Effect of Teacher Feedback, Peer Review and the Combination on EFL Writing Study Proposal

Since the result of effect comparison is important for teacher's decision making,roles teacher feedback and peer review play respectively and collaboratively in tertiary-level EFL writing context should be addressed via quantitative study as this paper proposed.Quantitative data should be collected from students'first drafts,second drafts and written comments from teachers and peers.Gains for overall scores between the first and second drafts and correlation between suggestions and gains should be examined.

A Review on Chemical Effects in Aqueous Solution induced by Plasma with Glow Discharge

Chemical effects in different aqueous solutions induced by plasma with glow discharge electrolysis (GDE) and contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) are described in this paper. The experimental and discharge characteristics are also reviewed. These are followed by a discussion of their mechanisms of both anodic and cathodic CGDE..

A systematic review of the effectiveness of clinical nurse specialist interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)

Objective： This review aimed to examine the effectiveness of clinical nurse specialist （CNS） interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. COPD significantly affects people＇s health worldwide. With the development in nursing, CNSs are playing increasingly important roles in different departments. However, the studies on the effectiveness of CNSs in COPD are not as well organized as the studies on the effectiveness of CNSs in bronchiectasis and asthma. Therefore, this review aims to find some updated evidence on the CNS interventions for patients with COPD and on whether these interventions are effective.Methods： A narrative analysis of the data was performed for the eligible studies. Four databases were chosen： CINAHL, MEDLINE, British Nursing Index, and Cochrane Library. Other websites such as the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, National Health Service Evidence, Association of Respiratory Nurse Specialists, and National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialist were searched as well. Two reviewers performed study identification independently, and all the retrieved articles were stored using the EndNote X7 software. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration＇s risk of bias tool. Results： A total of nine studies were included in this review. There were five current interventions by CNSs for patients with COPD. These interventions were home nursing support, CNS]s supported discharge, multidisciplinary cooperation programs, nurse-led care programs, and self-care management education. The effectiveness of these five interventions was evaluated individually. There is low- to moderate-quality evidence indicating that home nursing support interventions may have a positive effect on mortality and quality of life. No significant difference in quality of life has been found between the CNS-supported discharge intervention and the usual service. The multidisciplinary cooperation program probably had a positive effect on quality ot life in patients with COPD. Both nurse-led care and self-care management education intervention had a positive effect on mortality of patients with COPD.Conclusions： The findings of this review provide updated evidence on the effectiveness of CNS interventions for patients with COPD. Although nine trials were included and five types of interventions were identified, there is still lack of high-quality evidence.

Systematic review: The placebo effect of psychological interventions in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

AIM To determine the placebo response rate associated with different types of placebo interventions used in psychological intervention studies for irritable bowel syndrome. METHODS Randomized controlled trials comparing psychological interventions(stress management/relaxation therapy(cognitive) behavioral therapy, short-term psychodynamic therapy, and hypnotherapy) for the treatment of adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) diagnosed with the Manning or Rome criteria with an adequate placebo control treatment and reporting data on IBS symptom severity were identified by searching Pub Med, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Psyc INFO databases. Full-text articles that were written in English and published between 1966 and February 2016 in peer-reviewed journals were selected for the present review. Placebo interventions were considered to be adequate if the number of sessions and the amount of time spent with the therapist were the same as in the active treatment. The placebo response rate(PRR) was computed for IBS symptom severity(primary outcome measure) as well as for anxiety, depression and quality of life(secondary outcome measures). RESULTS Six studies, with a total of 555 patients met the inclusion criteria. Four studies used an educational intervention, whereas two studies used a form of supportive therapy as the placebo intervention. The PRR for IBS symptom severity ranged from 25% to 59%, with a pooled mean of 41.4%. The relative PRR for the secondary outcome measures ranged from 0% to 267% for anxiety, 6% to 52% for depression 20% to 125% for quality of life. The PRR associated with pharmacological treatments, treatment with dietary bran and complementary medicine ranged from 37.5% to 47%. Contrary to our expectations, the PRR in studies on psychological interventions was comparable to that in studies on pharmacological, dietary and alternative medical interventions.CONCLUSION The PRR is probably determined to a larger extent by patient-related factors, such as expectations and desire for the treatment to be effective, than the content of the placebo intervention.

赤芍总苷药理作用研究进展

赤芍具有清热凉血、散瘀止痛的功效,广泛应用于临床,并于2002年列入可药食同源中药名录。现代研究发现,赤芍总苷系赤芍的主要活性成分,是鸟笼状蒎烷结构的单萜类化合物以及内酯结构的单萜类化合物的总称。10余年来,赤芍总苷不断有新的药理作用发现被报道,但未见系统地总结分析。因此,文章通过归纳国内外相关文献,综述了赤芍总苷自2010年至今被报道的抗肿瘤、抗心脑血管疾病、保肝、抗衰老、改善血流动力学和血液流变学、抗凝、抗血栓以及增强免疫、抗抑郁、抗慢性阻塞性肺疾病、抗溃疡病、抗盆腔炎、舒血管、保护脊髓损伤、保护血管内皮、治疗扁平苔藓及改善糖尿病肾病肾纤维化等药理作用,并提出研究不足与展望,以期为赤芍总苷深入地研究和开发应用提供参考。

基于LDA主题模型的中国图书出口效果研究——以亚马逊海外读者评论为例

中华文化通过图书走向世界舞台,是提高国家文化软实力、讲好中国故事、塑造良好国家形象的有效途径。通过Python语言工具对美国亚马逊网站上的中国图书评论数据进行分析,构建LDA主题模型,探讨中国图书出口效果,深入挖掘海外读者对中国出口图书的认知评价。研究发现,海外读者对中国图书的关注点集中于内容评价、翻译理解、服务体验、中国元素、题材情节5个方面。针对以上关注点,从图书内容、出版传播、读者反馈等角度提出了具有实践价值的建议,为推动中国图书高质量出口提供了理论参考和解决思路。

审判阶段的涉案企业合规激励问题

审判阶段涉案企业合规激励,是指审判阶段法院对涉案企业和相关责任人员的合规奖励或惩罚,其仅存在于审判阶段,主体是法院,对象是单位、单位犯罪责任人员、企业中实施与生产经营活动密切相关犯罪的责任人员,内容包括正向激励和负向激励。我国部分地方法院在涉案企业合规激励方面已经进行实践探索并取得一定的成效,但仍然存在合规整改情况在法院量刑中未能得到应有反映、合规激励方式过于单一、合规整改有效性审查制度缺失、刑事法官运用合规激励的能力不足等问题。推进审判阶段涉案企业合规激励,应当考虑法院主导、谦抑中立、区别对待、激励多样化和依法激励等因素,同时将合规整改是否达到有效性标准作为法定量刑情节,探索并适用更多的合规激励方式,确立合规整改有效性审查制度,以及提升刑事法官运用合规激励的能力。

放射影像设备的质控管理及维修分析

临床对放射影像设备进行质控管理的预期目标是在符合行业的标准要求下,采用适当的影像检查技术条件为临床提供优质的图像信息。我院1.5T MRI设备于2015年10月开始使用,虽然该设备已使用了8年,经过持续而严格的质控,使该设备的各项技术指标依然保持在较好状态,不但满足了正常的工作需求,而且保持了较低的故障率。设备的良好运转、医务人员准确的技术应用,以及患者的最佳配合才能得到优质的影像图像。对于放射影像设备的质量控制,其覆盖了设备的整个使用周期,且质量控制的过程也是设备在整个使用周期中的运行流程。只有通过科学的手段,强化和优化放射影像设备的质量控制,提升设备的使用效率,才能为临床诊断提供有效的技术支持。同时及时的维修和独立的解决问题既能保证诊疗的正常进行,还能给医院节省资金。因此,优秀的技术能力加上严格规范的质控管理是我院影像设备安全运行的最好保证。

社会工作服务成效研究:演进与前瞻——基于西方系统评价研究的再评价研究

“社会工作有用吗”这一问题道出了社会工作共同体百余年来一直追寻并尝试捍卫的价值认可问题。基于科学检索策略对西方社会工作中有关服务成效的系统评价研究进行再评价研究,以52篇纳入文献作为分析样本,发现社会工作服务成效的相关研究在结论上经历了从无效到部分有效,再到特定背景下特定干预手段对特定对象有效这一过程。西方社会工作服务成效在情境特征、干预过程、评估因素和结果应用等方面呈现出新的趋势和特点,反映了社会变迁背景下人群需求的变异性和服务介入的时代性。这为建构富有成效的中国社会工作服务体系提供了有益启示。

国外高校教师教学发展项目实施成效评估研究

采用系统性文献综述法筛选国外近二十年高校教师教学发展项目评估研究的42篇文献进行系统分析,结果发现:已有研究基于评估目的运用多元化研究方法;评估对象包括参与教师、教师同事、学生及管理人员等教师发展利益相关者;评估框架采用有效教师专业发展标准、专业发展评价模型等多项理论与模型;评估内容高度关注教师课程教学设计能力提升与教师发展共同体。基于柯氏评估模型对样本文献的实施成效进行评估,发现大多数项目能有效促进教师知识技能提升与实践行为改变。未来中国高校教师教学发展项目评估研究需强化实证研究设计,拓展教师发展实施成效的评估视域,运用多元评估方法为展现教师教学发展项目的实施成效提供证据,重视项目实施效果的跟踪评估与长效反馈等。

老挝教育受援有效性的实践检视与提升路径

提升援助有效性是教育援助领域的重要议题。老挝作为国际社会中重要的教育受援国之一,自《釜山宣言》以来,已基本形成了以初等教育为核心,以资本性支出为主体,以官方伙伴为主导的受援结构。为评估老挝教育援助的有效性,以《釜山宣言》的援助有效性分析框架对其进行实践检视,发现现行援助存在自主能力不强、数据质量不高、伙伴关系不足、问责机制不明等困境。为提升援助有效性,有必要将援助理念从有效援助转向发展合作,援助目标从减少贫困转向增长经济,援助形式从松散联结转向紧密耦合。

Team Effectiveness in Patient Health Management: An Overview of Reviews

Background: The desire to improve the quality of health care for an aging population with multiple chronic diseases is fostering a rapid growth in interprofessional team care, supported by health professionals, governments, businesses and public institutions. However, the weight of evidence measuring the impact of team care on patient and health system outcomes has not, heretofore, been clear. To address this deficiency, we evaluated published evidence for the clinical effectiveness of team care within a chronic disease management context in a systematic overview. Methods: A search strategy was built for Medline using medical subject headings and other relevant keywords. After testing for performance, the search strategy was adapted to other databases (Cinhal, Cochrane, Embase, PsychInfo) using their specific descriptors. The searches were limited to reviews published between 1996 and 2011, in English and French languages. The results were analyzed by the number of studies favouring team intervention, based on the direction of effect and statistical significance for all reported outcomes. Results: Sixteen systematic and 7 narrative reviews were included. Diseases most frequently targeted were depression, followed by heart failure, diabetes and mental disorders. Effectiveness outcome measures most commonly used were clinical endpoints, resource utilization (e.g., emergency room visits, hospital admissions), costs, quality of life and medication adherence. Briefly, while improved clinical and resource utilization endpoints were commonly reported as positive outcomes, mixed directional results were often found among costs, medication adherence, mortality and patient satisfaction outcomes. Conclusions: We conclude that, although suggestive of some specific benefits, the overall weight of evidence for team care efficacy remains equivocal. Further studies that examine the causal interactions between multidisciplinary team care and clinical and economic outcomes of disease management are needed to more accurately assess its net program efficacy and population effectiveness.

技术标准的刑法规范效应

补充技术标准、建构刑法规范内容的效应,具有法定化效应和常态化效应两种情形。作为特殊的行政立法种类,技术标准不是法规范,只是行政主体出于裁量权自我规制而制定的行政规则。但是,当前刑法理论否定技术标准规范效应的做法并不可取。技术标准具有科学性、专业性与政策性,值得刑事司法的信赖,而且对于犯罪判断中触及的科学技术问题具有便宜认定的作用,刑事司法适用技术标准也不会违反罪刑法定。所以,刑事司法中技术标准发挥的规范效应具有合理性基础。技术标准属于行政裁量的范畴,基于权力分立与行政自主、行政的专业技术性、避免司法负担过重的考虑,司法对行政裁量的审查是有限度的。刑事司法中法官也不必全面审查技术标准,不用对技术标准的实体内容作出评价。不过,刑事法官可以对技术标准的制定程序与射程范围进行审查判断以合理控制技术标准的规范效应;而对于实体内容显著不合理的技术标准,可以考虑在量刑层面予以一定“补偿”。

主体论视域下涉案企业合规有效性审查的三种模式

刑事诉讼全流程合规改革围绕合规有效性审查主体逐渐呈现出第三方组织审查、检察机关审查、法院审查三种模式。但三种审查模式在制度设计、程序衔接、标准统一等方面均存在一定的问题,不利于涉案企业合规改革工作的推进。第三方组织审查应将合规计划审查与合规整改评估一体化考量,前者秉持以“定性分析”为主的逻辑,后者秉持以“定量分析”为主的逻辑,并量化审查、评估标准,优化配套措施。在检察机关审查模式中,应当合理区分“范式合规”和“简式合规”,明确检察机关以定性分析为主、定量分析为辅的合规考察报告审查模式,以区别于第三方组织审查模式。在法院审查模式中,应通过检察听证会、第三方管委会预备审查等方式强化对合规整改有效性的审查,以实现对检察裁量权的合理限制,并以检法协同的模式,在审理阶段共同推动合规案件的办理。

黄连的化学成分及药理作用研究进展

黄连是毛茛科植物黄连、三叶黄连及云连的干燥根茎,临床广泛使用。近年来国内外研究者对黄连的化学成分及药理作用不断深入探索,黄连的临床应用更加丰富。黄连的化学成分包括生物碱、黄酮、木脂素、有机酸、挥发油等,具有抗动脉粥样硬化、抗心肌缺血、抗脑缺血、抗心律失常、降血压、抗焦虑抗抑郁、降血糖、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抑菌等药理作用。本文对黄连的化学成分及其药理作用研究进展进行综述,以期为未来黄连的研究提供依据。

花椒挥发油化学成分及药理作用研究进展

花椒挥发油主要包含萜烯类、醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、环氧化合物类及脂肪烃类成分,具有抗炎、镇痛、抑菌、杀虫、止痒、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、促进透皮吸收、改善中枢神经系统障碍等多种药理作用。通过查阅国内外相关文献,对花椒挥发油的提取方法、化学成分及其影响因素、药理作用进行系统综述,同时指出目前花椒挥发油研究存在的问题,并展望未来研究方向,为花椒挥发油的深入研究和临床应用提供有益参考。参考文献76篇。

活性氧在肌腱病中的作用及机制

背景:活性氧可能与肌腱病发生、发展密切相关,但其确切作用及相关信号转导机制尚未进行全面总结。目的:综述目前临床或临床前原始研究,对活性氧在肌腱病中的作用及相关信号转导通路进行归纳总结,探究其作用特点以及是否存在统一的下游通路。方法:通过计算机对PubMed、Embase、Web of Science以及中国知网、万方、维普数据库中的相关原始研究进行检索,依据入选标准对检索结果进行筛选、排除,最终纳入90篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①活性氧可通过同时作用于肌腱细胞和细胞外基质来影响肌腱愈合方向,其作用方式呈双面作用特点,浓度可能是决定其作用方向的关键,低剂量活性氧可以参与肌腱正常生理愈合活动或肌腱组织具有刺激自适应性可能是产生这种作用特点的内在机制。②活性氧主要是通过基质金属蛋白酶、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、线粒体凋亡、叉头转录因子O家族、自噬、炎症以及抗氧化信号转导通路,来改变肌腱细胞外基质的组成和结构,影响肌腱细胞正常修复、应对外界和维持生存能力,对肌腱状态造成影响。③不同的活性氧刺激强度、时间以及外在环境可能会造成下游分子通路的不同改变,从而对肌腱产生不同影响。④由于目前纳入的活性氧正、负面作用的考察文献数量差距较大,可能对寻找活性氧在肌腱中作用特点的背后因素造成一定的分析误差;另外由于大多数实验干预条件和关注结果比较单一,具体活性氧的时效、量效机制以及与其他干预因素的协同作用未能明确,也未能构建活性氧在肌腱病中的分子作用整体体系。⑤文章结果表明,活性氧未来或许可以作为一种有利因素参与肌腱病的治疗和预防,并促进之后肌腱病中氧化应激信号转导通路和整体分子作用体系的探索,也为不同抗氧化剂在肌腱病中的治疗策略打下研究基础,以更好地达到防治肌腱损伤变性的目的。

基于“互联网+医院-社区”三元联动的深圳市社区健康服务中心集中处方点评干预模式效果分析

目的:探索构建基于“互联网+医院-社区”三元联动的深圳市社区健康服务中心集中处方点评干预模式,并评价其效果,为促进社区合理用药提供参考。方法:按“互联网+医院-社区”集中处方点评干预模式,由医疗卫生服务联合体内上级医院临床药师对深圳市福田区10家社区健康服务中心处方进行1年点评干预,对干预前后点评结果进行统计分析。结果:抗菌药物使用率从干预前的7.65%下降至2.93%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);平均处方金额从94.17元下降至80.72元,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);处方合理率由87.40%提高至95.60%,不适宜处方百分比由12.20%下降至4.30%,差异均有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);基本药物使用金额占比从干预前的51.20%提高到干预后52.04%。结论:实施“互联网+医院-社区”的社区健康服务中心集中处方点评干预模式,对处方各项核心指标的持续改进效果显著,对于促进社区医疗机构合理用药具有积极意义。

中药远志的炮制研究进展

远志是我国传统中药,具有安神益智、交通心肾、祛痰、消肿等作用,虽然其炮制方法多样,但炮制目的均在于减毒增效。本文对古法炮制中的净制、切制、加辅料炒与不加辅料炒等方法进行了文献概述,并在此基础上,对现代炮制前后化学成分变化及减毒增效机制等方面进行文献分析。现代研究表明,远志的减毒增效机制为远志皂苷的毒性与糖基含量有关,远志皂苷B水解为细叶远志皂苷后胃肠毒性显著降低。现代远志的炮制工艺主要有甘草炙远志、蜜制远志、厚朴汁炙远志、炆远志等,但厚朴汁炙远志、炆远志现代沿用不多,炮制工艺缺乏规范化研究。笔者认为,应加强古法炮制研究,在确定炮制工艺的同时,结合化学成分、药效等方面,开展炮制机制等方面的研究,为远志炮制的合理性提供科学依据,确保临床用药安全。

莨菪烷类药物应用于微循环障碍的研究进展

山莨菪、洋金花等含莨菪烷类小分子的中药在我国应用已有2000余年的历史。莨菪烷类药物属M胆碱受体拮抗剂,是一类可改善微循环障碍的临床常用治疗性药物。本文综述了莨菪烷类药物的药理作用、药代动力学、毒理及临床应用于微循环障碍的研究进展,以期为深入解析莨菪烷类药物与微循环障碍性疾病的关系以及莨菪烷类药物的临床应用提供依据。