Technology for Extracting Effective Components from Fish Scale

The research of the category and extraction methods of effective ingredients of fish scale was reviewed at home and abroad. The extraction process of fish scale was studied, including collagen, hydroxyapatite, lecithin, guanine etc. The different extraction methods and the components were analyzed. The research of effective ingredients of fish scales was reviewed as theory basis to further research and comprehensive development.

Screening the effective components in treating dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency syndrome and elucidating the potential mechanism of Poria water extract

Poria is an important medicine for inducing diuresis to drain dampness from the middle energizer.However,the specific effective components and the potential mechanism of Poria remain largely unknown.To identify the effective components and the mechanism of Poria water extract(PWE)to treat dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency syndrome(DSSD),a rat model of DSSD was established through weight-loaded forced swimming,intragastric ice-water stimulation,humid living environment,and alternate-day fasting for 21 days.After 14 days of treatment with PWE,the results indicated that PWE increased fecal moisture percentage,urine output,D-xylose level and weight;amylase,albumin,and total protein levels;and the swimming time of rats with DSSD to different extents.Eleven highly related components were screened out using the spectrum-effect relationship and LC-MS.Mechanistic studies revealed that PWE significantly increased the expression of serum motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS),ADCY5/6,p-PKAα/β/γcat,and phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein in the stomach,and AQP3 expression in the colon.Moreover,it decreased the levels of serum ADH,the expression of AQP3 and AQP4 in the stomach,AQP1 and AQP3 in the duodenum,and AQP4 in the colon.PWE induced diuresis to drain dampness in rats with DSSD.Eleven main effective components were identified in PWE.They exerted therapeutic effect by regulating the AC-cAMP-AQP signaling pathway in the stomach,MTL and GAS levels in the serum,AQP1 and AQP3 expression in the duodenum,and AQP3 and AQP4 expression in the colon.

Antithrombotic effects of the effective components group of Xiaoshuantongluo formula in vivo and in vitro

The present study was designed to investigate the antithrombotic effects and underlying mechanisms of the effective components group(ECG) of Xiaoshuantongluo recipe(XECG) and to further verify the rationality and feasibility of ECG-guided methodology in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) research. The arterial thrombosis model induced by ferric chloride(FeC l3) oxidation and the venous thrombosis model induced by inferior vena cava ligation were established to evaluate the antithrombotic potential of XECG. Our results indicated that XECG significantly prolonged the time to occlusion, activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), and prothrombin time(PT), and markedly inhibited adenosine diphosphate(ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in the 20% Fe Cl3-induced arterial thrombosis model. The superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was significantly increased and the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA) and nitric oxide(NO) were dramatically decreased in the plasma of arterial thrombosis rats after XECG treatment for 12 days. Furthermore, XECG markedly reduced the weight of thrombus formed by inferior vena cava ligation. Additionally, XECG exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and protective effect on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. In summary, XECG played an important role in the prevention of thrombosis through interacting with multiple targets, including inhibition of platelet aggregation and coagulation and repression of oxidative stress. The ECG-guided methodology was validated as a feasible tool in TCM research.

Effective Components of Chinese Herbal Compound Decoction and Maillard Reaction

This paper intends to explore the color changes considered to be Maillard reaction during the process of Chinese herbal medicine.The Maillard reaction products(MRPs) are often in substantial proportions of Chinese herbal compound decoctions but their effects are often neglected.By considering the effects of MRPs in studies of effective components on Chinese herbal compounds,a new perspective is established in future researches of Chinese herbal compound decoctions.

Tocolysis Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Their Effective Components

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for anti-abortion is based on the theory of gynecology of TCM,which aims to prevent and treat abdominal pain during pregnancy,fetal leakage,uneasy fetal movement,and fetal atrophy.Because of the complexity of the ingredients of Chinese Materia Medica,and the imprecise intervention mechanism for tocolysis,further investigation about the effects of Chinese herbs and their components on tocolysis by utilizing advanced technologies is required to be made.All the information available about TCM and its effects on pregnant women and fetuses was collected via electronic search using Web of Science,PubMed,and CNKI,and a library search was performed to locate classic herbal medicine books.The active ingredients in TCM were screened with the help of Traditional chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform(TCMSP).The keywords being used included herbal names,pharmacology,pregnancy,threatened abortion,and fetus.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that TCM mainly prevents threatened abortion by a direct effect on the pregnant woman’s immune system,sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone,the uterus and the endometrium,and the decidual tissue such as the placenta.It may also address pregnancy complications due to advanced maternal age,infection,polycystic ovary syndrome,diabetes,and mental disorders caused by threat of a miscarriage.TCM protects against spontaneous miscarriage,but its mechanisms are largely unknown.This research applies scientific methods to characterize and examine the effective components of TCM and their application to lower the risk of abortion to the pregnant women and fetuses.

Effective Components of Dried Ginger in Warming Lung to Reduce Watery Phlegm and In vivo Tissue Distribution Based on the“Syndrome-Efficacy-Biological Sample Analysis”Method

Objective: This study aimed to investigate effective components of dried ginger(DG) in warming lung to reduce watery phlegm and in vivo tissue distribution on the syndrome of cold fluid retained in lung of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) by means of the "syndrome?efficacy?biological sample analysis" method and then to explore its meridian tropism. Methods: Wistar rats were given nasal drops of 200-μL lipopolysaccharide and smoke 30 min two times a day, then put the appropriate dose of ice water, and freeze for an hour to build model rats. On the 16 th day, the drug group was orally administered of DG(500 mg/mL) until the 30 th day. Blood samples and biological tissues were collected from the orbital venous plexus into heparinized hemostasis tubes at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min after the last administration. Using ultraviolet-high-performance liquid chromatography(Waters, USA) method, the effective components were tested, and DAS 3.0 software(Mathematical Pharmacology Professional Committee of China, Shanghai, China) was used to analyze the results. Results: The compounds of DG entering into blood were 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and 8-gingerol. Tissue distribution analysis indicates that three active ingredients are widely present in the lung, spleen, kidney, liver, heart, large intestine, stomach, small intestine, and other organs of rats with COPD. Conclusions: 6?gingerol, 6?shogaol, and 8?gingerol belong to effective components of DG in curing the syndrome of cold fluid retained in lung of rats with COPD and mainly distributed in organs including the spleen, stomach, lung, kidney, liver, and heart.

Effect of Loading Paths on Hydroforming Tubular Square Components

The influence of loading path on tube hydroforming process is discussed in this paper with finiteelement simulation. Four different loading paths are utilized in simulating the forming process of square tubular component with hydroforming and the result of different loading path is presented. Among the result. the thickness distribution of bilinear loading path is the most uniform one. It shows that the increase of punch displacement in the stage of high pressure is beneficial to the forming of component for optimized Stress condition.

Comparison of REML and MINQUE for Estimated Variance Components and Predicted Random Effects

Linear mixed model (LMM) approaches have been widely applied in many areas of research data analysis because they offer great flexibility for different data structures and linear model systems. In this study, emphasis is placed on comparing the properties of two LMM approaches: restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (MINQUE) with and without resampling techniques being included. Bias, testing power, Type I error, and computing time were compared between REML and MINQUE approaches with and without Jackknife technique based on 500 simulated data sets. Results showed that MINQUE and REML methods performed equally regarding bias, Type I error, and power. Jackknife-based MINQUE and REML greatly improved power compared to non-Jackknife based linear mixed model approaches. Results also showed that MINQUE is more time-saving compared to REML, especially with the use of resampling techniques and large data set analysis. Results from the actual cotton data analysis were in agreement with our simulated results. Therefore, Jackknife-based MINQUE approaches could be recommended to achieve desirable power with reduced time for a large data analysis and model simulations.

Effects of acrous gramimeus and its main component alpha-asarone on the reactivity and convulsive threshold of immature rats to electric stimulation

BACKGROUND： The traditional Chinese medicine acrous gramimeus is the dry rhizome of Acrous gramimeus Soland, a kind of Araceae familial perennial herb, which has a sedation action, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic effect. Its effective component has not been known yet, and α-asarone, the major component of the volatile oil extracted from acrous gramineus, has been supposed to play a necessary role in it. OBJECTIVE： To explore the effects of acrous gramimeu and α-asarone on the reactivity and convulsive threshold to electric stimulation in immature rats, furthermore, attempt to definitize the anticonvulsant effect of α-asarone. DESIGN： A randomized controlled study.SETTINGS： Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Jilin University; Department of Neurology, First Clinical Hospital affiliated to Harbin Medical University; Department of Internal Medicine, Children＇s Hospital of Changchun City. MATERIALS ： Seventy 3-week immature Wistar rats （either males or females） of 34-40 g were used. Acrous gramimeu （1 g/bag, the content of α-oasarone was 0.046 26%-0.070 16%） with the batch number of 0307113 was provided by Tianjiang Medicine Company Limited, Jiangyin City. α-asarone tablet （60 mg per tablet） with the batch number of 030219 was provided by Tianwei Pharmaceutical Factory, Shenyang City. α-asarone injectable preparation （2 mL per piece） with the batch number of 030105 was provided by Shuanghe Medicine Limited Company, Beijing City. METHODS ： The experiments were carried out in the Neurological Laboratory of the First Hospital of Jilin University between August and October in 2004.① The 70 rats were randomly divided into intragastric subset and intraperitoneal subset. The intragastric subset included four groups of control, phenobarbital sodium, acrous gramimeu and α-asarone; the intraperitoneal subset included three groups of control, phenobarbital sodium and α-asarone. There were 10 rats per group. ② In the intragastric subset, different group was treated with saline （1 mL for each time, phenobarbital sodium （18 mg/kg per day）, acrous gramineu （2 350 mg/kg per day） and α-asarone （29 mg/kg per day） respectively twice every day for 5 days. In the intraperitoneal subset, different group was treated with saline （0.5 mL）, phenobarbital sodium （29 mg/kg） and α-asarone （2.9 mg/kg） respectively. ③ Before and after administration for 5 days in the intragastric subset as well as before and after administration for about 1 hour in the intraperitoneal subset respectively, the rats were given electric stimulation with the NIHOM KOMDEM multifunctional electrophysiological recorder, and the reactivity and convulsive threshold to electric stimulation of the rats were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The reactivity and convulsive threshold to electric stimulation in immature rats were compared. RESULTS： All the rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Results for intragastric administration： Before intragastric administration, there were no obvious differences in the reactivity and convulsive threshold to electric stimulation among the groups （P 〉 0.05）. After intragastric administration for 5 days, the reactivity and convulsive threshold to the electric stimulation had no obvious changes in the control group, but those were significantly higher than before administration in the drug administration groups （t=-3.317-7.401, P 〈 0.01）, which were also obviously higher than those in the control group （t=3.027-8.941, P 〈 0.01）, and those in the acrous gramimeu group and α-asarone group were not markedly different from those in the phenobarbital sodium group. ② Results for intraperitoneal injection： Before intraperitoneal injection, the reactivity and convulsive threshold to the electric stimulation had no obvious differences among the groups. After the intraperitoneal injection for 1 hour, the reactivity and convulsive threshold to the electric stimulation had no obvious change in the control group, but those were significantly higher than before administration in the drug administration groups （P 〈 0.01）, which were also obviously higher than those in the control group （t=6.211-7.237, P 〈 0.01; t=4.085-5.633, P 〈 0.05）, and there was no marked difference between α-asarone group and phenobarbital sodium group （P 〉 0.05）.CONCLUSION ： ① As effective anticonvulsants, both acrous gramineu and α-asarone can enhance the reactivity and convulsive threshold of immature rats to electric stimulation. ② As one of the major effective components against convulsion of acrous gramineu, α-asarone is equivalent to phenobarbital sodium.

Research of whispered speech vocal tract system conversion based on universal background model and effective Gaussian components

Directing to the weakness of the present fixed values mapping methods （method_F）, a vocal tract system conversion method based on the universal background model （UBM） is proposed for improving the performance of the speech conversion system from Chinese whis- pered speech to normal speech. For the numerous components of UBM, the errors produced by the acoustical probability density statistical model can＇t be ignored. Thus an effective Gaus- sian mixture components chosen method based on the posterior probability summation of the minimum spectral distortion is developed to optimizing the system performance. The proposed method （method_U） is analyzed and compared using the performance index （PI） based on Itakura-Saito spectral distortion measure. It is shown experimentally that the performance of method_U is more stability for different speakers and different phonemes than that of method_F. The average PI of method_U is better than method_F. It is shown that by selecting effective Gaussian mixture components, the PI of method_U can be further improved 5.11%. Subjective auditory tests also show that the proposed method can improve the definition and intelligibility of conversion speech.

Cryptoporic acid E from Cryptoporusvolvatus inhibits influenza virus replication in vitro

Influenza virus infection is a global public health issue.The effectiveness of antiviral agents for influenza has been limited by the emergence of drugresistant virus strains.Therefore,there is an urgent need to identify novel antiviral therapies.Our previous studies have found that Cryptoporus volvatus extract could potently inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro and in vivo.However,the effective component of Cryptoporus volvatus which mediated the antiviral activity hasn′t been identified.Here,we identified a novel anti-influenza molecule,cryptoporic acid E(CAE),from Cryptoporus volvatus.Our results showed that CAE had broad-spectrum anti-influenza activity against 2009 pandemic strain A/Beijing/07/2009(H1N1/09),seasonal strain A/Jiangxi/262/05(H3N2),mouse adapted strains A/WSN/33(H1N1)and A/PR8/34(H1N1).We further investigated the mode of CAE action,and found that CAE directlyattenuated influenza virus infectivity.Time-course-analysis indicated that CAE exerted its inhibition mainly at middle stage of the replication cycle of influenza virus.Subsequently,we confirmed that CAE blocked virus RNA replication and transcription in MDCK cells and CAE repressed influenza virus RNA polymerase activity.In addition,we found that CAE impaired influenza virus infectivity by directly targeting virus particles.Our data suggest that CAE is a major effective component of Cryptoporus volvatus and might be a potential candidate for the development of a new anti-influenza virus therapy.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Components in Shuxiong Tablet and Its Possible Formulary Rationality

Objective To determine whether the anti-inflammatory properties of Shuxiong Tablet (SXT) and the effective components group of SXT (ECGS) are equivalent and to assess the formulary rationality. Methods ECGS consisted of Panax notoginsen saponion (PNS), hydroxysafflor yellow A, and ferulic acid plus volatile oil of Ligusticum chuanxiong, which was based on the active ingredients and their ratios in SXT. We compared the anti-inflammatory actions of ECGS and SXT using the xylene-induced edema model and the carrageenan-induced edema model, as well as the analgesic activity of them using the acetic acid-induced writhing model. Moreover, cultured macrophages were incubated with media containing serum isolated from SXT-, ECGS-, or every component of ECGS-treated rats, to compare the depress effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Results ECGS and SXT had equivalent anti-inflammatory actions and analgesic effects at an equipotent dosage in a dose-dependent manner. The drug-containing media could inhibit the LPS-stimulated NO production and iNOS expression in cultured macrophages. A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed that three effective components could produce synergistic effect on the inhibition of NO production, and PNS was the capital component. Conclusion ECGS and SXT display an equivalent anti-inflammatory effect, and the formula follows traditional Chinese medicine compatibility principle, which shows obvious formulary rationality.

Protection of Effective Component Group from Xiaoshuan Tongluo on Brain Injury after Chronic Hypoperfusion in Rats

Objective To investigate the protective effects of purified effective component group in extract from Xiaoshuan Tongluo(CGXT) formula on chronic brain ischemia in rats.Methods CGXT 75,150,and 300 mg/kg or vehicle were ig administered daily for four weeks to rats with bilateral common carotid arteries ligation(BCCAL) .From the day 24 to 28 after BCCAL,Morris water maze was performed to assess the learning and memory impairment of rats.Four weeks after BCCAL,brain gray and white matter damage were assessed.Results In Morris test,the mean escape latency of rats in the CGXT(150 and 300 mg/kg) groups was significantly shorter than that in the vehicle group.CGXT also attenuated the neuronal damage in hippocampus and cortex and reduced the pathological damage in the optic tract and corpus callosum.Conclusion CGXT could improve learning and memory impairment resulted from BCCAL in rats.These results provide the experimental basis for the clinical use of CGXT in stroke treatment and may help in investigation of multimodal therapy strategies in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases including stroke.

THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF VOLATILE COMPONENTS IN JIAWEI WENDAN PRESCRIPTION ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE AUTISTIC BEHAVIOR IN RATS

The objective was to investigate the effects of volatile components in Jiawei Wendan prescription on autistic behavior in rats,to analyze the volatile constituents and then to explore its effective components based on the treatment of autism.The pregnant mice were divided into two groups according to the method that Schneider used.

New Insights into the Molecular Basis of Kidney Governing Bone Theory

Kidney governing bone theory plays an important role in treating bone metabolic disease such as osteoporosis, and many tonifying kidney prescriptions/herbs are widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM). However, the exact biological basis of kidney governing bone theory in the context of new advances in biology is still not fully established. In this paper, the content of kidney governing bone theory in biology has been fully demonstrated from different aspects. We first propose that bone and kidney mutually affect each other in pathology and physiology, particularly through homeostasis of calcium, phosphorus and fibroblast growth factor-23(FGF-23). Next, we identify that tonifying kidney prescriptions/herbs exert bone protective effects, thus treating osteoporosis by regulating bone formation and bone resorption.Furthermore, the exact molecular mechanisms of tonifying kidney prescriptions, herbs and their effective components in treating osteoporosis have been systematically reviewed. Finally, we come into the conclusion that kidney regulating bone mineral homeostasis, bone protective effects of tonifying kidney herbs and regulatory effects on bone homeostasis are all the manifestations of kidney governing bone theory.Therefore, the new insights into kidney governing bone theory in biology will promote the development of clinical practices, and drugs discovery in treating osteoporosis.