Sustainable Management of Rice Insect Pests by Non-Chemical-Insecticide Technologies in China

Chemical pesticides play crucial roles in the management of crop diseases and pests. However, excessive and irrational use of pesticides has become a major concern and obstacle to sustainable agriculture. As a result, the quality and security of agricultural products are reduced, and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened. Recently, environment-friendly pest management measures have been introduced and adopted to manage rice insect pests and reduce the use of insecticides. This paper reviewed the advancements in development and application of non-chemical technologies for insect pest management during rice production in China.

Ecological control of forest pest： a new strategy for forest pest control

In comparison with integrated pest management and chemical control, the authors put forward a new strategy of forest pest control, named ecological control of forest pest （ECFP）. This paper reviewed the development history, summarized the concept and principles of ECFP, discussed the technology and methods of ECFP, and evaluated the ECFP and its application conditions.

A Review of the History and Development of Integrated Pest Management(IPM)

The evolvement of IPM has experienced several significant stages. IPM is an ecosystem as a governance unit. It allows the presence of low numbers of pests because a direct or indirect relationship between biological species and their associated environmental living conditions could keep a long-term ecological balance. IPM also emphasizes overall benefits; it is necessary to integrate all kinds of safe, effective, economic, and simple managements as far as possible. When synthesizing and coordinating various managements, effective control object, effective time limit, effective scope, and effective degree of the individual method should be analysed first. The ultimate goal of IPM is for the sustainable development of agriculture. In the future IPM system engineering, crop resistance, the role of natural enemies, agricultural control, and the application of biological control technologies will be greatly strengthened, and the role of chemical pesticides will be significantly reduced. Safe, effective, and long-lasting control of pest populations will be below the level of harm caused, which could protect the ecological environment and the health of people and livestock, and promote the development of production.

Thrips: Pests of Concern to China and the United States

Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest species are common to both China and the United States and present significant challenges to growers of a wide range of crops in both countries. Among the pest thrips common to both countries are four of the major global thrips pests, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips palmi Karny, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman. This review addresses characteristics that enable thrips to be such damaging pests and how biological attributes of thrips create challenges for their management. Despite these challenges, a number of successful management tactics have been developed for various cropping systems. We discuss some of these tactics that have been developed, including the use of cultural controls, biological controls, and judicious use of insecticides that do not disrupt overall pest management programs. The exchange of this type of information will help to facilitate management of pest thrips, especially in regions where species have recently invaded. A prime example is F. occidentalis, the western flower thrips, which is native to the United States, but has recently invaded China. Therefore, management tactics developed in the United States can be adapted to China. Because further success in management of thrips requires a thorough understanding of thrips ecology, we discuss areas of future research and emphasize the importance of collaboration among different countries to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of thrips and to improve management programs for these widespread pests.

茶棍蓟马生物生态学特性及其防治

茶棍蓟马Dendrothrips minowai Priesner是我国茶树上的主要吸汁类害虫之一,其成虫和若虫均可为害茶树,导致叶片卷曲、脆硬、焦枯甚至脱落,严重影响茶树的自身生长和茶叶的品质口感。本文介绍了茶棍蓟马的形态与危害特征、个体发育和生活史、聚集等生物、生态学特性及其鉴定方法、地理分布、遗传分化特点,总结了其防控技术的研究进展,并提出需加快推进其嗅觉感受机制等基础研究,开发监测预警、大规模诱杀和病原菌防控等绿色防控技术,以期为茶棍蓟马的综合治理提供理论依据和技术支撑。

基于农田生境管理的农作物害虫生态防控研究进展

农业的集约化伴随着非作物生境的丧失,导致了农田生物多样性的锐减,削弱了天敌对农作物害虫的天然控制作用。害虫重发频发和农药残留污染严重威胁人类的食物安全。基于农田生境管理保育农田生物多样性,利用生物之间的平衡作用实现对农作物害虫的生态防控,是破解集约化农田生态与环境问题的关键,也是促进农业绿色可持续发展的根本途径。本文简述了农作物害虫生态防控的发展,系统归纳了农田生境管理的概念、原理、技术及应用进展,重点展望了非作物生境管理领域理论研究、方法技术和组织实践的发展方向,旨在为农作物害虫生态防控相关理论研究及应用实践提供参考。

生态林业建设背景下绥芬河市森林病虫害综合治理策略

在绥芬河市的生态林业背景下,通过对当地林业生态建设现状及主要病虫害类型进行分析,提出综合治理工作的主要原则。针对实际情况,制定相应的治理策略,包括改变栽培模式、使用昆虫信息素进行虫害防治,以及推广生物制剂等创新施药技术。这些举措不仅能够提高防治效率,还能够最大限度地减少对环境的负面影响,促进林业可持续发展。

Influence of Agro Ecology on Rice Varietal Resistance to <i>Sitophilus oryzae</i>(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and <i>Sitotroga cerealella</i>(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Benin

The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.), are serious pests of stored rice in Africa. This study aims to evaluate the influence of growing environments to rice resistance to these pests. Thus, eleven rice varieties including 6 upland NERICA, 2 Oryza glaberrima and 3 O. sativa were grown at four agro ecological zones of Benin. After harvest, samples of 1500 grains of each genotype were infested with 20 adults of S. oryzae (10 males and 10 females) and 1500 additional ones were infested with 50 eggs of S. cerealella. Results showed significant effect of agro ecological zones on pest incidence and on varietal resistance as well. O. glaberrima varieties (TOG 5681 and CG 14) were the most resistant in each location whereas the resistance of NERICA and Sativa varieties varied from tolerant to susceptible according to the growing ecology. This result highlights the impact of growing environment on rice resistance status and will provide the best advice to farmers on how to choose best genetic material according to cropping ecology.

西藏飞蝗生物学、生态学特征及综合治理研究进展与展望

西藏飞蝗(Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen)是影响青藏高原藏族群众农牧业生产的重要害虫,具有取食量大、繁殖力强和迁飞力强等特点.为了解西藏飞蝗的发生特点、发生规律及防治研究进展,本文对西藏飞蝗的形态学特征、生物学特性、生态学特征的研究现状进行综述梳理;并借鉴国内外对飞蝗类害虫的防控技术研究成果,提出了西藏飞蝗综合治理技术措施.

Current and future control of the wood-boring pest Anoplophora glabripennis

The Asian longhorn beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis is one of the most successful and most feared invasive insect species worldwide. This review covers recent research concerning the distribution of and damage caused by ALB, as well as major efforts to control and manage ALB in China. The distribution and destruction range of ALB have continued to expand over the past decade worldwide, and the number of interceptions has remained high. Detection and monitoring methods for the early discovery of ALB have diversified, with advances in semiochemical research and using satellite remote sensing in China. Ecological control of ALB in China involves planting mixtures of preferred and resistant tree species, and this practice can prevent outbreaks. In addition, strategies for chemical and biological control of ALB have achieved promising results during the last decade in China, especially the development of insecticides targeting different stages of ALB, and applying Dastarcus helophoroides and Dendrocopos major as biocontrol agents. Finally, we analyze recommendations for ALB prevention and management strategies based on native range and invasive area research. This information will hopefully help some invaded areas where the target is containment of ALB.

林业病虫害的传播途径与防控策略研究

林业病虫害对森林健康和生态平衡造成了严重威胁。探讨了病虫害的传播途径,提出了相应的防控策略。通过分析不同传播途径对病虫害扩散的影响,针对气候变化、人为活动、生态系统等因素,提出了预防为主、综合治理为辅的策略,以减轻病虫害对森林的影响。

林业管理与虫害防治技术分析

作为我国生态经济的重要组成部分,林业发挥着至关重要的作用。以林业管理与虫害防治工作的意义作为切入点,介绍了目前我国林业主要虫害类别分布及其影响,分析了林业管理工作面临的主要问题,并基于强化关注、基础管理、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治、信息化监控以及管理队伍建设等角度,阐述了强化林区管理实现虫害有效防治的措施和手段,旨在进一步提高林业管理水平和质量。

关于害虫生态防治若干概念的讨论

讨论有关害虫生态防治策略的若干基本概念 ,包括产生背景、含义、与综合防治等的关系以及实施等。综合防治遇到的一些问题使得人们寻找新的策略 ,而生态学、计算机、信息科学及分子生物学的知识与技术的普及则催产了生态防治策略。该策略的要义是强调系统观点和经济生态学原则 ,运用任何适宜的措施调控害虫种群 ,不断改善农业生态系统功能 ,实现环境安全、经济高效、生态协调、持续发展的目标。生态防治的含义与综合防治十分接近 ,实践中难以区分。生态防治策略及措施具不同的发展阶段 ,且随国家和地区的条件不同而变化。与综合防治一样 ,生态防治的实施需要适宜的社会组织 ,包含社会组织的统一防治将有助于生态防治的实施。

林区鼢鼠的综合管理研究

以林区鼢鼠种群生态学为基础 ,提出了林区鼢鼠的综合管理策略和方案。鼢鼠管理是多战术的策略 ,管理必须以生态平衡为中心 ,充分强调自然生态控制因素的调节作用。生态调控措施在林区鼢鼠综合管理中的作用是任何其他措施都无法比拟和取代的 ;林业技术措施和生物控制措施是对自然生态措施的有利补充 ,可以相互协调 ;化学药剂防治和人工机械防治 ,只是在鼠口密度高于经济阈值 ,而其它措施又不能完全控制鼢鼠时 。

中国人工林害虫生态治理策略及技术展望

针对中国人工林虫害发生现状 ,分别从林分组成、系统结构、经营管理措施、气候因素以及防治技术等 5个方面细致分析了引发虫害的原因 ;讨论了害虫综合治理的概念、特点及局限性 ,阐述了害虫生态治理的内涵及其与害虫综合治理的关系 ,结合我国人工林的特点 ,提出了害虫生态治理的控制策略 ;并对在此策略下实施的防治技术进行了展望。

鼠害治理条件下鼠类群落变动的生态过程

在高寒草甸鼠害治理过程中，因治理方式、强度以及环境的差异，鼠类群落的变动表现出不同的特点。次生植被地区，灭杀高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔后，经补播、封育、灭杀残存高原鼢鼠等综合治理，５年内，高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔种群数量显著低于灭杀前（Ｐ＜０．０５），根田鼠和甘肃鼠兔种群数量剧烈波动，鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数年间波动大，群落不稳定；仅使用药物灭杀高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔，３年后，高原鼢鼠种群数量与灭杀前无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数在灭鼠当年下降，以后各年间变动不显著。原生植被地区，使用药物灭杀高原鼠兔，高原鼢鼠种群数量上升，围栏封育措施，对高原鼠兔种群的增长有显著的抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５），但对高原鼢鼠作用不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；单一药物灭杀高原鼠兔，鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数无显著变化，灭杀３年后，高原鼠兔种群数量与灭杀前无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），高原鼢鼠显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。人工大量捕杀高原鼢鼠，非围栏封育地区，高原鼠兔种群显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。

中国森林保护亟待解决的若干科学问题

我国森林资源和国土生态安全面临病虫灾害的常年危害,严重制约森林减排增汇、林权制度改革和建设目标的实现。文章在总结归纳森林病虫害在我国发生和暴发成灾特点的基础上,认为实现森林病虫害的可持续控制亟待基础理论和关键技术的突破。当前国际上以控制森林病虫害为目标的科学研究集中在揭示病虫成灾机理和森林生态系统对病虫害的调控机制两大方面。同时依据森林生态系统独特的系统结构和系统功能特点,认为生态调控是森林病虫灾害综合防治的核心。明确森林病原物与害虫成灾生态过程的同时,以稳定的森林生态系统(如典型天然次生林)为对象提取生态调控模式对病虫害的可持续控制模板,进而指导人工林病虫害的调控模式。提出三大关键科学问题作为构建和发展生态调控理论体系的基石。据此,将我国森林保护目前亟待解决的一系列具体科学问题归纳为三大科学问题下的6个方面,彼此依存,互为一体。

布氏田鼠鼠害生态治理方法的设计及其应用

布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)是内蒙古典型草原区草场的主要害鼠。根据作者对该鼠栖息地选择特征及其为患形成原因的研究结果,针对当地围栏育草区的危害现,状从生态系统原理,提出以协同调整鼠害草场中主要成员(草-畜-鼠)生态经济结构关系为主的治理策略。并从优化围栏管理和轮牧途径组建了协调育草和治鼠的生态工程方法。1987—1989年经352公顷鼠害草场中应用的结果表明,在免除化学防治的条件下,此法不仅能长期有效地控制布氏田鼠鼠害,而且能从复壮鼠害草场植被的整体目标上获得综合的生态经济效益,三年投入与产出比达1:7。即使在该鼠种群数量趋于增长且气候干旱的年份,其生态效应仍相当明显。如1987年治理区比对照区增产39.61％,布氏田鼠密度亦相应下降78.16％。在实现多层次(生产者—消费者)的协同调整、有效发挥自然结构因子的综合控害功能以及提高草场整体的生态经济效益方面,显示了目前其他防治方法难以替代的作用。

三江源自然保护区鼠害类型、现状和防治策略

通过座谈、访问和实地考察等形式 ,对三江源自然保护区的鼠害现状进行了调查 ,并对鼠害发生的原因进行了分析 ,提出了三江源自然保护区鼠害治理的原则和方法。三江源地区共分布有啮齿动物 31种 ,其中危害较为严重的是黑唇鼠兔和高原鼢鼠 ;三江源地区鼠害的主要原因是过度放牧 ,其次与全球气温变化、天敌的减少、不当灭鼠方式等因素有关。采取以生态防治为主的生态管理措施是进行三江源自然保护区鼠害治理的最佳途径。

间套作防控烟草病虫害研究进展

病虫害生态治理是农业生产健康持续发展的保障,应用间套作技术是其中重要的一环,全面了解间套作技术有利于实现烟草病虫害全生育期生态治理。本文综述了间套作技术调控烟草病虫害的研究进展,分析存在问题,并对烤烟间套作作物筛选、控害机理、管理模式和效果评价等方面进行了展望,以期为烟叶生产推广间套作技术提供参考。