuzz as its Color of the Year for 2024.This soft peach tone reflects comforting warmth and represents a desire for unity,peace and personal well-being.The calming shade,a sublime blend of pink and orange,suggests fresh softness,signifying an environment that invites relaxation,reccovery and growth.The delicatehue of Pantone 13-1023 Peach Fuzz not only awakens our senses to the tactile and enveloping warmth of the color,but also influences our sense of peace and overall well-being.

Genome sequencing revealed the red-flower trait candidate gene of a peach landrace

Peach(Prunus persica)is an economically important fruit crop globally and an excellent material for genomic studies.While considerable progress has been made in unveiling trait-associated genes within cultivars and wild relatives,certain novel genes controlling valuable traits in peach landraces,such as the red-flowering gene,remained unclear.In this study,we sequenced and assembled the diploid genome of the red-flower landrace‘Yingzui’(abbreviated as‘RedY’).Multi-omics profiling of red petals of‘RedY’revealed the intensified red coloration associated with anthocyanins accumulation and concurrent decline in f lavonols.This phenomenon is likely attributed to a natural variant of Flavonol Synthase(FLS)harboring a 9-bp exonic insertion.Intriguingly,the homozygous allelic configurations of this FLS variant were only observed in red-flowered peaches.Furthermore,the 9-bp sequence variation tightly associated with pink/red petal color in genome-wide association studies(GWAS)of collected peach germplasm resources.Functional analyses of the FLS variant,purified from procaryotic expression system,demonstrated its diminished enzymatic activity in f lavonols biosynthesis,impeccably aligning with the cardinal trait of red flowers.Therefore,the natural FLS variant was proposed as the best candidate gene for red-f lowering trait in peach.The pioneering unveiling of the red-flowered peach genome,coupled with the identification of the candidate gene,expanded the knowledge boundaries of the genetic basis of peach traits and provided valuable insights for future peach breeding efforts.

PpMAPK6 regulates peach bud endodormancy release through interactions with PpDAM6

The MADS-box(DAM)gene PpDAM6,which is related to dormancy,plays a key role in bud endodormancy release,and the expression of PpDAM6 decreases during endodormancy release.However,the interaction network that governs its regulation of the endodormancy release of flower buds in peach remains unclear.In this study,we used yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)assays to identify a mitogen-activated protein kinase,PpMAPK6,that interacts with PpDAM6 in a peach dormancy-associated SSHcDNA library.PpMAPK6 is primarily located in the nucleus,and Y2H and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)assays verified that PpMAPK6 interacts with PpDAM6 by binding to the MADS-box domain of PpDAM6.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)analysis showed that the expression of PpMAPK6 was opposite that of PpDAM6 in the endodormancy release of three cultivars with different chilling requirements(Prunus persica‘Chunjie’,Prunus persica var.nectarina‘Zhongyou 5’,Prunus persica‘Qingzhou peach’).In addition,abscisic acid(ABA)inhibited the expression of PpMAPK6 and promoted the expression of PpDAM6 in flower buds.The results indicated that PpMAPK6 might phosphorylate PpDAM6 to accelerate its degradation by interacting with PpDAM6.The expression of PpMAPK6 increased with decreasing ABA content during endodormancy release in peach flower buds,which in turn decreased the expression of PpDAM6 and promoted endodormancy release.

β-Cyclodextrin-Based Nitrosoglutathione Improves the Storage Quality of Peach by Regulating the Metabolism of Endogenous Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Phenylpropane

Nitrosoglutathione(GSNO)andβ-cyclodextrin(β-CD)exhibit positive roles in regulating fruit quality.However,there are few reports about the effects of GSNO andβ-CD on enhancing storability and boosting nitric oxide(NO),hydrogen sulfide(H2S),and phenylpropane metabolism in fruits during storage.“Xintaihong”peach were treated with 0.5,1.0,1.5mmol L−1 GSNO in 0.5%(w/v)β-CD solution(GSNO/β-CD).The effects of GSNO/β-CD on endogenous NO,H2S,and phenylpropane metabolism were investigated.Treatment with GSNO/β-CD increased the color difference of peach and inhibited the increase of respiratory intensity,weight loss,and relative conductivity.Treatment with 1.0 mmol L−1 GSNO/β-CD increased the nitric oxide synthase(NOS-like)activity and L-arginine content,thereby promoting the accumulation of endogenous NO.By improving the activities of L-cysteine desulfhydrylase(L-CD),O-acetylserine sulfur lyase(OAS-TL),serine acetyltransferase(SAT),GSNO/β-CD increased the content of endogenous H2S in peach.Treatment with GSNO/β-CD increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),4-coumarate-CoA ligase(4CL),and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase(C4H),promoted the increase of total phenols,flavonoids,and lignin in peach.These results indicated that GSNO/β-CD treatment better maintained the quality of peach by improving the metabolism of endogenous NO,H2S,and phenylpropane during storage.

The Potential Efficacy of Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Nanostructure Against Brown Rot of Peach fruits

Production of peaches(Prunus persica(L.)Batsch)for both local market and export is increasing each year in Egypt.Brown rot disease,caused by Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena,is considered one of the most important postharvest rots affecting peaches in Egypt and economic losses are increasing.Antifungal activity of glycyrrhizic acid nanoparticles(GA-NPs)and glycyrrhizic acid(GA)at 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/L was investigated as a control for both these brown rot pathogens on peach fruits in both in vitro and in vivo studies.In the in vitro studies,GA-NPs were the most effective as shown by the ability to decrease linear growth of both brown rot pathogens in potato dextrose agar(PDA)amended with 0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs.Micrographs of M.fructigena exposed to 0.4 mmol/LGA showed mycelial deformations,nodule formation,detachment of the cell wall,shrinkage and inhomogeneous cytoplasmic materials with large vacuoles.Mycelium of M.laxa exposed to 0.4 mmol/LGA-NPs resulted in thinner and distorted hyphae,nodule formation,cell wall thinning,and swellings.The GANPs and GA treatments improved fruit quality by maintaining firmness and total soluble solids(TSS).GA-NPs were more effective in decreasing decay incidence than their bulk material.The 0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs completely inhibited the disease on naturally infected peach fruits for both seasons of 2018 and 2019.Furthermore,0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs reduced the disease incidence in inoculated fruits by 95(M.laxa)and 88%(M.fructigena)in 2018 season and 96(M.laxa)and 85%(M.fructigena)in 2019 season.In conclusion,GA-NPs could enhance the resistance of peaches against brown rot caused by M.laxa and M.fructigena.

Identification of Early Peach Aphid Infestation Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology

Peach aphid is a common pest and hard to detect.This study employs hyperspectral imaging technology to identify early damage in green cabbage caused by peach aphid.Through principal component transformation and multiple linear regression analysis,the correlation relation between spectral characteristics and infestation stage is analyzed.Then,four characteristic wavelength selection methods are compared and optimal characteristic wavelengths subset is determined to be input for modelling.One linear algorithm and two nonlinear modelling algorithms are compared.Finally,support vector machine(SVM)model based on the characteristic wavelengths selected by multi-cluster feature selection(MCFS)acquires the highest identification accuracy,which is 98.97%.These results indicate that hyperspectral imaging technology have the ability to identify early peach aphid infestation stages on green cabbages.

Evaluation on Soil Improvement Effects of Organic Fertilization in Honey Peach Orchard in the Longquan Mountain

Combined application of organic fertilizer is an effective measure to improve the productivity and ecological effect of newly added soil.However,the effect of organic fertilizer application in newly added orchard soil is not clear.In this project,the soil of newly built peach orchard in the Longquan Mountain of Chengdu was applied with 45 t/hm 2 of organic fertilizer.After 9 months of planting 6 varieties of honey peach(Wanhujing,Baifeng,Zhongtao 13,Huangjinmitao 1,Zhongpan 101,Zhongpan 104),the locally well developed peach orchard was taken as the control.The physical and chemical properties of soil from four topography(top slope,middle slope,lower slope and flat land)of newly built peach orchard were analyzed,and the effect of organic fertilizer on soil was evaluated.The results showed that combined application of organic fertilizer had different effects on soils from orchards with different varieties of peach and from different terrain parts of the same peach variety.Specifically,it had the best effect on soil improvement in Baifeng(local variety),Zhongpan 101 and Zhongpan 104(introduced varieties).Meanwhile,the best effect of soil improvement was found on top slope.Cluster analysis divided newly built peach orchards,uncultivated soil,and locally well developed peach orchard into four groups,indicating that the selected amount of organic fertilizer application in this study has improved the soil of peach orchards to some extent,but it was still necessary to increase the application amount.It was better for 54 t/hm 2 amount of organic fertilization on the part of top and middle slope,and 60 t/hm 2 on the lower slope and flat land.The comprehensive ecological benefit assessment of organic fertilizer should be conducted based on long-term monitoring of peach orchard ecological environment,fruit tree growth,fruit yield and quality,which would provide scientific basis for peach orchard production and management.

桃采后品质劣变生物学及调控技术研究进展

桃常温放置易腐烂变质,长期的低温冷藏易导致果肉褐变、风味丧失、抗病性降低、有害物质积累等,是桃产业链的关键性采后问题。前人研究表明,采后品质劣变症状及相关代谢酶、蛋白、基因对果实衰老和调控技术表现出应答差异性,为了解研究概况,笔者对采后品质劣变生物学、调控技术、技术和产品的产业化应用等方面的研究进展进行归纳和分析。目前,采后品质劣变生物学主要局限于质地、内在品质和冷害及相关基因的挖掘和验证,调控技术虽然被广泛研究,但仍未解决长期冷藏导致的果实抗病性降低、风味丧失和货架期缩短的问题。建议后续基于多组学技术,从超微结构、糖和能量、挥发性物质、内源激素、采后冷害和病害及基因甲基化等方面进行机制解析,重点从冷链物流体系和抗病防御系统的建立、保鲜剂的研发及配套技术、终端货架和外源激素破休眠技术等方面开展研究。

晚熟优质黄肉桃新品种美阳的选育

美阳是以中晚熟白肉桃优株99-1-44(丰白×金童5号)为亲本,通过自交育成的晚熟黄肉桃新品种,2020年通过河北省林木品种审定委员会审定。果实圆形,果顶凹,缝合线中,两半部对称,平均单果质量377 g,大果质量602 g。果皮底色黄,果面着红色,着色率20%~50%,茸毛少。果肉黄色,硬溶质,风味甜,可溶性固形物含量(w)13.3%~16.2%。离核,鲜食品质佳。去皮硬度为13.7 kg·cm-2,采收持续期10 d以上,室温下可贮藏10~15 d。树势强健,树姿半开张。叶片椭圆披针形;花蔷薇型,有花粉,自花结实率和自然坐果率高。石家庄地区3月下旬萌芽,4月上旬盛花,9月中下旬果实成熟,果实发育期173 d左右,11月上旬完全落叶。美阳桃适宜在河北省中南部及相似气候地区栽培。

桃苗圃适用除草剂的筛选、混配与安全性评价

【目的】杂草防治是果树生产中的重要环节,论文旨在评价不同除草剂对桃的安全性并筛选适于桃苗圃和生产园利用的除草剂,为桃产业中化学除草的应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,选用毛桃苗以及黑麦草、狗牙根、空心莲子草、白三叶草和黄花苜蓿5种草为试材,对13种除草剂的安全性进行初步筛选。根据各除草剂药害等级结果,选择10%精喹禾灵和60%二氯喹啉酸进行混配。按照精喹禾灵有效剂量25、50、75 mL·hm^(-2)3个水平,二氯喹啉酸有效剂量150、300、450 g·hm^(-2)3个水平,共设置形成9个除草剂混配制剂。茎叶喷施处理后7、14、21 d,调查计算杂草抑制率,处理30 d后测定桃苗株高、茎粗、地上和地下部生物量、叶片和根尖细胞电解质渗透率、根系总根长、总根表面积、根体积和根尖数的变化,并基于主成分分析对不同处理的安全性和杂草抑制率进行综合评价。【结果】茎叶喷施处理后,有11种除草剂对桃苗产生药害,桃苗出现不同程度的失绿、萎蔫、枯死等症状,精喹禾灵和二氯喹啉酸对桃苗生长无显著影响。利用精喹禾灵单剂喷施杂草后,处理21 d对禾本科杂草的抑制率为100%,但对阔叶杂草无抑制作用。相反,喷施二氯喹啉酸对禾本科杂草的抑制率为0,对黄花苜蓿、白三叶草、空心莲子草的抑制率范围为80%—100%。精喹禾灵与二氯喹啉酸混配后,9个混配制剂在处理21 d后的杂草总抑制率可达90%以上,同时各制剂对桃苗株高、地上和地下部生物量、叶片和根尖细胞电解质渗透率无显著性影响。综合分析显示,精喹禾灵有效剂量对混配制剂的综合评价D值有较大影响,当精喹禾灵有效剂量提升至75 mL·hm^(-2)时,混配制剂的综合评价D值超过0.563,但D值未出现随二氯喹啉酸有效剂量提升而增大的趋势。【结论】桃苗对多数除草剂敏感,混配是提高精喹禾灵和二氯喹啉酸杂草综合抑制率的有效措施。有效剂量75 mL·hm^(-2)精喹禾灵与300g·hm^(-2)二氯喹啉酸混配后,制剂的综合评价D值最高,可在保证桃苗安全的基础上达到最佳除草效果。

桃枝枯病病原菌鉴定及品种(种质)室内抗病性评价

【目的】明确桃枝枯病的病原菌以及不同桃品种(种质)对枝枯病的抗性。【方法】观察桃枝枯病田间症状。通过组织分离法对病样进行分离培养,观察分离物的形态特征,通过扩增测序其ITS、EF-1α和TUB基因序列进行分子鉴定,并对分离物进行致病性验证。选取优势病原菌种类,采用离体有伤接种枝条的方法测定37个桃品种(种质)对其的抗性,并根据病斑长度利用系统聚类方法对不同桃品种(种质)对枝枯病的抗性进行分级和评价。【结果】通过组织分离和纯化,获得54株分离物,经形态学观察和多基因系统发育分析结果显示,这些分离物有3个种,其中:35株为桃拟茎点霉(Diaporthe amygdali),5株为甜樱间座壳(Diaporthe eres),14株为葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaer dothidea)。致病性测定试验表明,对接种后发病的病斑再分离鉴定,均能得到与原病原菌一致的菌株。抗性测定结果表明,根据病斑长度利用聚类分析将37个桃品种(种质)分为4类,类型Ⅰ有5个、类型Ⅱ有11个、类型Ⅲ有15个、类型IV有6个。抗性评价结果表明:供试品种(种质)中,免疫3个(光核桃、红花山桃和帚形山桃),占8.10%;抗病2个(白根甘肃桃和红根甘肃桃),占5.40%;中抗11个,占29.73%;感病15个,占40.54%;高感6个,占16.22%。【结论】无锡桃枝枯病的病原菌有3种分别为:D.amygdali、D.eres和B.dothidea,其中D.amygdali为优势种,分离频率为64.81%,不同桃品种(种质)对桃拟茎点霉菌的抗性不同,筛选到2个免疫品种(种质)、3个抗性品种(种质)。

极晚熟鲜食桃新品种豫霜蜜的选育

豫霜蜜是以晚熟鲜食桃品种秋蜜红为母本,通过实生选种育成的极晚熟鲜食桃新品种。果实圆形,顶端圆凸,缝合线深浅中等,两半部对称,果面茸毛稀少,果皮底色白,成熟时果面不着色;果肉白色,硬溶质,偏韧,黏核,风味浓甜;平均单果质量249.3g,最大单果质量480g。平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)16.1%,平均总糖含量14.5%,平均总酸含量0.26%,平均维生素C含量17.5 mg·100g^(-1)。该品种植株长势旺盛,树姿半开张;花蔷薇型,花粉多;果实发育期195d左右,在郑州地区10月中旬成熟;不裂果,商品性好,适宜河南各地区栽培,丰产性强。

中晚熟蟠桃新品种中蟠104的选育

中蟠104是通过多代人工杂交聚合选育的中晚熟黄肉蟠桃新品种,其母本为晚熟黄肉桃优系‘06-3-137’,父本为早熟黄肉蟠桃优株‘07北5-60’。花为蔷薇型,粉红色花瓣,花瓣数5片,花粉多,自花结实,丰产稳产。在郑州地区果实8月上旬成熟,果实生育期137 d左右。单果质量241 g,果实扁平,果顶闭合性好;果皮茸毛短,底色黄色,果面全红;套袋后果面全黄;果肉黄色,硬溶质,黏核;肉质细腻,可溶性固形物含量(w)15.2%,风味甜香。

6个桃品种在嘉峪关的栽培表现及塑料大棚栽培技术

甘肃嘉峪关从2014年开始引进桃品种进行塑料大棚保护地栽培,经多年观察,春美、中农金辉、陇油桃1号、银河蟠桃、陇蜜9号、北京晚蜜等6个桃品种表现较好,详细介绍了6个桃品种在嘉峪关市的栽培表现,总结出了嘉峪关市塑料大棚桃栽培技术,以供果农参考。

深州蜜桃主题文化资源与数字化文创产品研究

在乡村振兴背景下阐述文化与数字科技融合的意义,挖掘深州蜜桃主题文化资源的价值,对文化资源评价标准的制定进行深入研究,并运用层次分析法建立深州蜜桃文化资源因素评价指标体系,根据专家评分结果评价深州蜜桃主题文化资源的价值等级,构建深州蜜桃主题文化资源评价模型,并指出现有研究模型的不足,在此基础上,阐述深州蜜桃主题文化资源的开发路径,并分别从文创产品及其分类、数字化与文化资源相结合、开发潜力和应用案例等4个方面利用深州蜜桃主题文化资源开发文创产品,提出深州蜜桃文化资源开发的保障措施。