基于Google Earth Engine的1985~2023年蒙古国地表水体的时空变化分析

水是人类社会发展生产的基础资源。随着遥感技术与云计算技术的不断发展,谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE)平台成为了大规模和长期的地表水体分析与制图的重要手段。采用Landsat 5TM和Landsat 8OLI卫星数据,分析了1985~2023年6月至9月的蒙古国地表水体的时空变化特征。研究结果表明,1985~2023年蒙古国地表水体的面积呈下降趋势,稳定水体面积从15547.71km2缩减至14452.13km^(2)。其中,大型水体保持相对稳定,主要是小型湖泊和河流发生变化。本文的分析结果为深入了解蒙古国的生态环境变化提供了重要的基础,并为准确预测蒙古国未来的水资源和环境变化以及水资源的有效管理和保护提供了方向。

Possible Connections between Seasons and Ultra-Deep Earthquakes Worldwide

The aim of this investigation is to find possible changes in ultra-deep earthquakes (UDQ) during different seasons of the year. In the acquisition of data for our previous work we observed an inexplicable pattern of growth of ultra-deep tremors (UDQ) during the studied period. Apparently, there is no viable explanation for growth occurring at such a level, presumably in the asthenosphere. Current research and theories developed for the inner layers of the Earth do not explain such variations. Therefore, a possible explanation would be in external factors such as the seasons of the year, which are determined by changes in the Earth’s axial tilt, and therefore the portion of the earth that is angled toward the sun. This paper focuses exclusively on UDQ events. To simplify the calculations, we consider four main locations;this includes one more region than our previous paper but includes only UDQ data. The results showed that during spring and autumn UDQ events grew slightly in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is also suggested that a contributor to UDQ events is friction from the subducting lithosphere against the continental plates.

基于Google earth engine渭-库绿洲果园遥感提取

针对干旱区果园大面积遥感提取困难、识别精度低等问题,本研究基于GEE(Google earth engine)平台,综合应用Sentinel-1/Sentinel-2影像构建特征集。通过对比原始特征组合、Jeffries-Matusita(J-M)距离、属性重要度3种优化方式,结合随机森林(Random forest,RF)分类方法,对比得到最佳优化方式,探索果园最优分类特征集。结果表明:识别效果最好的方案为G17 JM,总体精度为91.25%,kappa系数为0.89,面积精度为82.55%。最优特征集为B8_asm、B8_ent、B8_idm、NDVI re3、B6、B7、a、e、b、EVI、B11、B8A、B8、VV。使用J-M距离进行特征集优化,有效降低数据量、提高计算效率,更有利于精确遥感识别果园种植面积。表明GEE快速、准确获取果园种植面积的可行性,为获取果园动态变化提供强有力的基础。

Is the Near-Earth Current Sheet Prior to Reconnection Unstable to Tearing Mode？

The tearing mode instability plays a key role in the triggering process of reconnection. The triggering collisionless tearing mode instability has been theoretically and numerically analyzed by many researchers. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining the observational wave number, it is still unknown whether the tearing mode instability can be excited in an actual plasma sheet prior to reconnection onset. Using the data from four Cluster satellites prior to a magnetospheric reconnection event on 13 September 2002, we utilized the wave telescope technique to obtain the wave number which corresponds to the peak of power spectral density. The wavelength is about 18RE and is consistent with previous theoretic and numerical results. After substituting the wave vector and other necessary parameters of the observed current sheet into the triggering condition of tearing mode instability, we find that the near-Earth current sheet prior to reconnection is unstable to tearing mode.

Climate Changes Consequences from Sun-Earth Connections and Anthropogenic Relationships

This paper is a study to understand how climate changed last fifty years. There are two theories: the first one considers the solar variability and the influence of those alterations on climate;the second one blames human activity and the consequences on temperatures and disruption on the environment created by humans. Our conclusions pointed out that dimensions involved between Earth and Sun, and Earth/Atmosphere, the second one can disturb the temperature on Earth’s surface and make seasonality variations impossible to be explained only by Sun/Earth connections.

基于GEOVIS Earth Studio的高中地理教学案例开发——以“河流地貌”为例

信息技术与教学的融合发展是教育改革发展的方向,地理信息技术在教育信息化2.0时代给地理教育提供了丰富的教学资源,可有效提高教学效果。本文通过挖掘GEOVIS Earth Studio平台在地理教学中的功能优势,构建其教学应用模式,以人教版必修《地理1》“河流地貌”为例阐明平台操作过程并进行案例教学设计,创新地理教学技术手段,促进中学地理教学的信息化进程。

基于Google Earth Engine遥感大数据云平台的盐城盐沼植被精细分类研究

江苏省自1982年开始引种互花米草以来,滨海盐沼植被景观格局发生了巨大变化,芦苇和互花米草面积不断增长,挤占了碱蓬生态位,破坏了生态系统平衡。滨海盐沼湿地是三大蓝碳生态系统之一,具有高固碳和缓解温室效应的生态功能。利用遥感云平台手段监测滨海盐沼植被时空动态变化规律,可为滨海盐沼湿地生态系统保护以及修复提供科学支撑。本文选取植被类型丰富的江苏沿海地区为研究区,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,选取2000-2020年的Landsat 5、Landsat 7、Landsat 8以及Sentinel-2影像,提出了一种湿地植被提取方法。首先,构建盐城盐沼湿地地表覆盖分类体系,选取样本点,计算特征指数,进行地物分类;然后,利用时间谐波分析法对盐沼植被归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化特征进行分析,确定三类盐沼植被的物候差异;最后,基于物候特征,利用随机森林(Random Forest,RF)分类法提取盐城滨海湿地盐沼植被地表覆盖信息。结果表明:(1)相较传统监测方法,本文所构建的滨海盐沼植被精细化提取方法能够对滨海盐沼植被进行有效细分和监测;(2)2000-2020年,芦苇和互花米草面积呈扩张趋势,碱蓬面积不断缩减;(3)盐城三种典型盐沼植被NDVI值呈现不同变化特征;(4)降水对盐沼植被生长的影响较为显著,气温对盐沼植被生长的直接影响较小。研究结果可为盐城盐沼湿地自然遗产保护以及湿地生态可持续发展提供科学支撑。

基于GoogleEarthEngine的黄土高原植被覆盖度时空变化特征分析

[目的]探究黄土高原植被覆盖度变化的时空特征,揭示植被对气候因子变化的时滞效应,进而为地区生态保护与高质量发展提供数据支撑。[方法]基于2001年至2020年的黄土高原地区NDVI数据、气温和降水数据,利用像元二分法、一元线性回归和时滞偏相关分析等方法,开展地区植被与气候因子变化关系的研究。[结果]过去20年间,黄土高原植被覆盖度以0.076/10 a的速率增加,在空间上主要呈现极显著增加,但占总面积38.29%的区域植被覆盖变化波动较大。黄土高原月植被覆盖度与气温和降水呈现显著正相关关系,其中降水是影响植被变化的主要因素。植被对降水的响应滞后时间主要集中在3个月,而气温的滞后时间在空间上存在较大差异,东南部植被主要滞后0至1个月,而西北部植被主要滞后2至3个月。[结论]黄土高原植被变化主要受降水影响,20年间植被恢复情况良好,但变化波动较大,未来应继续生态保护工作进行巩固。

基于Google Earth Engine的八门湾红树林年际变化监测

该文基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台,选择Landsat系列卫星数据,采用支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)分类方法对八门湾地区进行地物类型分类,并基于分类结果监测该地区红树林年际变化。结果表明:红树林与陆地树木之间除红外波段外反射光谱曲线极其相似,利用红外波段特征指数并结合地形数据可进行有效区分,分类结果总体精度达到0.91;研究区红树林存在先减少后增加的变化趋势,在2009—2013年减少,2014—2016年基本保持不变,2017—2021年缓慢增加,红树林增加和坑塘减少时期是在“南红北柳”政策颁布之后,说明退塘还林政策成效显著;红树林主要是和坑塘相互变化转移,说明毁林造塘和退塘还林是影响该地区红树林变化的重要因素。红树林年际变化监测结果可以精细化分析红树林演变过程,并能精确量化红树林与其他土地类型的转化过程,从而在经济、政策上分析红树林演变因素,更有效地保护红树林。

基于Google Earth Engine的前郭县春季农田覆膜提取

本文基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台,综合考虑光学影像的波段反射率、光谱指数特征和雷达影像的极化、纹理特征,分别构建仅使用光学特征、仅使用雷达特征以及光学和雷达特征组合3种特征输入组合;根据精度确定最佳输入特征后,分别结合机器学习中的分类与回归树、支持向量机、最小距离分类法、梯度提升树和随机森林5种方法建立覆膜提取模型,依据结果精度评估不同方法的性能,并基于最优化模型提取出最终的覆膜农田面积。结果表明:①最佳输入特征为波段反射率特征+光谱指数特征+极化特征+纹理特征;②采用随机森林方法建立的模型精度最高,研究区I的总体精度达到了95.84%,Kappa系数为0.95,地物错分率为1.2%,明显优于其他4种方法(地物错分率较分类与回归树、支持向量机、最小距离和梯度提升树法降低0.8%、7.3%、38.0%和0.3%),研究区II的验证精度达到了87.84%,证明该模型在覆膜提取中可以取得更加准确的结果;③使用本文方法得到2022年研究区I覆膜农田面积为1302.48 km2,估算地膜使用量约为7585.62 t。本文综合考虑光学和雷达影像在地物识别中的特点建立模型,可以准确、高效的识别农田地膜,掌握地膜面积,对环境治理与防治具有重要意义。

基于Google Earth Engine的洱海流域建成区范围及生态质量变化分析

以洱海流域为研究区,借助Google Earth Engine云平台,利用Landsat 8 OLI系列影像,合成研究区域的增强的指数型建筑指数(EIBI)并对洱海流域建成区进行提取,再对研究区域遥感生态指数进行合成,通过对建成区范围与流域范围内遥感生态指数进行空间相关分析,从而对2014—2021年洱海流域及其建成区进行生态评估。结果表明,EIBI可有效增强建筑信息,使用EIBI可有效、准确地提取研究区域建成区,经过EIBI提取,洱海流域2014—2021年建成区扩张面积共14.712 km2;2014—2021年洱海流域生态明显改善,遥感生态指数增加0.008,其上升速率为0.001/年,流域内超过65%的区域生态得到改善;洱海流域建成区与生态未得到改善区域大致匹配,建成区经过生态修复后生态质量未见显著提升,且建成区生态质量呈逐年下降趋势,说明建成区对环境改善具有阻力。

Biomedical rare-earth magnesium alloy:Current status and future prospects

Biomedical magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered significant attention because of their unique biodegradability,favorable biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties.The incorporation of rare earth(RE)elements,with their distinct physical and chemical properties,has greatly contributed to enhancing the mechanical performance,degradation behavior,and biological performance of biomedical Mg alloys.Currently,a series of RE-Mg alloys are being designed and investigated for orthopedic implants and cardiovascular stents,achieving substantial and encouraging research progress.In this work,a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art in biomedical RE-Mg alloys is provided.The physiological effects and design standards of RE elements in biomedical Mg alloys are discussed.Particularly,the degradation behavior and mechanical properties,including their underlying action are studied in-depth.Furthermore,the preparation techniques and current application status of RE-Mg alloys are reviewed.Finally,we address the ongoing challenges and propose future prospects to guide the development of high-performance biomedical Mg-RE alloys.

Conspiracy Determines World War III with Reference to Several Windows’ Channel in Connection with Earth Observation Satellite

Thermonuclear reaction exerts its influence of X-emission to produce several windows’ channel in the presence of an oscillator under electrical relay circuit with a decisive importance to a radiofrequency Earth observation satellite. Indian Television Network (National Channel) has introduced a radiofrequency accelerator to produce X-emission at resonance with an activation of artificial human environment under relay analogy in the presence of an Earth observation satellite. Thermonuclear reaction communicates several windows’ channel via Earth observation satellite. Star Television network communicates an artificial human environment under the influence of a relay circuit with different pulse code units of human brain with an active influence of an artificial sensation to generate the loss of humanity around the world.

A comprehensive review of lunar lava tube base construction and field research on a potential Earth test site

The Moon,as the closest celestial body to the Earth,plays a pivotal role in the progression of deep space exploration,and the establishment of research outposts on its surface represents a crucial step in this mission.Lunar lava tubes are special underground caves formed by volcanic eruptions and are considered as ideal natural shelters and scientific laboratories for lunar base construction.This paper begins with an in-depth overview of the geological origins,exploration history,and distribution locations of lunar lava tubes.Subsequently,it delves into the presentation of four distinctive advantages and typical concepts for constructing bases within lava tubes,summarizing the ground-based attempts made thus far in lunar lava tube base construction.Field studies conducted on a lava tube in Hainan revealed rock compositions similar to those found during the Apollo missions and clear lava tube structures,making it a promising analog site.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities encountered in the field of geotechnical engineering regarding the establishment of lunar lava tube bases are discussed,encompassing cave exploration technologies,in-situ testing methods,geomechanical properties under lunar extreme environments,base design and structural stability assessment,excavation and reinforcement techniques,and simulated Earth-based lava tube base.

Height connection across sea by using satellite altimetry data sets,ellipsoidal heights,astrogeodetic deflections of the vertical,and an Earth Gravity Model

Islands and the mainland are separated by seas,and the distances between them might be so long that the height on the mainland cannot be exactly translated to the islands,resulting in different height systems on the mainland and the islands.In this study,we used astrogeodetic deflections of the vertical and ellipsoidal heights of points on the mainland and island near their coastlines to implement height connection across sea areas.First,the modeled gravity and modeled astrogeodetic vertical deflections of segmentation points along connecting routes over the sea between the mainland and the island were determined by Earth Gravity Model(EGM),and the ellipsoidal heights of segmentation points were determined by the satellite altimetry data sets.Second,we used a linear interpolation model to increase the precision of the vertical deflections of segmentation points.Third,we computed the geopotential difference of points between the mainland and the island using a method derived from geopotential theory and the astronomical leveling principle.Finally,we estimated the normal height of the point on the island using the geopotential-difference iterative computation approach.Using observed data of normal heights,ellipsoidal heights,and astrogeodetic vertical deflections referring to height sites in Qingdao,Shandong Province,we conducted a numerical experiment involving the normal height connection across sea regions.We determined the data of the ellipsoidal heights and gravity of segmentation points along the connecting route across the water in the numerical experiment using DTU10.The distance of the height connection across the sea was approximately 10.5 km.According to China's official leveling specifications,the experimental results met the criterion of third-class leveling precision.

基于Google Earth Engine和Sentinel-2数据的耕地分类研究

【目的】采用遥感影像对不同种类农作物耕地进行高效精准的分类,以期获取最优的农作物种植信息提取方案,为农业生产提质增效提供决策支持。【方法】以陕西省宝鸡市扶风县为研究区,利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,基于2020年10月至2021年12月的Sentinel-2影像和目视解译与野外定位相结合选取的样本点,使用随机森林(random forest,RF)算法,结合归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)、物候参数特征、遥感影像红边波段,且将根据NDVI计算出的物候参数的波段记为N,根据EVI计算出的物候参数的波段记为E,引入红边波段记为1,未引入红边波段记为2,在此基础上构建了8种不同的分类模型(NDVI-N1、EVI-E1、N1、E1、NDVI-N2、EVI-E2、N2、E2),并与4种样本分割比例(训练样本数与检验样本数的比例分别为5∶5,6∶4,7∶3和8∶2)组合,共计32种分类方案,利用这些方案对扶风县的不同种类农作物耕地进行分类,并计算了不同分类方案的总体精度和Kappa系数。【结果】(1)经S-G滤波法处理后,6种地物类型的NDVI和EVI时序曲线噪声减小且更为平滑,且NDVI和EVI曲线差异明显。(2)在32种分类方案中,只有样本分割比例为7∶3时的EVI-E1模型、EVI-E2模型和样本分割比例为6∶4时E2模型的总体精度高于90%,说明在扶风地区用EVI分类效果更好一些。(3)在样本分割比例为7∶3的情况下,EVI-E1模型的总体精度和Kappa系数均最高,分别为91.66%和89.41%,为最优分类方案。但是在该方案中引入红边波段后,其总体精度下降了1.18%,Kappa系数下降了1.53%,可知运用该分类方案时应剔除红边波段。(4)运用最优分类方案对小麦地、玉米地、土豆地的提取结果与实际调查情况大致相同。【结论】基于GEE平台和Sentinel-2数据实现了对县域级农作物种植面积的精确分类,可为扶风县农业生产提供决策支持。

Sun-Moon-Earth Interactions with Larger Earthquakes Worldwide Connections

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects on Moon-Earth gravitational variations and Moon phases during three Solar Cycless (SC22, SC23, SC24). The first part defines gravitational forces as a force that creates an oscillation when the moon is reaching the Perigee, the smallest distance between the Moon and Earth during its rotational movement around Earth. It has a small amplitude and large period. Unlikely other authors, we do not find a direct connection between the Moon phases and big earthquakes worldwide. The study is performed through the three Solar Cycless, which refers to the variation in the Sun’s magnetic field. However, a strong indication appeared that almost the totality of the largest quakes studied happened preferentially at the subduction zones, in the Southern Hemisphere. In this research we apply experimental data to find the tide force, and the Perigee position is an experimental value. Other parameters are experimental, such as the length of Solar Cycless, the Moon’s phases connected to each earthquake where M ≥ 7.5. The calculations use regression in time to find the results. Our model considers in the regression the period 1986-2018.

Lateral earth pressure of granular backfills on retaining walls with expanded polystyrene geofoam inclusions under limited surcharge loading

Existing studies have focused on the behavior of the retaining wall equipped with expanded polystyrene(EPS)geofoam inclusions under semi-infinite surcharge loading rather than limited surcharge loading.In this paper,the failure mode and the earth pressure acting on the rigid retaining wall with EPS geofoam inclusions and granular backfills(henceforth referred to as EPS-wall),under limited surcharge loading are investigated through two-and three-dimensional model tests.The testing results show that different from the sliding of almost all the backfill in the EPS-wall under semi-infinite surcharge loading,only an approximately triangular backfill slides in the wall under limited surcharge loading.The distribution of the lateral earth pressure on the EPS-wall under limited surcharge loading is non-linear,and the distribution changes from the increase of the wall depth to the decrease with the increase of the limited surcharge loading.An approach based on the force equilibrium of a differential element is developed to predict the lateral earth pressure behind the EPS-wall subjected to limited surcharge loading,and its performance was fully validated by the three-dimensional model tests.

Sources of IR Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere in Connection with the PeTa Effect

The PeTa (Perelman-Tatartchenko) effect is the radiation of the energy of a first-order phase transition during the transition from a less condensed phase to a more condensed one. The effect was independently discovered by M. Perelman and the author of this paper. Six papers on the PeTa effect have been published in this journal over the past nine years. They are devoted to the development of PeTa models to explain the following phenomena: IR radiation from cold surfaces, cavitation luminescence/sonoluminescence (CL/SL), laser-induced bubble luminescence (LIBL), and vapor bubble luminescence (VBL) in underwater geysers. This paper describes the sources of PeTa radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere. These sources of infrared radiation have been investigated by numerous research groups, but their interpretation either does not exist at all, or it is erroneous. The following phenomena are specifically considered: PeTa radiation during the formation of clouds and fog;a pulse laser based on the PeTa radiation;condensation explosions as sources of PaTa radiation;measurement of the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere using PeTa radiation;atmospheric scintillation of infrared radiation in the atmosphere due to the PeTa effect;PeTa radiation as a source of comfort for the igloo;the influence of PeTa radiation on living organisms;PeTa radiation due to characteristics of tropical storms;PeTa radiation as a possible precursor to earthquakes. The problem of global warming, which worries everyone, as it turns out, is also associated with the PeTa effect.

Ultra Reliable Load-Aware Connection Management(LACM)Algorithm in WIA-FA Systems

The increasing demand for industrial automation and intelligence has put forward higher requirements for the reliability of industrial wireless communication technology.As an international standard based on 802.11,Wireless networks for Industrial Automation-Factory Automation(WIA-FA)greatly improves the reliability in factory automation scenarios by Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA).However,in ultra-dense WIA-FA networks with mobile users,the basic connection management mechanism is inefficient.Most of the handover and resource management algorithms are all based on frequency division multiplexing,not suitable for the TDMA in the WIA-FA network.Therefore,we propose Load-aware Connection Management(LACM)algorithm to adjust the linkage and balance the load of access devices to avoid blocking and improve the reliability of the system.And then we simulate the algorithm to find the optimal settings of the parameters.After comparing with other existing algorithms,the result of the simulation proves that LACM is more efficient in reliability and maintains high reliability of more than 99.8%even in the ultra-dense moving scenario with 1500 field devices.Besides,this algorithm ensures that only a few signaling exchanges are required to ensure load bal-ancing,which is no more than 5 times,and less than half of the best state-of-the-art algorithm.