Model Building of the Initial Crown Effect Rate in 4-High Mill

The code for calculating the crown effect rate of hot strip steel Was developed using the effect function method. The effect of the initial crown on the crown of the product in hot strip rolling was investigated. The coefficients of a polynomial of degree six for calculating the base value of initial crown effect rate in 4-high mill were determined and the compensation factors of per unit width rolling force, bending force, work roll crown and draft on the initial crown effect rate were given. The difference between the calculation result by established model and theoretical value obtained by effect function method was 4.88 μm when the strip width was 1.85 m.

Model Building of Backup Roller Diameter Effect Rate in 4-High Mill

Software for calculating the strip profile in 4-high hot rolling mill was developed using influence coefficient method. Regularity of backup roller diameter effect rate was studied systematically using the software. The results show that backup roller diameter effect rates decrease versus the increase of strip width, increase significantly versus the increase of backup roller diameter and obscurely increase versus the increase of reduction. The difference between backup roller diameter effect rate and it is reference value increases versus strip width increasing. When backup rollers diameter is set to be 1.64 m and strip width is 1.85 m, the error of strip profile calculated using the model of backup roller diameter effect rate reference value will be 3.55μm. Based on the results, reference values of roller diameter effect rate and six power polynomial fitting coefficients of modification coefficients were determined considering coherent parameters. The high precision model of backup roller diameter effect rate was established. When the model is used to predict strip profile, the accuracy is less than 5.0 μm.

Bending Strength of Glass Materials under Strong Dynamic Impact and Its Strain Rate Effects

Based on the structural characteristics of the high-speed loading tester,a four-point bending test device was designed to carry out the four-point bending strength test of glass under the action of static load and different impact velocities,and the formulae for calculating the maximum dynamic stress and strain rate of glass specimens under the action of impact loads were derived.The experimental results show that the bending strength values of the glass under dynamic impact loading are all higher than those under static loading.With the increase of impact speed,the bending strength value of glass specimens generally tends to increase,and the bending strength value increases more obviously when the impact speed exceeds 0.5 m/s or higher.By increasing the impact velocity,higher tensile strain rate of glass specimens can be obtained because the load action time becomes shorter.The bending strength of the glass material increases with its tensile strain rate,and when the tensile strain rate is between 0 and 2 s^(-1),the bending strength of the glass specimen grows more obviously with the strain rate,indicating that the glass bending strength is particularly sensitive to the tensile strain rate in this interval.As the strain rate increases,the number of cracks formed after glass breakage increases significantly,thus requiring more energy to drive the crack formation and expansion,and showing the strain rate effect of bending strength at the macroscopic level.The results of the study can provide a reference for the load bearing and structural design of glass materials under dynamic loading.

Effect of Health Management in Raising Awareness Rate of Disease Prevention and Treatment in Patients with Prehypertension

Objective: To analyze the effect of health management on improving the awareness rate of disease prevention and treatment in patients with prehypertension, so as to provide guidance for clinical management of patients with prehypertension. Methods: 108 patients diagnosed with prehypertension in our hospital were divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group was not given management measures, while the experimental group was given health management. The incidence of hypertension and cognition level of hypertension knowledge were compared between the two groups after management. Results: The incidence of hypertension in the experimental group was 7.41% lower than that in the control group 29.63%. The cognitive level of hypertension in the patients (66.54 ± 1.25) was significantly higher than that in the patients without health management (41.45 ± 2.45), and P < 0.05;Conclusion: For patients with prehypertension, the implementation of health management is helpful to improve their cognition of hypertension, master related prevention knowledge, and reduce the incidence of hypertension.

Strain-rate effect on initial crush stress of irregular honeycomb under dynamic loading and its deformation mechanism

The seemingly contradictory understandings of the initial crush stress of cellular materials under dynamic loadings exist in the literature, and a comprehensive analysis of this issue is carried out with using direct information of local stress and strain. Local stress/strain calculation methods are applied to determine the initial crush stresses and the strain rates at initial crush from a cell-based finite element model of irregular honeycomb under dynamic loadings. The initial crush stress under constant-velocity compression is identical to the quasi-static one, but less than the one under direct impact, i.e. the initial crush stresses under different dynamic loadings could be very different even though there is no strain-rate effect of matrix material. A power-law relation between the initial crush stress and the strain rate is explored to describe the strain-rate effect on the initial crush stress of irregular honeycomb when the local strain rate exceeds a critical value, below which there is no strain-rate effect of irregular honeycomb. Deformation mechanisms of the initial crush behavior under dynamic loadings are also explored.The deformation modes of the initial crush region in the front of plastic compaction wave are different under different dynamic loadings.

Mechanical properties of deep sandstones under loading rate effect

The advance speed of the working face in coal mines can significantly affect the fluctuation frequency of abutment pressure in front of the coal body.Moreover,it has a certain correlation with the change of axial loading rate in coal and rock mechanics test.Therefore,uniaxial compression tests under various loading rates of 0.05,0.1,0.15,0.25,0.5 MPa/s were conducted using 2000 kN triaxial testing machine and PCI-2 acoustic emission test system to study the loading rate effect on the mechanical properties of deep sandstones.The results show that 1)the peak strength and elastic modulus of the deep sandstone increase with the loading rate increasing;2)with the loading rate increasing,the deep sandstone transforms from plastic-elastic-plastic to plastic-elastic and moreover,the failure mode gradually transfers from type I to type III;3)With the loading rate increasing,the total input strain energy,elastic strain energy,and dissipated strain energy generally increase;4)the damage variable presents the evolution characteristics of inverted“S”shape with time,and with the loading rate increasing,the damage degree of the deep sandstone is aggravated.The conclusion obtained can provide the theoretical basis for the stability control of the surrounding rock in deep engineering.

Numerical Derivation of Strain Rate Effects on Material Properties of Masonry with Solid Clay Bricks

In this paper, numerical method is used als. A typical unit of masonry is selected to serve merical model of RVE is established with detailed to study the strain rate effect on masonry materias a representative volume element （RVE）. Nudistinctive modeling of brick and mortar with their respective dynamic material properties obtained from laboratory tests. The behavior of brick and mortar are characterized by a dynamic damage model that accounts for rate-sensitive and pressuredependent properties of masonry materials. Dynamic loads of different loading rates are applied to RVE. The equivalent homogenized uniaxial compressive strength, threshold strain and elastic modulus in three directions of the masonry are derived from the simulated responses of the RVE. The strain rate effect on the masonry material with clay brick and mortar, such as the dynamic increase factor （DIF） of the ultimate strength and elastic modulus as a function of strain rate are derived from the numerical results.

Effects of Temperature and Strain Rate on Dynamic Properties of Concrete

To study the dynamic properties of the concrete subjected to impulsive loading, stress-time curves of concrete in different velocities were measured using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB).Effects of temperature and strain rate on the dynamic yield strength and constitutive relation of the con-crete were analyzed. The dynamic mechanical properties of the reinforced concrete are subjected to high strain rates when it is at a relatively low temperature. But with temperature increasing, the temperature softening effect makes the strength of the concrete weaken and the impact toughness of the concrete is saliently relative to strain rate effect. So, strain rate effect, strain hardening and temperature softening work together on the dynamic mechanical capability of concrete and the relation between them is relatively complex.

Modeling Strain Rate Effect for Heterogeneous Brittle Materials

Rocks are heterogeneous from the point of dynamic failure behavior. Both the compressive and microstructure which is of significance to their tensile strength of rock-like materials is regarded different from the static strength. The present study adopts smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH） which is a virtual particle based meshfree method to investigate strain rate effect for heterogeneous brittle materials. The SPH method is capable of simulating rock fracture, free of the mesh constraint of the traditional FEM and FDM models. A pressure dependent J-H constitutive model involving heterogeneity is employed in the numerical modeling. The results show the compressive strength increases with the increase of strain rate as well as the tensile strength, which is important to the engineering design.

Effect of Penetration Rates on the Piezocone Penetration Test in the Yellow River Delta Silt

Partial drainage often occurs during piezocone penetration testing on Yellow River Delta silt because of its intermediate physical and mechanical properties between those of sand and clay.Yet,there is no accurate understanding for the range of penetra-tion rates to trigger the partial drainage of silt soils.In order to fully investigate cone penetration rate effects under partial drainage condi-tions,indoor 1 g penetration model tests and numerical simulations of cavity expansion at variable penetration rates were carried out on the Yellow River Delta silt.The boundary effect of the model tests and the variation of key parameters at the different cavity ex-pansion rates were analyzed.The 1 g penetration model test results and numerical simulations results consistently indicated that the penetration rate to trigger the partially drainage of typical silt varied at least three orders of magnitude.The numerical simulations also provide the reference values for the penetration resistance corresponding to zero dilation and zero viscosity at any given normalized penetration rate for silt in Yellow River Delta.These geotechnical properties can be used for the design of offshore platforms in Yel-low River Delta,and the understanding of cone penetration rate effects under the partially drained conditions would provide some technical support for geohazard evaluation of offshore platforms.

Laser-assisted Simulation of Dose Rate Effects of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Devices

Laser-assisted simulation technique has played a crucial role in the investigation of dose rate effects of silicon-based devices and integrated circuits,due to its exceptional advantages in terms of flexibility,safety,convenience,and precision.In recent years,wide band gap materials,known for their strong bonding and high ionization energy,have gained increasing attention from researchers and hold significant promise for extensive applications in specialized environments.Consequently,there is a growing need for comprehensive research on the dose rate effects of wide band gap materials.In response to this need,the use of laser-assisted simulation technology has emerged as a promising approach,offering an effective means to assess the efficacy of investigating these materials and devices.This paper focused on investigating the feasibility of laser-assisted simulation to study the dose rate effects of wide band gap semiconductor devices.Theoretical conversion factors for laser-assisted simulation of dose rate effects of GaN-based and SiC-based devices were been provided.Moreover,to validate the accuracy of the conversion factors,pulsed laser and dose rate experiments were conducted on GaN-based and SiC-based PIN diodes.The results demonstrate that pulsed laser radiation andγ-ray radiation can produce highly similar photocurrent responses in GaN-based and SiC-based PIN diodes,with correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.974,respectively.This finding reaffirms the effectiveness of laser-assisted simulation technology,making it a valuable complement in studying the dose rate effects of wide band gap semiconductor devices.

Molecular dynamics study of coupled layer thickness and strain rate effect on tensile behaviors of Ti/Ni multilayered nanowires

Novel properties and applications of multilayered nanowires(MNWs)urge researchers to understand their mechanical behaviors comprehensively.Using the molecular dynamic simulation,tensile behaviors of Ti/Ni MNWs are investigated under a series of layer thickness values(1.31,2.34,and 7.17 nm)and strain rates(1.0×10^(8)s^(-1)≤ε≤5.0×10^(10)s^(-1)).The results demonstrate that deformation mechanisms of isopachous Ti/Ni MNWs are determined by the layer thickness and strain rate.Four distinct strain rate regions in the tensile process can be discovered,which are small,intermediate,critical,and large strain rate regions.As the strain rate increases,the initial plastic behaviors transform from interface shear(the shortest sample)and grain reorientation(the longest sample)in small strain rate region to amorphization of crystalline structures(all samples)in large strain rate region.Microstructure evolutions reveal that the disparate tensile behaviors are ascribed to the atomic fractions of different structures in small strain rate region,and only related to collapse of crystalline atoms in high strain rate region.A layer thickness-strain rate-dependent mechanism diagram is given to illustrate the couple effect on the plastic deformation mechanisms of the isopachous nanowires.The results also indicate that the modulation ratio significantly affects the tensile properties of unequal Ti/Ni MNWs,but barely affect the plastic deformation mechanisms of the materials.The observations from this work will promote theoretical researches and practical applications of Ti/Ni MNWs.

Proposal for a Tax Rate Swap to Shield Against the Gap Between Statutory and Effective Tax Rates-A Boost for Entrepreneurship and a Motive for New Investments

This paper focuses on a common problem for entrepreneurs and investors:the uncertainty around the actual tax rate,which is the percent of net income that a corporation pays in taxes.This uncertainty results from a difference(i.e.,a gap)between the statutory and the effective tax rate,which is the actual tax rate.This gap results from the legal framework which provides that certain types of incomes and expenses are not considered income.This gap causes significant uncertainty and may hinder entrepreneurship.This paper studies this gap in seven OECD countries(Austria,Canada,France,Germany,Italy,UK,and USA)and Brazil.We selected the 10 top-listed companies of each country and calculated the gaps for the period 2016-2019.Our findings proved that these gaps are unstable and may differ between companies of the same country and between countries.In addition,gaps of specific companies may change over time.The key outcome of this paper is the proposal of a new derivative tax rate swap.Using this derivative,governments will be able to eliminate the gap of specific companies,attract new investment,and increase entrepreneurship.

Dose-rate effects of low-dropout voltage regulator at various biases

A low-dropout voltage regulator,LM2941,was irradiated by ^(60)Coγ-rays at various dose rates and biases for investigating the total dose and dose rate effects.The radiation responses show that the key electrical parameters, including its output and dropout voltage,and the maximum output current,are sensitive to total dose and dose rates, and are significantly degraded at low dose rate and zero bias.The integrated circuits damage change with the dose rates and biases,and the dose-rate effects are relative to its electric field.

Cooling rate effects on the structure and transformation behavior of Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys

Different fragments of a hot-rolled and homogenized Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloy（SMA） were subjected to thermal cycling by means of a differential scanning calorimetric（DSC） device. During thermal cycling, heating was performed at the same constant rate of increasing temperature while cooling was carried out at different rates of decreasing temperature. For each cooling rate, the temperature decreased in the same thermal interval. During each cooling stage, an exothermic peak（maximum） was observed on the DSC thermogram. This peak was associated with forward martensitic transformation. The DSC thermograms were analyzed with PROTEUS software： the critical martensitic transformation start（Ms） and finish（Mf） temperatures were determined by means of integral and tangent methods, and the dissipated heat was evaluated by the area between the corresponding maximum plot and a sigmoid baseline. The effects of the increase in cooling rate, assessed from a calorimetric viewpoint, consisted in the augmentation of the exothermic peak and the delay of direct martensitic transformation. The latter had the tendency to move to lower critical transformation temperatures. The martensite plates changed in morphology by becoming more oriented and by an augmenting in surface relief, which corresponded with the increase in cooling rate as observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and atomic force microscopy（AFM）.

Risk factors for recurrence of common bile duct stones after surgical treatment and effect of ursodeoxycholic acid intervention

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is an accurate diagnostic method for choledocholithiasis and treatment option for stone removal.Additionally,ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA)can dissolve cholesterol stones and prevent their development and reappearance by lowering the cholesterol concen-tration in bile.Despite these treatment options,there are still patients who experience stone recurrence.The clinical data of 100 patients with choledochal stones who were hospitalized at the Yixing People’s Hospital and underwent ERCP for successful stone extraction between June 2020 and December 2022 were retrospectively collected.According to the post-ERCP treatment plan,100 patients were classified into UDCA(n=47)and control(n=53)groups.We aimed to assess the clinical efficacy and rate of relapse in the two patient populations.We then collected information(basic demographic data,clinical characteristics,and serum biochemical indicators)and determined the factors contributing to relapse using logistic regression analysis.Our secondary goal was to determine the effects of UDCA on liver function after ERCP.Compared to the control group,the UDCA group demonstrated a higher clinical effectiveness rate of 92.45%vs 78.72%(P<0.05).No significant differences were observed in liver function indices,including total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,alanine aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,and aspartate aminotransferase,between the two groups before treatment.After treatment,all liver function indices were significantly reduced.Comparing the control vs UDCA groups,the UDCA group exhibited significantly lower levels of all indices(55.39±6.53 vs 77.31±8.52,32.10±4.62 vs 45.39±5.69,142.32±14.21 vs 189.63±16.87,112.52±14.25 vs 149.36±15.36,122.61±16.00 vs 171.33±22.09,96.98±10.44 vs 121.35±11.57,respectively,all P<0.05).The stone recurrence rate was lower in the UDCA group(13.21%)in contrast with the control group(44.68%).Periampullary diverticula(OR:6.00,95%CI:1.69-21.30),maximum stone diameter(OR:1.69,95%CI:1.01-2.85),stone quantity>3(OR:4.23,95%CI:1.17-15.26),and positive bile culture(OR:7.61,95%CI:2.07-27.91)were independent factors that influenced the relapse of common bile duct stones after ERCP(P<0.05).Furthermore,postoperative UDCA was identified as a preventive factor(OR:0.07;95%CI:0.08-0.09).CONCLUSION The intervention effect of UDCA after ERCP for common bile duct stones is adequate,providing new research directions and references for the prevention and treatment of stone recurrence.

Analysis of the Moderator Effect of RMB Exchange-- Rate on Export The Case of Guangdong Province in China

An important limitation of the research literatures which study the effect on the export of the real effective exchange rates is the lack of application of interaction or moderator effect among the independent variables. To remedy this lacuna, the authors developed a model in which real effective exchange rate moderated the effect of import and utilization of foreign capital on export. The sample comprised 11 years＇ data in Guangdong China. The result showed that real effective exchange rate of RMB affected the export by interacting with utilization of foreign capital. Moreover, to some degree, the real effective exchange rate can also act as moderator between import and export.

Particle breakage of calcareous sand from low-high strain rates

The influence of strain rate on the mechanics of particles is well documented.However,a comprehensive understanding of the strain rate effect on calcareous particles,particularly in the transition from static to dynamic loading,is still lacking in current literature.This study conducted 720 quasi-static and impact tests on irregular calcareous particles to investigate the macroscopic strain rate effect,and performed numerical simulations on spherical particles to explore the underlying microscopic mechanisms.The strain rate effect on the characteristic particle strength was found to exhibit three regimes:in Regime 1,the particle strength gradually improves when the strain rate is lower than approximately 10^(2)s^(-1);in Regime 2,the particle strength sharply enhances when the strain rate increases from 10^(2)s^(-1)to 10^(4)s^(-1);and in Regime 3,the particle strength remains almost constant when the strain rate is higher than 10^(4)s^(-1).The three-regime strain rate effect is an inherent property of the material and independent of particle shape.The asynchrony between loading and deformation plays a dominant role in these behaviors,leading to a thermoactivation-dominated effect in Regime 1,a macroscopic viscosity-dominated effect in Regime 2,and a combined thermoactivation and macroscopic viscosity-dominated effect in Regime 3.These mechanisms induce a transition in the failure mode from splitting to exploding and then smashing,which increases the energy required to rupture a single bond and,consequently,enhances the particle strength.

<i>Lactobacillus</i>GG Supplementation on Anti-<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Therapy-Related Side Effects and Eradication Rates: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Concerns still exist with respect to unsatisfactory eradication rates and/or therapy-associated side effects for the use of standard triple therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, which prompts considerable interest in new therapy. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate whether Lactobacillus GG as supplementation to standard triple therapy could improve H. pylori eradication rates and/or reduce therapy-associated side effects. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were systematically searched from their inception to August 4, 2015 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The language was restricted to English only. Results: Four RCTs involving a total of 305 participants (including 83 children) were included. Lactobacillus GG given along with triple therapy significantly reduced the risk of overall H. pylori therapy-related adverse effects (three RCTs, n = 221, RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.45 - 0.78), particularly of diarrhea (four RCTs, n = 285, RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.11 - 0.47), bloating (four RCTs, n = 289, RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 - 0.90), and taste disturbance (four RCTs, n = 288, RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 - 0.62). There were no significant differences between groups in the risk of other adverse effects. No beneficial effects of Lactobacillus GG were observed for H. pylori eradication rates (four RCTs, n = 284, RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88 - 1.13). Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that Lactobacillus GG administered along with standard triple therapy is a feasible way to reduce therapy-related side effects, particularly diarrhea, bloating, and taste disturbance. However, Lactobacillus GG shows no effects on eradication rates.

Contemporary Global Issue of Rising Water Scarcity for Agriculture: The Quest for Effective and Feasible Soil Moisture and Free-Water Surface Conservation Strategies

There is the need to take seriously the task of conserving soil moisture in agricultural fields and free-water surfaces in reservoirs, especially in recent years of climate change. Many strategies exist for achieving this task and improving the productivity of arable soils. These strategies traditionally come under biological and physical or mechanical measures. Some other relatively new techniques operate neither on physical nor on biological principle. All these measures which operate on different principles frequently overlap. The principles involved, together with the prospects and constraints of the key techniques of conserving soil moisture found in the literature, are reviewed in this paper. Among other considerations, the effectiveness and/or practicability of any one of the techniques depend upon soil type, topography, climate, scale of production, level of technology, and socio-economic status. Such agronomic practices as conservation tillage and live vegetation mulch that maintain infiltration rates often appear to be more beneficial in the long run than engineering structures, especially those that lead to blocking of waterways on the soil surface. However, this review reveals that none of the soil moisture conservation strategies could be credited as universally applicable. Consequently, an integrated approach to soil water management and conservation, where feasible, is considered more appropriate. This is because the different principles involved in the techniques identified to be compatible would readily complement and strengthen one another. Such a multi-mechanistic approach is expected to result in improved efficacy in conserving water resources in soils and open reservoirs.