Effective stress law for rock masses and its application in impoundment analysis based on deformation reinforcement theory

Reservoir impoundment is related to several hydraulic engineering concerns,including irreversible valley contractions,landslides and reservoir-induced earthquakes.However,these phenomena,such as valley contractions,are hardly to be explained by the conventional method.The scientific understanding of water effects during impoundment and their hazards to hydraulic structure are needed.The effective stress law for fissured rock masses is introduced in the elasto-plastic model employing the Drucker-Prager criterion and implemented in the three dimension(3D)nonlinear finite element method(FEM)program Three-dimensional FINite Element(TFINE).The slope deforms towards river-way during impoundment since the increasing pore pressure in fissures changes stress state and leads to additional plastic deformation in the rock materials.The value of Biot coefficient and the influence of water on rock materials are discussed in detail.Thus,the mechanism of slope deformation during the impoundment of Jinping-I arch dam is revealed,and the deformation is accurately measured.The application of the effective stress law provides a method to consider stress assessment,deformation evaluation and stability estimate of hydraulic structures during the impoundment process.This is a beneficial exploration and an improvement of hydraulic engineering design.

Seepage law and permeability calculation of coal gas based on Klinkenberg effect

Focused on the Klinkenberg effect on gas seepage, the independently developed triaxial experimental system of gas seepage was applied to conduct research on the seepage characteristics of coal seam gas. By means of experimental data analysis and theoretical derivation, a calculation method of coal seam gas permeability was proposed, which synthesized the respective influences of gas dynamic viscosity, compressibility factor and Klinkenberg effect. The study results show that the Klinkenberg effect has a significant influence on the coal seam gas seepage, the permeability estimated with the method considering the Klinkenberg effect is correct, and this permeability can fully reflect the true seepage state of the gas. For the gas around the standard conditions, the influences of dynamic viscosity and compressibility factor on the permeability may be ignored. For the gas deviating far away from the standard conditions, the influences of dynamic viscosity and compressibility factor on the permeability must be considered. The research results have certain guiding significance in forming a correct understanding of the Klinkenberg effect and selecting a more accurate calculation method for the permeability of coal containing gas.

Effective first law of thermodynamics of black holes with two horizons

For a black hole with two horizons, the effective entropy is assumed to be a linear combination of the two entropies of the outer and inner horizons. In terms of the effective thermodynamic quantities the effective Bekenstein-Smarr formula and the effective first law of thermodynamics are derived.

Effectiveness of China's Labor Contract Law——Evidence from China Employer-Employee Survey

Using micro-level data from China Employer-Employee Survey(CEES), this paper conducts an empirical analysis of firms' heterogeneous characteristics in the implementation of the Labor Contract Law and its effects on employees. Our findings are as follows: With China's economic development, firms more proactively implement the Labor Contract Law, resulting in a higher percentage of employees with labor contracts. Labor contracts significantly increase the probability of employees in receiving social insurances, such as pension, health, unemployment, work injury and birth insurances, and have a significantly positive effect on wage income. Longer term of labor contract corresponds to stronger employment protection, and such an effect is highly robust. Larger firms with higher capital-labor ratios have better results in implementing the Labor Contract Law. And employees of private and labor-intensive firms have poorer coverage of employment and social protection; such firms should be given focal attention in the law's implementation.

美国公法域外适用机制及中国因应研究

公法域外适用衍生于国际体系的结构性演变,有着经济全球化下独特的政治、经济与意识形态背景。其在公法域外适用需求的显现、国家主权观念的转换、公法禁忌原则的突破以及法律形式的嬗变上,具备了一定的存在基础。但是近年来,囿于美国国际法理念的转变,其由原先对严格属地主义的固守转为对国家利益至上的推崇,因而在公法域外适用上愈发地恣意与专断,使公法域外适用存在严重的法律、外交和道德张力。为应对美国公法域外适用,中国须秉承防御与建设共进的思路。一方面,加强国际合作共同抗衡美国公法域外适用制度的滥用,同时健全中国的反制法律体系;另一方面,梳理总结美国多年来在公法域外适用过程中形成的丰富经验,在此基础上构建完善符合国际法基本原则的中国法域外适用制度。

"Fenlong Law" and Its Scientific Significance

Based on application of " Fenlong tillage technology" in 40 kinds of crops in 26 provinces of China,and saline alkali land and degraded grassland of 10 provinces in the past 10 years, " Fenlong law" that Fenlong depth of various land resources suitable for cultivation in reasonable depth interval and utilization degree of " natural resources" are proportional to increase in agricultural output,ecological environment improvement and increase in economic output is discussed in this paper. Moreover,its formula,8 " effect laws" and their scientific significance are given. " Full-layer tillage" or " bottom-layer tillage" of Fenlong " super deep ploughing,deep loosening and not disturbing soil layer" is expounded,and the way of multiple incremental utilization of " natural resources" is created,which could be applied in various land resources suitable for cultivation,and realizes deep utilization of natural resources in a " big explosion". Additionally,China has 147 million ha of cultivated land,saline alkali land and degraded grassland,and 400 million people can be supported by the newly increased grain and meat,etc. by Fenlong,and 88 billion m^3 of land water resources is added. " Fenlong law" is proposed based on Fenlong phenomenon,and it is conducive to deep enjoyment and protection of natural resources by human beings,and harmonious development between man and nature.

A numerical study of comparison of two one-state-variable,rate-and state-dependent friction evolution laws

The two one-state-variable, rate- and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are com- pared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical simulations. Results show that two （normalized） model parameters, i.e., A （the normalized characteristic slip distance） and β-α （the difference in two normalized parameters of friction laws）, control the solutions. From given values of △, β, and α, for the slowness laws, the solution exists and the unique non-zero fixed point is stable when △〉（β-α）, yet not when △ 〈（β-α）. For the slip law, the solution exists for large ranges of model parameters and the number and stability of the non-zero fixed points change from one case to another. Results suggest that the slip law is more appropriate for controlling earthquake dynamics than the slowness law.

The Magnetic Properties and Effective Magnetic Anisotropy of Fe-Ni Ultrafine Particles

Fe 100- x Ni x alloys of ultrafine particle with the average grain size of about 10 nm were synthesized by mechanically alloying process. The samples were investigated by X ray diffraction and measurements of the saturation magnetization and coercivity force. Both b.c.c and f.c.c phase exist within a wide range for Fe 100- x Ni x , while x ≤45. The effective magnetic anisotropy K e was measured by applying the law of approach to saturation. The value of K e decreases with an increase of Ni content. It is noticed that the strain anisotropy makes a large contribution to the magnetic anisotropy. The estimation of grain size leads to the determination of the single domain critical size and domain wall energy. The exchange stiffness and exchange integral deduced from the relationship between the effective magnetic anisotropy and domain wall energy are in agreement with that calculated by other methods.

Theoretical Evidence for Revision of Fickian First Law and New Understanding of Diffusion Problems

Based on the divergence theorem, we reveal that the Fickian first law relevant to the diffusion flux |J(t,x,y,z) > in the time and space is incomplete without an integral constant |J0(t) > for the integral of Fickian second law. The new diffusion flux (NDF) taking it into account shows that we can systematically understand the problems of one-way diffusion, impurity diffusion and self-diffusion as a special case of the interdiffusion. Applying the NDF to the interdiffusion problem between metal plates, it is clarified that the Kirkenkall effect is caused by |J0(t) > and also that the interdiffusion coefficients in alloy can be easily obtained. The interdiffusion problems are reasonably solved regardless of the intrinsic diffusion conception. Thus the NDF to replace the Fickian first law is an essential equation in physics.

KINETIC FUNCTIONS IN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS WITH RESISTIVITY AND HALL EFFECT

We consider a nonlinear hyperbolic system of two conservation laws which arises in ideal magnetohydrodynamics and includes second-order terms accounting for magnetic resistivity and Hall effect. We show that the initial value problem for this model may lead to solutions exhibiting complex wave structures, including undercompressive nonclassical shock waves. We investigate numerically the subtle competition that takes place between the hyperbolic, diffusive, and dispersive parts of the system. Following Abeyratne, Knowles, LeFloch, and Truskinovsky, who studied similar questions arising in fluid and solid flows, we determine the associated kinetic function which characterizes the dynamics of undereompressive shocks driven by resistivity and Hall effect. To this end, we design a new class of ＂schemes with eontroled dissipation＂, following recent work by LeFloch and Mohammadian. It is now recognized that the equivalent equation associated with a scheme provides a guideline to design schemes that capture physically relevant, nonclassical shocks. We propose a new class of schemes based on high-order entropy conservative, finite differences for the hyperbolic flux, and high-order central differences for the resistivity and Hall terms. These schemes are tested for several regimes of （co-planar or not） initial data and parameter values, and allow us to analyze the properties of nonclassical shocks and establish the existence of monotone kinetic functions in magnetohydrodynamics.

内孔式旋转空化器参数对空化效果的影响

通过控制变量法使用Fluent软件对内孔式旋转空化器进行数值模拟,得到结构参数(盲孔的孔径、孔深,单排盲孔个数)和操作参数(转速、入口压力)对空化效果的影响规律:转子盲孔孔径、孔深、单排盲孔个数增加,转速(2000~3000 r/min)增加,则盲孔中气体体积增加;入口压力(1 MPa~4 MPa)增加,则盲孔中气体体积减小。实验中以纯水水样空化过程中温升和电导率的变化为空化效果检验标准,在3000~9000 r/min随着转速的增加,温升和电导率显著增加,间接验证数值模拟的结果。本文为内孔式旋转空化器的结构参数优化提供参考。

论软法的实施机制——以人工智能伦理规范为例

软法的广泛存在,并不意味着其切实地得到了遵守和执行。人工智能领域的软法——人工智能伦理规范——被证明存在“实效赤字”,其原因在于:人工智能伦理规范的非强制性,抽象性、模糊性,分散、混乱与叠床架屋,自愿遵守的动力不足,合规悖论,社会系统论困境,以及人工智能发展压倒约束的宿命论。但人工智能伦理规范因其灵活快捷性、多样适配性、合作试验性、事实压力性、跨国适用性而仍然有独特价值。经验研究表明,组织机制、合规压力机制、合规激励机制、技术方法论机制、基准机制以及软硬法互动机制,可推动软法的间接实施。价值共识与经济逻辑的结合、内在理由和外在推动的结合,是软法获得更多实效之道。

射流与搅拌协同式浮选机气体引射规律探究

为了探究射流与搅拌协同式浮选装置在射流与搅拌协同作用下的气体引射规律,建立了射流与搅拌耦合区域模型,分别模拟了射流速度变化、搅拌速度变化、射流速度与搅拌速度同时变化对装置吸气能力的影响,搭建了射流与搅拌协同式浮选装置并对其进行试验。结果表明,射流速度是影响装置吸气能力的主要影响因素,搅拌速度对装置吸气能力产生一定的影响;射流与搅拌协同作用下浮选装置的吸气能力取决于射流速度与搅拌速度的相对贡献;射流速度与搅拌速度的增大对喷嘴的吸气能力分别产生促进与抑制的效果;当射流速度带来的增益效果大于搅拌速度带来的抑制效果时,提高装置吸气量的同时也促进了物料的混合,反之则降低装置的吸气量;随着搅拌速度的不断增加,叶轮剪切射流束的剪切力与剪切面积逐渐减小,射流束不再冲击叶轮,此时装置的吸气能力取决于射流速度大小。射流与搅拌协同式浮选装置在流量8.2m^(3)/h以上工作时,搅拌速度对喷嘴吸气能力影响较小;当在流量8.4m^(3)/h、转速7.5m/s的条件下工作时,此时喷嘴的吸气能力得到质的提高并且物料混合效果较好,浮选装置具有较好的工作能力;当搅拌速度达到8.75r/s以上时,射流束逐渐发生轨迹偏移,装置吸气能力取决于射流速度且射流束不再冲击驱动叶轮。

Exact Equations for the Light Doppler Effect

The influence of light source on the receiver as electromagnetic interaction is considered. The mechanical influence of the moving charged body on a motionless one is defined in the experimental laws of electrodynamics. These laws determine the changes of parameters of the light source that moves relatively the receiver. The laws of change of light frequency and its direction of the moving source are derived from the laws of electromagnetism. At small velocity of source movement they coincide with classical results: the Doppler effect and phenomenon of aberration. The interaction of the source and receiver depends only on their velocity of movement relatively each other. There is no world medium, the relative movement to which would influence the characteristics of light source.

渭河流域浅层包气带土体温度分布规律及变化模式

大气温度、太阳辐射强度、降雨量、空气湿度等气象要素决定浅层土体温度的变化.以黄土高原渭河流域西部黄土丘陵沟壑区作为研究区域,建立野外观测站,对该区域浅层包气带土体温度对气候变化的响应过程进行实时监测.通过现场监测和理论分析发现土体温度分布规律及变化模式如下:气象要素只对变温带的土体的温度有影响,且大气温度和太阳辐射强度是影响变温带土体温度的主要因素,土层越深,其影响程度越小;相位随着土体的深度呈线性平移,即土体温度是存在滞后效应的,经分析,土体在地下深度760 cm处的温度曲线的相位与地表处正好相反,此处温度恰好滞后于地表半年时间.通过监测数据预测该地区恒温带深度为1193 cm,恒温带温度为13.152℃;在计算土体温度理论滞后时间时将土体的热扩散系数看作是一常数,导致土体温度滞后时间的理论值与实测值有所差异,随着土层的加深,两者的差距越来越小.

处罚力度是否会提高审计师对关键审计事项的披露程度?

为探究证监会监管处罚效应同新审计准则执行有效性之间的联系,以2016—2021年受到证监会处罚的审计师为研究对象,采用PSM方法,从执法和立法层面实证分析处罚力度对关键审计事项披露充分性的影响。研究发现:证监会对审计师的行政处罚会加大审计师再次被处罚的风险和诉讼风险,并使其声誉受损,为了降低风险和挽回声誉,审计师会付出更多的努力,因此,执法处罚力度越大,审计师对关键审计事项披露的充分性越高;由于新《证券法》在立法层面大幅加大了处罚力度,增强了审计师的责任感知,因此新《证券法》的修订增强了执法处罚力度对关键审计事项披露充分性的正向影响。进一步分析发现,在地区法治环境高、审计师具备行业专长、分析师关注度高的样本中,执法处罚力度对关键审计事项披露充分性的影响更为显著。研究结果为行政处罚的有效性及新《证券法》政策有效性提供了更多的经验证据,也为推进新审计报告准则的改革提供了路径。

露天边坡体爆破振动特性研究

针对洪山露天边坡体爆破振动响应问题,结合引入高程差H的二元回归爆破振动速度衰减模型,开展了实测爆破振速峰值(PPV)分析和爆破振速衰减规律预测,分析了露天边坡体爆破振动特性。结果表明:在振速峰值方面,自由面数量越多,PPV越小,其中,单自由面条件下的PPV远大于双自由面和三自由面条件下的PPV;|H|相同时,正高程条件下的PPV大于负高程下的PPV;露天边坡体存在明显的爆破振动高程放大效应,放大系数随|H|的增大先增大后减小,随水平爆源距的增大而减小。在振速衰减规律方面,高程差对切向方向的速度影响较大,高程效应明显;自由面数量越多,爆破振动速度衰减曲面越平缓;引入高程差的二元回归爆破振速衰减模型比传统一元萨氏回归模型更能有效预测爆破振速衰减规律,相对平均误差为12.3%~15.4%,其中单自由面矢量和的相对平均误差仅为9.5%。

法治强化会影响企业真实盈余管理行为吗?——来自环保法庭设立的证据

本文利用各地中级人民法院自2007年开始陆续设立环境资源审判庭这一准自然实验,考察环境法治强化对企业真实盈余管理的影响。研究结果表明,环境资源审判庭的设立会使本地上市公司进行向上的真实盈余管理。机制分析表明,环境资源审判庭显著改善了地区环境司法效率,进而提高企业面临的环境规制风险,使企业从事真实盈余管理以应对未来的潜在诉讼。异质性分析结果表明,对于非国有企业以及处于低法治水平、低生态激励、高经济激励城市的企业,设立环境资源审判庭对企业真实盈余管理的影响更为明显。本文结论对充分发挥环境管制政策作用、引导企业实现高质量绿色转型和可持续发展具有重要启示。

论美国反垄断法域外适用的冲突法基础

为预防消除垄断行为,维护美国正常经济秩序,反垄断法逐渐在域外适用,美国法院在确定反垄断法的域外适用范围时积极寻找冲突法理论的支持。在“既得权学说”的影响下采取属地原则,否认反垄断法的域外性;根据“本地法”理论确立了效果原则,认可反垄断法域外适用的正当性;从“最密切联系”原则中寻找衡平原则的来源,在域外适用反垄断法时考虑国际礼让。这些冲突法理论使得美国反垄断法域外适用得到了丰富和发展。美国法院的实践,对于我国判断何种情况下可以域外适用反垄断法以及如何域外适用具有启发意义。

Bertrand's Law and Weinberg's Principle and Their Extension

Bertrand’s law that the plant can’ t live in lack of some indispensable element, appropriate amount of the element will make the plant thrive but excessive amount of it will make the plant poisoning and even die was obtained through the study on the biologic adaptability in laboratory for the indispensable element manganese by G. Bertrand. E. D. Weinberg developed Bertrand’s law as that certain amount of manganese was appropriate for the growth of some bacteria but not for the form of bacteriophage. The double threshold contents of elements indispensable for the organisms and their physiological effects can be extended to different hydrogeochemical zones of hydrogeological unit. Some elements are lack in the hydrogeochemical zone, in which the elements leaching and transfer are very strong the biological physiological effect is negative to the elements content. However, in the elements enrichment area caused by leaching and concentrating by evaporation or environmental pollution, the biological physiological effects are positive to the element content. The elements content in other areas which are in between two above types is appropriate for the organisms. From the hydrogeochemical study in Liliu, Shanxi province we obtained that the rate of KBD, IDD and dental caries are resulted from deficiency of elements Se, I and F in water (soil), respectively, the rate of diseases above is inversely related with the element content, while in the zone with excessive fluorine caused by enrichment and leaching, the rate of endemic fluorosis is positive to the fluorine content.