Linkage analysis and integrated software GAPL for pure-line populations derived from four-way and eight-way crosses

Pure lines derived from multiple parents provide abundant variation for genetic study.However,efficient genetic analysis methods and user-friendly software are still lacking.In this study, we developed linkage analysis methods and integrated analysis software for pure-line populations derived from four-way and eight-way crosses.First, polymorphic markers are classified into different categories according to the number of identifiable alleles in the inbred parents.Expected genotypic probability is then derived for each pair of complete markers, and based on them a maximum likelihood estimate(MLE) of recombination frequency is calculated.An EM algorithm is proposed for calculating recombination frequencies in scenarios that at least one marker is incomplete.A linkage map can thus be constructed using estimated recombination frequencies.We describe a software package called GAPL for recombination frequency estimation and linkage map construction in multi-parental pure-line populations.Both simulation studies and results from a reported four-way cross recombinant inbred line population demonstrate that the proposed method and software can build more accurate linkage maps in shorter times than other published software packages.The GAPL software is freely available from www.isbreeding.net and can also be used for QTL mapping in multi-parental populations.

Numerical Simulation on the Flow Field of a Four-channel Coal Burner

In this paper, the numerical simulation on the flow field of a four-channel coal burner was investigated with Fluent software. The three-dimension model was created with UG software. The structure was meshed by using Gambit software. The realizable K-ε turbulence model and simple method were adopted. The variation of the inner flow field of the burner was studied and analyzed. The results simulated to the burner by the realizable K-ε turbulence model show that the contours of theflowfield accord with the actual condition and the realizable K-ε model is proved to be feasible and the results of simulation are creditable. That will have important significance to the improvement of the structure and parameter optimization of the four-channel coal burner in the future.

Four-Channel Label-Free Photonic Crystal Biosensor Using Nanocavity Resonators

In this paper, we design and characterize a novel small size four-channel biosensor based on the two-dimensional photonic crystal with introducing waveguides and nano-cavities in the hexagonal lattice of air pores in the silicon slab. By removing a group of air pores, waveguides are achieved, and nano-cavities are shaped by modifying the radius of air pores. Highly parallel operation of this biosensor due to the special architecture is the capability of the designed structure. The biomaterials which are suspended in a liquid medium inside nano-cavities cause effective refractive index changes which lead to the resonant wavelength shift in the output terminal. According to results, with increasing the refractive index of nano-cavities, resonant wavelengths shifts to longer values. For biochemical sensing like DNA molecule and protein and for the refractive index detection, this novel designed biosensor can be utilized.

Experimental study on bubble behavior and CFD simulation of large-scale slurry bubble column reactor

Slurry bubble column reactors(SBCR)is a three-phase fluidized reactor with outstanding advantages compared with other reactors and is difficult to scale-up due to lack of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer over a wide range of operating conditions of commercial interest.In this paper,an experiment was conducted to investigate the bubble behavior in SBCR with a height of 5600 mm and an interior diameter of 480 mm.Bubble rise velocity,bubble diameter,and gas holdup in different radial and axial positions are measured in SBCR using four-channel conductivity probe.Tap water,air,and glass beads(mean diameter 75-150μm)are used as liquid,gas,and solid phases,respectively.It shows that hydrodynamic parameters have good regularity in SBCR.Moreover,a commercial computational fluid dynamics(CFD)package,Fluent,was used to simulate the process in SBCR.The simulations were carried out using axi-symmetric 2-D grids.Data obtained from experiment and CFD simulation are compared,and results show that the tendency of simulation is almost uniform with the experiment,which can help to obtain further understanding about multiphase flow process and establish a model about the synthesis of alcohol ether fuel in SBCR.