Intellectual Property Protection,Inheritance,Innovation and Development of Woody Edible Oilseeds in Hubei Province

Only by developing woody edible oilseeds industry can we ensure the safety of the important industrial chain and supply chain of vegetable edible oil in China.There are 13 kinds of woody edible oil plants in Hubei,including Camellia oleifera Abel(oil tea),Juglans regia L.(walnut),Olea europaea L.(olive)and Paeonia suffruticosa(oil peony).This paper studies the main industries of woody edible oilseeds in Hubei Province and their intellectual property resources,and analyzes the main problems in their intellectual property protection,inheritance,innovation and development.Finally,it proposes some strategies,including carrying forward the traditional knowledge related to woody edible oilseeds,innovating the"agricultural chip",creating key counties of national woody edible oil seeds,and developing industrial clusters with national advantages and characteristics.

Alkali salts of heteropoly tungstates: Efficient catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils

Alkali salts of tungsten based heteropoly acids with different central atom such as P, Si and Co were prepared and evaluated for transes- terification of both edible and non-edible oils to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters. The catalyst of sodium salt of tungstic acid with Co as central atom （Na5CoW12O40） showed optimum activity towards transesterification compared with other heteropoly tungstates. The catalysts activities were correlated with the observed physico-chemical characteristics derived from FT-infrared （FT-IR）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia （NH3-TPD） and carbon dioxide （CO2-TPD）. The Na5CoW12O40 catalyst exhibiting high activity even at 65 ℃ is due to the presence of strong acidic as well as basic sites. The disclosed catalyst is tolerable towards water and free fatty acids present in the oils. The influence of catalyst loading, reaction time and reaction temperature is studied to optimize the reaction parameters.

Phytosterols in edible oil:Distribution,analysis and variation during processing

Phytosterols,which are naturally occurring in plants,have excellent nutritional and health values on lowering both the blood cholesterol level and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Edible oils are the main source of daily intake of phytosterols,whereas the properties of phytosterols may vary a lot depending on their sources.During the processing of edible oil including refining and frying,phytosterol's content fluctuates,which influences the properties of the final product.Phytosterols and their derivatives undergo physical migration between different phases and chemical conversion during the processing,which reduces the quality and the commercial value of edible oils.Therein,the loss of phytosterols is the major concern in the process of neutralization and deodorization.In addition,oxidation and thermal degradation of phytosterols occur simultaneously during frying,which also reduces the content of phytosterols.Nevertheless,the oil matrix has a promoting or an inhibitory effect on the thermal oxidation of phytosterols.Therefore,various efforts have been devoted to analyzing and improving the remaining contents of phytosterols in edible oil.Regardless of the processing method,temperature plays an important role in the loss of phytosterols.At present,themain analysismethods of phytosterols include gas chromatography and liquid chromatography,inwhich the pretreatment of different types of phytosterols is also a crucial step.This review focused on the following topics comprehensively:(i)the distribution of phytosterols in the oil-containing plants and edible oils during the refining processing;(ii)the pretreatment and analysis methods of various phytosterols(free phytosterols,phytosteryl fatty acid esters,phytosteryl glycosides and acylated phytosteryl glycosides);(iii)the variation of phytosterols in process of esterification and oxidation,storage and so on.The study also proposed that the investigation in the loss and safety of phytosterols during processing of the vegetable oils should be proceeded further in combination with efficient and accurate chromatography methods.

Review on contaminants in edible oil and analytical technologies

Edible oil is an important part of the human daily diet,which is popular in the food industry.People are paying increasing attention to the safety of edible oil as flawed oils have caused enormous international losses and posed a huge threat to consumer health issues.Therefore,it is necessary and important to analyze the quality and safety of oil product.In the present study,we particularly reviewed recent literature on analysis of emerging pollutants in edible oil including mycotoxins,pesticide residues and heavy metals.In addition,a series of emerging analytical technologies(HPLC,LC-MS/MS and GC-MS)for these contaminants were also summarized in this paper.

Refractive index characteristics of edible oils based on spectrometry and effects of oil dispersion on OCT

It is necessary to investigate the wavelength-dependent variation rules of the refractive index of edible oils so as to explore the specificity of the dispersion in light propagation,imaging,and interference processes among different types of edible oil products.In this study,by deriving the refractive index equations of the double glass sheet holding device and oil,the reflectance spectra of three different types of oil samples,namely,peanut oil,colza oil,and kitchen waste oil,were measured via a spectrometer.Furthermore,the refractive index model of these different types of oil samples was investigated.Additionally,based on the oil dispersion characteristics,the dis-persion of oil in optical coherence tomography(OCT)was compensated via deconvolution.In the wavelength range of λ∈(380,1500)nm,the analytical expressions of the double glass sheet holding device and oils are featured by practical reliability.The refractive indexes of three different types of oils n∈(1.38,1.52)show normal dispersion characteristics.The Cauchy co-efficient matrix of the oil refractive index can be used for oil identification;in particular,the healthy oil and waste oil differ significantly in terms of the Cauchy coefficient matrix in the infrared band.Oil dispersion has almost no influence on the phase spectra of oils but can enhance their amplitude spectra.The dispersion mismatch can be eliminated by calculating the convo-lution kernel.The envelope broadening factors of OCT interference signals of oil products are 0.84,0.64,and 0.91,respectively.According to the present research results,the refractive index model of oil can effectively remove the influence of the holding device.The refractive indexes of three different types of oil samples show similar wavelength-dependent variation characteristics,which confirms the existence of many correlated components in these oil samples.The established refractive index model of oil in a wide spectral range,from the ultraviolet to the infrared band,can be adequately employed for identifying different types of oils.The numerical dispersion compensation based on the established refractive index model can enhance the axial resolution in OCT imaging.

Relationship between oil fume mutagens in ambient air and the deterioration of heated edible oils

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Development of Healthy Edible Oil of Spine Date Seed

[Objective] To research and develop spine date seed healthy edible oil. [Method] Spine date seed oil was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology. And then the molecular distillation technology was used to reduce the acid value and peroxide value of spine date seed oil. Activated carbon and carclazyte were used to process the decolorization and deodorization treatment using the absorption characteristics. [Result] The light yellow, clear pine date seed oil with shallow taste was obtained, which had an acid value of 2.03 mg/g, peroxide value of 4 mmol/kg; the GC indicated that the oil contained 5.00% of palmitic acid, 2.00% of stearic acid, 40.46% of oleic acid, 47.72% of linoleic acid and 0.39% of linolenic. [Conclusion] The obtained spine date seed oil basically conformed to the national edible oil standard and could be used as edible oil, but its pharmacological properties needed further study.

Exploration of Methane Mitigation Efficacy Using Asparagopsis-Derived Bioactives Stabilized in Edible Oil Compared to Freeze-Dried Asparagopsis in Vitro

Asparagopsis oil products are of interest due to the stabilizing effects of the Asparagopsis-derived antimethanogenic bioactive compound bromoform (CHBr3). The objective of this in vitro series is to characterize antimethanogenic efficacy of freeze-dried Asparagopsis (FD-Asp) and Asparagopsis oil (Asp-Oil) and compare relative antimethanogenic response over time at multiple levels of CHBr3 delivery. Relative methane (CH4) emissions (mL/g) are based on in vitro apparent feed digested dry matter (IVDDM) after 24, 48, and 72 h of fermentation. CHBr3 contained in FD-Asp was included at 95, 191, and 286 mg/kg, and CHBr3 contained in Asp-Oil was included at 78, 117, and 175 mg/kg, to produce the Low, Mid, and High inclusions, respectively. Low FD-Asp had no significant impact on CH4 emissions, Mid FD-Asp demonstrated 91%, 44%, and 37% reductions, and the High FD-Asp demonstrated complete inhibition of CH4, after 24, 48, and 72 h of fermentation, respectively. Comparatively, Low Asp-Oil demonstrated a 46%, 28%, and 18% CH4 reduction, Mid Asp-Oil resulted in 99%, 92%, and 73% reductions, and the High Asp-Oil demonstrated complete inhibition of CH4 after 24, 48, and 72 h of fermentation, respectively. IVDDM and total volatile fatty acid (tVFA) production were not changed by the inclusion of FD-Asp and Asp-Oil. The results from this study show that Asparagopsis is not only a compelling CH4 mitigating feed supplement but is also able to be delivered in edible oil forms which will strengthen its applicability to on-farm use. This study is promising for the utility of Asp-Oil, and in vivo trials are essential to demonstrate the extent of efficacy of Asp-Oil in ruminant animals because FD-Asp has consistently demonstrated greater antimethanogenic efficacy in vivo compared to in vitro.

The Role of an Independent Netherlands Laboratory in the Trade and Industry of Edible Oils and Fats

The task of an independent laboratory within the trade of edible oils and fats is to determine the quality of shipped goods. Samples of the cargo are taken upon loading and discharge of a vessel and tested for the contractual quality specifications. The testing is performed according to contractual agreed methods of analyses. The laboratory should be recognised by the trade organisations and be tested every year on its performance. Also there is an increasing demand for analyses on contaminants, e.g. pesticide residues. This is enforced by national and international legislation. Therefore, the laboratory should be equipped with the newest analytical instruments in order to detect the requested low levels of contaminants and should keep up with the latest methods of analyses. A brief introduction of the independent laboratory in the Netherlands, the main analytical indexes agreed in the contract in the oil and fat trade, the important quality parameters, the key pollutants (including pesticide residues, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oil, phthalate, dioxin,monochloropropane, etc.) are summarized in this paper, in order to make readers understand the quality control and technical progress of the goods in the oil and fat trade by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Union (EU), provide some references for facilitating technology exchange.

Research progress on the origin traceability of edible oils

The origin traceability of edible oil is an effective way to protect the legitimate rights and interests of producers and consumers.This review briefly summarizes research progress on origin traceability technologies for edible oils including stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry,mineral element fingerprint analysis,organic component fingerprint analysis,near-infrared spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance technology and biochemical analysis.Moreover,the development trends in edible oil origin traceability technology were proposed.

An ultrasensitive time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay method for determination aflatoxins B1 in edible oil

Edible oil is one major nutritional ingredient to human and widely consumed directly. The contamination of aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） in edible oils has been attracted exten-sive efforts due to its hazard to human health and life. To avoid the digestion of edible oils contaminated by AFB1 the development of rapid and sensitive sensing method for AFB1 is required. Herein, a quantitative, sensitive and rapid method for AFB1 detection in edible oils was proposed by using ultrasensitive time-resolved fluorescent immunosensing （TRFIS） method. This method poses unique advantages from both time-resolved fluorescent sens-ing method and immunochromatographic assay format. The nanospheres were modified with fluorescent europium and then captured the home-made monoclonal antibody against AFB1 （3G1）. After optimization, by using a competitive immunosensing manner, this TRFIS method has a detectable linear range of 0.54-20.0 μg/kg with minimum detectable concen-tration of 0.18μg/kg. It can be completed merely within 10 min with recovery from 87.0% to 121.9%. The agreement was observed between the results by TRFIS and high perfor-mance liquid chromatography （HPLC） methods. This research provides a promising sens-ing method for sensitive and rapid determining AFB1 in edible oils.

Simultaneous Determination of 2- and 3-MCPD Esters in Infant Formula Milk Powder and Edible Vegetable Oils by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Esters of 2- and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (MCPD) are significative contaminants of processed edible oils used as foods or food ingredients. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new method by GC-MS for the simultaneous quantification of 2 and 3-MCPD esters in infant milk powder and edible vegetable oils. The developed protocol included fat fraction in infant milk powder and edible vegetable oils samples was extracted and treated with sodium methylate-methanol to cleave the ester bonds of the 2- and 3-MCPD esters, moreover, standard samples of deuterium isotope-labeled 2- and 3-MCPD palmitic acid double esters and stearic acid double esters were used as the internal standards. Furthermore, this method was validated when it was applied to food products, concrete manifestation in its good accuracy (the recovery of MCPD esters ranged from 86% to 114%), high sensitivity (the LOD of 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD esters were 0.025 and 0.020 mg/kg, LOQ were 0.075, 0.060 mg/kg, respectively) and satisfactory repeatability (RSD below 6.8%) for all analytes. In the 150 commercial edible vegetable oils and infant formula milk powder samples, we obtained a preliminary profile of MCPD ester contamination.

Rapid and sensitive determination of fatty acids in edible oil by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive and robust on-line LC/MS method was developed for quantitative determination of linoleic acid,docosahexaenoic acid and docosanoic acid from edible oil samples.The oil samples were dissolved in chloroform-isopropyl alcohol(20:80,v:v)solution and the three fatty acids were separated by HPLC with a C4 column using 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate-isopropyl alcohol-acetonitrile(20:40:40,v:v:v)mobile phase in isocratic elution.Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with the selected ion recording monitoring was used to detect and quantify the fatty acid.The calibration curves were linear in the range of 10.00–5000 pg/mL for linoleic acid and docosanoic acid,and 1.000–500.0 pg/mL for docosahexaenoic acid.The limit of detection was 2.0 pg/mL for linoleic acid,3.0 pg/mL for docosanoic acid,and 0.20 pg/mL for docosahexaenoic acid.The results showed that the method described in this paper could be utilized for rapid determination of three fatty acids at picogram levels in edible oils.

Low temperature purification method for the determination of abamectin and ivermectin in edible oils by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry

In this study, a method based on low temperature purification （LTP） coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） was developed for the determination of abamectin （ABA） and ivermectin （IVR） in edible oils. ABA and IVR were extracted using conventional liquid-liquid extraction followed by purification via precipitation of interfering fatty components at low temperature without an additional cleanup step. LTP is simple, easy to use, labour-saving and cost effective, and requires reduced amounts of organic solvent. The linear ranges of ABA and IVR were 5- 1000 t^g/L using matrix-matched standards. Limits of detection （LOD） and limits of quantification （LOQ） were in the range of 0.1-0.4 i^g/kg and 0.3-1.3 p^g/kg, respectively. The LOQs were below the strictest maximum residue limits established by Codex Alimentarius Commission. Recoveries at three spiked levels of 10, 20 and 100 i^g/kg in peanut oil, corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil and lard ranged from 71.1% to 119.3% with relative standard deviations of 3.2%-10.3%, which were in agreement with those obtained by the solid phase extraction method. The proposed method was utilized in the analysis of 10 edible oil samples from local market and neither ABA nor IVR was detected. As far as we know, this is the first time that LTP is applied to the determination of avermectins in edible oils.

Identification and mechanism of formation of certain mutagenic components in the volatile condensates from oxidized and heated edible oils

Edible oils-rapeseed oil, soybean oil and peanut oil are heated in air at 270-280 ℃respectively. The volatile condensates are collected and analyzed by means of GC/MS. Eithercrotonaldehyde or 2-methylacrolein is found respectively in the condensates of rapeseed oil andsoybean oil. Neither crotonaldehyde nor 2-methylacrolein is found in the condensates of peanut oil.Mechanism of formation of crotonaldehyde is discussed.

EXTRACTION AND EVALUATION OF EDIBLE OIL FROM SCHIZOCHYTRIUM SP.USING AN AQUEOUS ENZYMATIC METHOD

Schizochytrium sp.,a marine microalga,is a potential source of edible oil due to its short growth cycle and rapid lipid accumulation,especially of docosahexaenoic acid.An approach to isolate edible microalgal oil from Schizochytrium sp.using aqueous enzymatic extraction(AEE)was developed.Parameters were optimized by single-factor experiments followed by Box-Behnken design.Proteases were effective in extracting oil.The maximum free oil recovery(49.7%±0.58%)and total oil recovery(68.1%±0.94%)were obtained under optimum conditions of liquid-to-solid ratio of 4.8:1,a 2.5%enzyme concentration of papain and an extraction time of 2.2 h.There was a significant difference(P<0.05)in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition between microalgal oil obtained by AEE and by Soxhlet extraction,with the former having superior physiochemical properties and higher concentrations of bioactive components including total phenolic compounds and total tocopherols.These findings indicate a potential application of AEE for extraction of oil from Schizochytrium sp.

Studies of the quality parameters of blended oils and sensory evaluation of gram flour products

Blended oils have many uses when compared with single oils,due to presence of high Omega9 levels.They help in brain development and reduce the risk of heart diseases.This investigation of blended oils was chosen taking into consideration the regular use of coconut oil(CO),palm oil(PAO),peanut oil(PO),and groundnut oil(GO),and using these blends three popular South Indian snacks were prepared.The oil blending was in the proportion of 50:50 using four different oils.This study includes the physicochemical properties of blended oils such as their p H,colour,nutritional assessment,and changes in the parameters of mixed oils.Additionally,these oil mixes were utilized for preparing different types of gram flour snacks including potato fries,pakoda,and karasev.The shelf life of the snacks was studied,considering the changes in their synthetic and tangible attributes.The changes seen in the oil separated from the fried items were very close to that of the control.Tangible assessment of the prepared fritters showed that they were synthetically safe to eat for up to two weeks.Six oil blends(CO:PO,CO:PAO,CO:GO,PO:GO,PO:PAO,and GO:PAO)were prepared successfully.Among the blended oils,coconut oil with peanut oil showed the highest spread ability,while groundnut oil with palm oil showed the lowest spread ability.The coconut and groundnut oil blend showed the highest ratio(58.8%)of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids.Polyunsaturated linoleic acid(18:2;24.3%),α-linoleic acid(18:2;5%),oleic acid(18:1;25%),capric acid(2.8%),lauric acid(1.8%),myristic acid(1.6%),palmitic acid(16:0;14.5%),and steric acid(18:0;9.2%)were seen in the coconut and groundnut oil blend.The palm and peanut oil blend showed the least ratio(51.4%)for unsaturated and saturated oils,with oleic acid(21%),lauric acid(1.9%),andα-linoleic acid(2%).Among all the blended oils,coconut oil mixed with groundnut oil showed the highest level of acceptability for gram flour products.The content of free fatty acids was very high in the combination of palm and peanut oil.The three gram flour products prepared using blends of coconut oil and groundnut oil showed good appearance(8%),flavour of the product prepared with combinations of groundnut(refined)oil has high acceptability,good texture(8%),high acceptability(8%)in taste and overall acceptability of sensory evaluation.These blends in the future may develop good quality oils giving a high shelf life to food products.

Genetic Manipulation of Non-Classic Oilseed Plants for Enhancement of Their Potential as a Biofactory for Triacylglycerol Production

Global demand for vegetable oil is anticipated to double by 2030. The current vegetable oil production platforms, including oil palm and temperate oilseeds, are unlikely to produce such an expansion. Therefore, the exploration of novel vegetable oil sources has become increasingly important in order to make up this future vegetable oil shortfall. Triacylglycerol （TAG）, as the dominant form of vegetable oil, has recently attracted immense interest in terms of being produced in plant vegetative tissues via genetic engineering technologies. Multidiscipline-based ＂-omics＂ studies are increasingly enhancing our understanding of plant lipid biochemistry and metabolism. As a result, the identification of biochemical pathways and the annotation of key genes contributing to fatty acid biosynthesis and to lipid assembly and turnover have been effectively updated. In recent years, there has been a rapid development in the genetic enhancement of TAG accumulation in high-biomass plant vegetative tissues and oilseeds through the genetic manipulation of the key genes and regulators involved in TAG biosynthesis. In this review, current genetic engineering strategies ranging from single-gene manipulation to multigene stacking aimed at increasing plant biomass TAG accumulation are summarized. New directions and suggestions for plant oil production that may help to further alleviate the potential shortage of edible oil and biodiesel are discussed.

Evaluation of Some Plant Oils Quality Commonly Sold in Ghana

Fats and oils are a class of organic compounds called lipids and are usually a mixture of triacylglycerols with their fatty acids in varying proportions. While large types of fatty acids are found in natural fats and oils, only a few of them are important to the body. Vegetable oils are an important part of an energetically balanced and healthy diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality properties of three commonly consumed oils in Ghana. The chemical properties of the three oil samples, vegetable oil (Frytol), palm kernel oil, and coconut oil were analyzed to determine the peroxide value, saponification value, free fatty acid value, iodine value and moisture content. The moisture contents of the oil samples were 0.40%, 3.33% and 0.14% for vegetable oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil respectively. Palm kernel oil recorded the highest value (11.64%) for free fatty acid and the least value of 0.17% being vegetable oil. Coconut oil recorded the least peroxide value of 0.59 mEqv·O2/kg followed by palm kernel oil (0.78 mEqv·O2/kg) and vegetable oil (0.80 mEqv·O2/kg). A high saponification value was recorded for all the oil samples with coconut oil recording the highest value of 292.12 mg/g KOH. The iodine value of the oil samples ranged from 102.59 to 237.27 mg I2/g). The high iodine values reported in this study is an indication that these oils have a high degree of unsaturation.

Separation, Identification and Determination of Triglycerides in Vegetable Oil Samples

Abstract： Olive oil adulteration with less expensive edible oils is a major issue for the olive oil industry. Eleven vegetable oils were selected and purchased from different markets in Iraqi Kurdistan region （Erbil City center）. In this study high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） on reversed-phase （RP） column with refractive index （RI） detector was used to classify some components in different edible oils depending on calculation of partition number. Adulteration of one of the olive oil samples （01） was identified, due to the appearance of glycerol trilinoleate （LLL） peak in the HPLC chromatogram, while this peak is not present in HPLC chromatograms of other olive oil samples. To ensure the presence of LLL a standard concentration of LLL was added to the sample and increasing the peak height at the retention time of LLL indicates the presence of LLL and the adulteration of olive oil sample.