In Vitro Antibacterial Effect of Effective Microorganisms( EM) on Aeromonas hydrophila

In order to understand in vitro antibacterial effect of antibiotics and EM on Aeromonas hydrophila,14 isolates of A. hydrophila were isolated from diseased fish and aquaculture in the study. PCR amplification results of aerolysin gene( Aero gene) of isolates indicated that 7 out of 14 isolates were pathogenic A.hydrophila. In vitro antibacterial test indicated that 14 isolates were resistance to penicillin G,ampicillin,cephradine,cefazolin,tetracycline,terimethoprim,lincomycin and cephalexin,but showed high sensitivity to cefotaxime and furazolidone. In vitro antibacterial effect of EM on 14 isolates of A. hydrophila was positively correlated with concentration,and EM with the concentration greater than 60% had antibacterial effect on 14 isolates.

Composting MSW and sewage sludge with effective complex microorganisms

The effects of complex microorganisms in composting process of the municipal solid waste (MSW) and sludge were examined through inspecting biomass, temperature, oxygen consumption, organic mater, and C/N (the ratio of carbon and nitrogen). The experimental results shows: complex microorganisms are effective to compose organic matter and speedup composting change into humus.

Damage to DNA of effective microorganisms by heavy metals:Impact on wastewater treatment

The research is to test the damage to DNA of effective microorganisms(EMs)by heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+, Pb2+,and Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM bacteria on wastewater treatment capability when their DNA is damaged.The approach applied in this study is to test with COMET assay the damage of EM DNA in wastewater with different concentrations of heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM treated with As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,and Zn2+ on COD degradin...

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.

Prospects of effective microorganisms technology in wastes treatment in Egypt

Sludge dewatering and treatment may cost as much as the wastewater treatment.Usually large proportion of the pollutants in wastewater is organic.They are attacked by saprophytic microorganisms,i.e.organisms that feed upon dead organic matter.Activity of organisms causes decomposition of organic matter and destroys them,where the bacteria convert the organic matter or other constituents in the wastewater to new cells,water,gases and other products.Demolition activities,including renovation/remodeling works and complete or selective removal/demolishing of existing structures either by man-made processes or by natural disasters,create an extensive amount of wastes.These demolition wastes are characterized as heterogeneous mixtures of building materials that are usually contaminated with chemicals and dirt.In developing countries, it is estimated that demolition wastes comprise 20%to 30%of the total annual solid wastes.In Egypt,the daily quantity of construction and demolition(C&D) waste has been estimated as 10 000 tones.That is equivalent to one third of the total daily municipal solid wastes generated per day in Egypt.The zabbaliin have since expanded their activities and now take the waste they collect back to their garbage villages where it is sorted into recyclable components:paper,plastics, rags,glass,metal and food.The food waste is fed to pigs and the other items are sold to recycling centers.This paper summarizes the wastewater and solid wastes management in Egypt now and future.

Responses of Soil Fauna Structure and Leaf Litter Decomposition to Effective Microorganism Treatments in Da Hinggan Mountains,China

Microorganisms are nutritious resources for various soil fauna.Although soil fauna grazing affects microorganism composition and decomposition rate,the responses of soil fauna and leaf litter decomposition to added microorganism is little understood.In this study,in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Tahe County in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains,China,three sampling sites(each has an area of 10 m2) were selected.The first two sites were sprinkled with 250 times(EM1) and 1000 times(EM2) diluted effective microorganism(EM) preparations evenly,and the third site was sprinkled with the same volume of water as a control site.The responses of soil fauna structure and leaf litter decomposition to EM treatment were conducted during three years.The results revealed that EM treatment resulted in significant increase of soil organic matter.The number of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites increased by 12.88% and 2.23% compared to the control site,and among them springtails and mites showed the highest increase.However,the groups of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites decreased by 6 and 9,respectively.And the changes in the diversity and evenness index were relatively complicated.EM treatment slowed the decomposition of broad-leaved litter,but accelerated the decomposition of coniferous litter.However,the decomposition rate of broad-leaved litter was still higher than that of coniferous litter.The results of this study suggested that the added microorganisms could help individual growth of soil fauna,and this method led to a change in the process of leaf litter decomposition.This paper did not analyze the activity of soil microorganisms,thus it is difficult to clearly explain the complex relationships among litter type,soil fauna and soil microorganisms.Further research on this subject is needed.

减施化肥配施EM菌剂对厚皮甜瓜生长及果实性状的影响

为探讨减施化肥配施EM菌剂对厚皮甜瓜生长和果实性状的影响,以常规施肥(每667 m^(2)施用复合肥50 kg、有机肥500 kg、硫酸钾20 kg、钙镁磷肥20 kg)为对照,设置EM菌剂替代化肥方案(每667 m^(2)施用EM菌剂20 L,复合肥30 kg,有机肥500 kg,硫酸钾20 kg,钙镁磷肥20 kg),比较分析减施化肥配施EM菌剂对不同厚皮甜瓜品种生长发育、果实性状及品质的影响。结果表明:施用EM菌后桂蜜12号最大株高、茎粗、叶片SPAD值分别为215.00 cm、9.93 mm、39.17,均显著高于对照;果实性状除腔长(11.38 cm)、腔宽(6.74 cm)比对照显著减少外,单瓜质量、产量、果肉硬度、果长、果宽、果肉厚、果脐肉厚和可溶性固形物含量均显著高于对照。施用EM菌后北甜1号株高、茎粗均大于对照,但不同时期差异性不同;最大株高、茎粗、叶片SPAD值和叶面积分别为193.67 cm、10.44 mm、37.62、990.38 cm^(2),与对照均无显著差异,果肉硬度、果长、果宽、中心可溶性固形物均比对照显著增加,而腔长、腔宽均比对照显著减少。综上,EM菌剂部分替代化肥方案能促进厚皮甜瓜植株生长、产量提高与品质改善,但对不同甜瓜品种的影响效果有所不同,对桂蜜12号甜瓜的促进作用更明显。

Effect of Inoculation with Effective Microorganisms and Leachate Recycle on Degradation of Municipal Refuse

Biodegradation of waste in landfill is a slow process requiring decades for completion. Accelerated degradation of municipal refuse in modulated landfill environments may alleviate or eliminate pollution to the land, water and air. In this work, nineteen effective microorganisms (EMs) were isolated from old landfill refuse by enrichment culturing techniques and used for the inoculum of municipal refuse. The preliminary experiments demonstrate that a combination of EMs inoculation in landfill with leachate recycle resulted in increased rates of decomposition and faster process stability. The concentrations of COD, VFA and SO4^2- in digester with EMs inoculation and leachate recycle decreased more rapidly than others. Gas production from digester with EMs inoculation and leachate recycle commenced around 32 days, which is a week shorter than with leachate recycle only. And peak cumulative gas production was obtained much earlier in digester with EMs inoculation and leachate recycle (150 days) compared to 180 days with leachate recycle only. Moreover, in the first two months, the rate of settlement in digester with EMs inoculation and leachate recycle was more rapid than others.

Effects of inoculating microorganisms on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of septic sludge

The anaerobic digestion of septic sludge was studied through inoculating effective microorganisms (EMs) under mesophilic condition (35 ℃). The variation of COD,total solid (TS),volatile solid (VS),pH value and the gas production rate during the digestion process were presented,and the optimal adding concentration of EMs was determined by comparing the reduction effectiveness of septic sludge. The results show that proper addition of EMs can enhance acid buffering capacity of the system,and the NH3-N concentration is lower than inhibition concentration of 2 g/L reported in the literature and maintain the range of pH value which is suitable for both hydrolysis-acidification and methanogenesis. However,overdose of EMs can reduce the initial pH value of septic sludge and decrease the effects of the anaerobic digestion. EMs can increase the quantity of microbe in septic sludge and improve the gas production and generation rate over a period of time. But overdosing EMs can lead to low pH,restrain activity of methanogenic bacteria and affect the quantity and the generation rate of gas. Adding 0.01% EMs achieves the highest sludge reduction with the removal rates of TS,VS and COD by 32.51%,42.34% and 40.97%,respectively.

Effects of Synergy between Earthworms and Effective Microorganisms on Vermicomposting of Pig Manure

[ Objective] To explore the effects of synergy between earthworms （ Eisenia foetida） and effective microorganisms （EM） on vermicom. posting of pig manure and to provide a new idea for rational and effective utilization and treatment of animal manure. [Method] Four treatments were used to compost pig manure, namely, EM-inoculated manure, earthworms-inoculated manure, EM and earthworms-inoculated manure and control （CK） manure. The experiment lasted for 60 d. On Day 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60, the pig manure was collected, and the content of total organic carbon （TOC）, total Kjeldahl nitrogen （TKN）, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and water soluble carbon （WSC） was determined, respectively. [Resuit] Compared with the control, the EM and earthworms-inoculated manure had a decrease of 42.8% in the TOC content, an increase of 13.6% in the TKN content, a decrease of 49.5% in the carbon nitrogen ratio, the conversion rate of ammonium nitrogen of 98.1%, a 96 times increase in nitrate nitrogen, the ratio of nitrate nitrogen to ammonium nitrogen of 61, and a decrease of 58.9% in the WSC content. [ Conclusion] The synergy between earthworms and EM can accelerate maturation of pig manure and improve mineralization and stability of products.

Effects of the Soil-Derived Microorganism BX-1 on Chicken Newcastle Disease

In recent years, effective microorganisms (EMs) have been administered to humans and domestic animals, and their usefulness has been recognized for promoting health and enhancing immunity. For example, the preventative effects against flu are enhanced by ingestion of Lactobacillus by humans, and symptom relief of atopic dermatitis has been reported, with EMs actually used in commercial products. In addition, EM preparations are being used in livestock to prevent infections (e.g. Salmonella and Escherichia coli infection). In poultry, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are terrible and fatal infectious diseases that cause significant economic damage. Furthermore, countries designated as contaminated with these pathogens can experience major trade problems. Given the above, how to protect livestock from infections safely and at low cost without using disinfectants, antibiotics and vaccines is a major issue. In the present study, we examined whether or not Newcastle disease could be suppressed by feeding chickens BX-1 as an EM feed. A field strain of Newcastle virus was cloned from cloaca swabs of large numbers of dying chickens in a poultry farm in Indonesia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hemaggregation assays. Chicken kidney cells and embryonated eggs were highly sensitive to this virus, and high titers of virus were able to be collected. The experimental viral inoculated to chickens showed a high mortality rate, with high pathogenicity in birds. Conventional chickens were also raised on a diet supplemented with BX-1 and directly infected with the Newcastle virus. The mortality was decreased in these infected birds. Even the low dose of BX-1 had an inhibitory effect on the lethality of the infection. These results suggest that BX-1 intake through an EM diet is effective in controlling Newcastle disease.

EM菌不同添加量对加州鲈生长性能和水质的影响

开展了EM菌不同添加量对加州鲈生长性能和水质的影响试验。设置试验塘3口(Ⅱ—Ⅳ号塘),对照塘1口(Ⅰ号塘)。Ⅱ号塘、Ⅲ号塘、Ⅳ号塘每667 m^(2)分别添加EM菌0.5,1.0和1.5 kg,Ⅰ号塘不添加。结果表明,随着试验时间的增加,水体中营养盐总体呈现上升趋势,其中试验塘上升速度相对缓慢,其水体中饵料生物的多样性、鲈幼鱼的特定生长率、质量增加率和成活率与Ⅰ号塘相比,均有明显提高。指出,EM菌能够有效降解水体中氮、磷等营养素,对稳定溶解氧和pH值有积极作用,可有效提高鲈的生长性能。

EMS诱变对不同萌发状态草莓种子发芽率的影响

【目的】为观察EMS对草莓种子的诱变反应,确定EMS对草莓种子诱变的最佳条件,为后期八倍体草莓突变体库的构建奠定基础。【方法】以草莓品种津韵1号4种不同萌发状态种子(风干种子、吸胀种子、萌动种子、萌发种子)为试验材料,设置5个EMS浓度处理梯度(0%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%),每个浓度设置3个处理时间(8 h、12 h、16 h),在种子发芽后测定种子发芽率,通过半致死剂量,筛选适宜EMS诱变处理最适种子萌发状态、剂量及时间。【结果】EMS诱变在草莓种子不同处理时间和浓度以及不同种子萌发状态上均存在差异,各处理组合不是单因素简单相加,萌动种子在EMS浓度0.8%、处理时间12 h条件下,发芽率接近半致死剂量,确定为EMS诱变草莓种子的最佳条件。【结论】EMS诱变对草莓种子只有在合适的浓度和时间组合下才能得到适宜的处理条件,应根据实际需要的诱变效果选择诱变条件。

Synergetic Inactivation of Microorganisms in Drinking Water by Short-term Free Chlorination and Subsequent Monochloramination

Objective To introduce synergetic inactivation of microorganisms in drinking water by short-term free chlorination for less than 15 minutes followed by monochloramination. Methods Indicator microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and spores of Bacillus subtilis were used to assess the efficiency of sequential chlorination and free chlorination. Results The sequential chlorination was more efficient in inactivating these microorganisms than free chlorination, indicating that synergy was provided by free chlorine and monochloramine. Ammonia addition time, temperature and pH had influences on this synergy. Conclusion The possible mechanism of this synergy might involve three aspects： free chlorine causing sublethal injury to microorganisms and monochloramine further inactivating them; different ability of free chlorine and monochloramine to penetrate and inactivate microorganism congeries; and higher concentration of residual chlorine in sequential chlorination than in free chlorination.

EM富硒酵母菌剂的制备及其在水稻富硒生产中的应用

在单因素试验基础上,以有机硒质量浓度为评价指标,采用响应面法优化EM(Effective microorganisms)富硒酵母菌剂制备工艺条件,确定最优EM富硒酵母菌剂制备工艺条件,并将EM富硒酵母菌剂应用于水稻,调查其对水稻产量和品质的影响,为富硒农产品的功能性开发和利用提供参考。结果表明,EM富硒酵母菌剂制备的最佳工艺条件:在3 L EM菌液中,酵母接种量10%、无机硒质量浓度5 g/L、发酵温度30℃、pH值4.0、发酵时间3 d。在此条件下,有机硒质量浓度为833.61 mg/L。大田试验结果表明,与喷施清水(CK)和津国有机硒素处理相比,EM富硒酵母菌剂处理水稻乳熟期叶中有机硒含量显著提高;空秕率分别显著降低24.84%和21.23%,产量分别提高8.38%和7.52%;籽粒直链淀粉含量分别提高20.60%和30.86%,硒含量为0.24 mg/kg,较CK显著提高23倍,符合GB/T 22499-2008《富硒稻谷》规定标准。

有效微生物菌群(EM)对加州鲈池塘养殖水质和水体菌群结构的影响

为探究定期添加有效微生物菌群(EM)对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)池塘养殖水质和菌群结构的影响。本研究在Ⅰ期(4月10号)、Ⅱ期(5月10号)、Ⅲ期(6月10号)和Ⅳ期(7月10号)对实验组(EL)和对照组(L)进行监测,并通过水质理化指标、16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析了每个时期的水质和菌群结构。结果显示:相比于对照组,实验组池塘中在Ⅲ期亚硝酸氮含量显著降低了0.18 mg/L;实验期水体主要优势菌门为拟杆菌、变形菌、放线菌、蓝细菌等,其中拟杆菌为实验组在Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期的丰度最高菌,丰度分别为42.07%、38.52%,而对照组在Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期丰度最高菌为放线菌,丰度分别为71.83%、31.37%;蓝细菌在实验组的养殖前期丰度较大,但在后期(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期)丰度小于1%,而对照组在整个采样期,蓝细菌丰度都大于1%;在Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期,实验组水体中分支杆菌属相对丰度极显著低于对照组。pd指数显示,实验组在Ⅰ期(4月份)多样性pd指数显著低于对照组,而在Ⅲ期(7月份)的多样性pd指数及其显著高于对照组。PCoA和聚类结果显示,在养殖实验后期(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期)实验组相比较于对照组,距离更近,样品间重叠,并聚为一类。分析表明,添加EM菌可以改善养殖水体水质,改变养殖水体的菌群结构,增加水体菌群多样性,减少病原菌的丰度,对蓝藻有一定的控制和抑制效应,养殖水体的微生态系统稳定性有所提高。

增施EM菌和生物纳米有机硒肥对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

为探究增施EM菌和生物纳米有机硒肥对番茄种植过程的影响,以番茄多美瑞F1为试验材料,将EM菌和真希生物纳米有机硒肥进行根部淋施和叶面喷施,研究不同施用方式对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用EM菌和生物纳米有机硒肥对促进番茄的生长、提高产量和品质等方面有积极作用,不同施用方式的效果不同,其中T1处理根部淋施EM菌150倍液+真希500倍液3次+叶面喷施EM菌150倍液+真希300倍液2次的施用方式效果最佳,不但能促进番茄生长,提高产量(增产19.83%),增加果实中蛋白质、可溶性糖、维生素C和硒含量,显著降低果实中重金属镉含量,还能改善风味,提高经济效益。

Ingredients from integral valorization of Isabel grape to formulate goat yogurt with stimulatory effects on probiotics and beneficial impacts on human colonic microbiota in vitro

Isabel grape(IG)products have high contents of phenolic compounds and fiber recognized for their positive impacts on microorganisms associated with health benefits to host.This study evaluated the effects of goat yogurts formulated with ingredients from IG integral valorization on the growth and metabolism of different probiotic strains,as well as on the population of selected bacterial groups and metabolic activity of human colonic microbiota in vitro.Goat yogurts with IG ingredients(IGI)stimulated the growth of tested Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium probiotic strains during a 48-h cultivation,as well as decreased the pH values and enhanced the organic acid production.Goat yogurts with IGI increased the population of Lactobacillus spp.and Bifidobacterium spp.during a 24-h in vitro colonic fermentation.A stable Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio close to 1 was found in media with goat yogurt formulations during the colonic fermentation,being similar to the effect caused by fructooligosaccharides.Goat yogurt formulations with IGI caused increased production of short-chain fatty acids and sugar consumption during colonic fermentation.Goat yogurts with IGI should be a valuable strategy for development of novel added-value foods with beneficial effects on gut microbiota and human health.

^(137)Cs-γ射线辐射和EMS处理对海岛棉的诱变效应分析

为了打破现有海岛棉品种的基因连锁限制,进一步丰富海岛棉遗传背景,诱发海岛棉获得更多有价值的突变,加快海岛棉育种研究进程,通过应用^(137)Cs-γ射线辐射和甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理对优异海岛棉品种新海45号、新海57号、新海58号、新海59号、H39012、H163进行诱变处理,分析物理诱变处理和化学诱变处理对海岛棉的诱变效应。结果表明,^(137)Cs-γ射线辐射处理和甲基磺酸乙酯处理较常规对照分别显著降低出苗率29.40、27.03百分点,显著降低成苗率43.36、35.08百分点;在产量性状上,^(137)Cs-γ射线辐射处理与甲基磺酸乙酯处理相比,籽棉质量、皮棉质量、单铃质量和衣分分别显著降低3.66、4.37、0.27 g和1.83百分点,表现出更强的抑制作用;在纤维品质性状上,^(137)Cs-γ射线辐射处理和甲基磺酸乙酯处理上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、断裂比强度、纺纱均匀性指数等纤维品质指标值较常规对照略有提高但整体变化不大,反射率较常规对照分别降低1.43、0.77百分点,黄度较常规对照分别提高0.48、0.53。综上所述,与常规对照相比,^(137)Cs-γ射线辐射处理和甲基磺酸乙酯处理对6个海岛棉品种整体表现为抑制作用,且^(137)Cs-γ射线辐射处理的抑制作用大于甲基磺酸乙酯处理,在产量上的差异更为显著。