Effect of stand age and individual growth on seed germination of Populus euphratica in the Ejina Oasis, China

We conducted an investigation into the germination of seeds from individual Populus euphratica trees of different ages and growing conditions in order to discover the effect of intraspecific factors on their sexual reproduction in the Ejina Oasis, Inner Mongolia of China. By carrying out germination experiments of seeds collected at various seed dispersal periods, we found that P. euphratica seeds could be germinated intensively within 8 h from the start of the experiments, that the germination percentage decreased with the time of seed dispersal and that the germination percentage of seeds collected at the early stage of seed dispersal was 1.86 times greater than those collected at the final stage. There was no significant difference in the germination percentage or the germination index between seeds collected at the early and peak stages. The vitality of seeds from the mature forest was clearly higher than that of the half-mature and near-mature forests. The rate of branch dieback only affected seed germination at the final stage. Therefore, we conclude that the mature P. euphratica forest was the main contributor to reproduction. The results show that both the time of seed harvest and stand age were the main factors affecting the germination percentage of P. euphratica seeds.

Plant diversity and its maintenance in Populus euphratica riparian forests in the Ejina Oasis,China

The dynamic environments in riparian zones support a variety of life-history strategies, which constitute a fundamental mechanism for development and maintenance of biodiversity in riparian forest ecosystems. To demonstrate the effect of life-history strategies on biodiversity, we investigated community-level diversity and its relationship to environmental variability in the riparian Populus euphratica forests of the Ejina Oasis. Communities were divided into 14 associations on the basis of their species impor- tance values. The Simpson＇s index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou＇s evenness index and the regional Whittaker＇s index were applied to calculate community diversity. An ordination of the sample plots was carried out by correspondence analysis （CA）. Biodiversity was relatively low across the entire study area, but there was high community diversity （flw = 8.09） due to the spatial heterogeneity of habitats in different plots. In addition, we investigated the relationship between biodiversity and several environmental factors, such as water availability, community components and soil conditions. We conclude that the heterogeneity of soil and water availability drives community diversity patterns in riparian zones and that community-level diversity favors the maintenance of species diversity in the P euphratica forests in the Ejina Oasis.

How changes of groundwater level affect the desert riparian forest ecosystem in the Ejina Oasis,Northwest China

Groundwater is a key factor controlling the growth of vegetation in desert riparian systems. It is important to recognise how groundwater changes affect the riparian forest ecosystem. This information will not only help us to understand the ecological and hydrological process of the riparian forest but also provide support for ecological recovery of riparian forests and water-resources management of arid inland river basins. This study aims to estimate the suitability of the Water Vegetation Energy and Solute Modelling(WAVES) model to simulate the Ejina Desert riparian forest ecosystem changes,China, to assess effects of groundwater-depth change on the canopy leaf area index(LAI) and water budgets, and to ascertain the suitable groundwater depth for preserving the stability and structure of desert riparian forest. Results demonstrated that the WAVES model can simulate changes to ecological and hydrological processes. The annual mean water consumption of a Tamarix chinensis riparian forest was less than that of a Populus euphratica riparian forest, and the canopy LAI of the desert riparian forest should increase as groundwater depth decreases. Groundwater changes could significantly influence water budgets for T. chinensis and P. euphratica riparian forests and show the positive and negative effects on vegetation growth and water budgets of riparian forests. Maintaining the annual mean groundwater depth at around 1.7-2.7 m is critical for healthy riparian forest growth. This study highlights the importance of considering groundwater-change impacts on desert riparian vegetation and water-balance applications in ecological restoration and efficient water-resource management in the Heihe River Basin.

Characterization of groundwater in the Ejina Basin,northwest China:hydrochemical and environmental isotopes approaches

To characterize the groundwater in the Ejina Basin,surface and groundwater samples were collected in May and October of 2002.On-site analyses included temperature,electrical conductance(EC),total alkalinity(as HCO 3) by titration,and pH.Chemical analyses were undertaken at the Geochemistry Laboratory of the Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou,China.The pH of the groundwater ranged from 7.18 to 8.90 with an average value of 7.72,indicating an alkaline nature.The total dissolved solids(TDS) of the groundwater ranged from 567.5 to 5,954.4 mg/L with an average of 1,543.1 mg/L and a standard deviation of 1,471.8 mg/L.According to the groundwater salinity classification of Robinove et al.(1958),47.4 percent of the samples were brackish and the remainder were fresh water.The ion concentration of the groundwater along the riverbed and near the southern margin of the basin were lower than those farther away from the riverbed.The groundwater in the study area was of Na +-HCO 3 type near the bank of the Heihe River and in the southern margin of the basin,while Na +-SO 4 2-Cl type samples were observed in the terminal lake region.In the desert area the groundwater reached a TDS of 3,000-6,000 mg/L and was predominantly by a Na +-Cl chemistry.Br/Cl for the water of Ejina Basin indicates an evaporite origin for the groundwater with a strongly depleted Br/Cl ratio(average 0.000484).The surface water was slightly enriched in Br/Cl(average 0.000711) compared with groundwater.The calculated saturation index(SI) for calcite and dolomite of the groundwater samples range from 0.89 to 1.31 and 1.67 to 2.67 with averaged 0.24 and 0.61,respectively.About 97 percent of the groundwater samples were kinetically oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite,and all the samples were below the equilibrium state with gypsum.Using isotope and hydrochemical analyses,this study investigated the groundwater evolution and its residence time.The groundwater content was mainly determined by the dissolutions of halite,gypsum,and Glauber’s salt(Na 2 SO 4),as well as Na + exchange for Ca 2+,and calcite and dolomite precipitation.With the exception of a few locations,most of the groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation uses.Most of the stable isotope compositions in the groundwater sampled plotted close to the Global Meteoric Water Line(GMWL),indicating that the groundwater was mainly sourced from meteoric water.There was evidence of enrichment of heavy isotopes in the groundwater due to evaporation.Based on the tritium content in atmospheric precipitation and by adopting the exponential-piston model(EPM),the mean residence time of the unconfined aquifer groundwater was evaluated.The results show that these groundwaters have low residence time(12 to 48 years) and are renewable.In contrast,the confined groundwater had 14 C ages estimated by the Pearson model between 4,087 to 9,364 years BP.Isotopic signatures indicated formation of deep confined groundwaters in a colder and wetter climate during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.

The research of three-dimensional numerical simulation of groundwater-flow: taking the Ejina Basin, Northwest China as example

Water is a primary controlling factor for economic development and ecological environmental protection in the inland river basins of arid western China. And it is groundwater, as the most important component of total water resources, that plays a dominant role in the development of western China. In recent years, the use-ratio of surface water has been raised, the groundwater recharge rate from surface water has been reduced, and groundwater has been exploited on a large scale. This has led to the decline of ground-water levels and the degradation of eco-environments in the Heihe watershed. Therefore, the study on the change in groundwater levels in recent years, as well as simulating and predicting groundwater levels in the future, have become very significant for im-proving the ecological environment of the Heihe River Basin, to coordinate the water contradiction among upper, middle and lower reaches of Heihe River Basin and to allocate the water resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze the groundwa-ter-level variations of the Ejina region based on a large scale, to develop and evaluate a conceptual groundwater model in Ejina Basin, to establish the groundwater flow model using the experimental observation data and combining Modular Three-Dimensional Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) and GIS software, to simulate the regional hydrologic regime in re-cent 10 years and compare various water-delivery scenarios from midstream, and to determine which one would be the best plan for maintaining and recovering the groundwater levels and increasing the area of Ejina oasis. Finally this paper discusses the pos-sible vegetation changes of Ejina Basin in the future.

Characteristics of biomarkers in source rocks of the Ganquan Formation in the Dahulishan region, Ejina Banner

Based on gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques, the authors examined biomarker characteristics of the Ganquan Formation source rocks in the area of Dahulishan, Ejina, and analyzed the information and petroleum geological significance that were indicated by the source of organic matter, sedimentary environment and maturity and so on. Gas chromatography peak of saturated hydrocarbons from the Ganquan Formation source rocks showed "the former peak" of the single peak distribution, the main peak of carbon being C18 , indicating the main sources of organic matter with marine organic matter. Pr/Ph ranges from 0.3 to 0.6, indicating a strongly reducing sedimentary environment. Biomarker assemblages of the Ganquan Formation source rocks are abundant in tricyclic terpane with long side chains, with a high level of gammacerane, showing dominant distribution of C27 sterane. High contents of gammacerane in organic matter show organic facies of source rocks in the saltwater sedimentary environment. That average hopane/sterane ratio is 0.59, showing that algae have made more contributions to organic matter than bacteria. And the high level of C27 steranes shows that algae are the main source of hydrocarbon precursors. The Ganquan Formation's methylphenanthrene index, which is an effective molecular parameter index to measure thermal evolution of organic matter, ranges from 0.35 to 0.50, and the conversion of vitrinite reflectance Rc from it is within the range of 2.00-2.09, indicating that the Ganquan Formation source rocks are in the over-mature stage of thermal evolution.

Study on vegetation ecological water requirement in Ejina Oasis

The Ecological Water Requirement (EWR) of desert oasis is the amount of water required to maintain a normal growth of vegetation in the special ecosystems. In this study EWR of the Ejina desert oasis is estimated through the relational equation between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), productivity and transpiration coefficient, which was established by a combination of the RS, GIS, GPS techniques with the field measurements of productivity. The results show that about 1.53×108 m3 water would be needed to maintain the present state of the Ejina Oasis, and the ecological water requirement would amount to 3.49×108 m3 if the existing vegetation was restored to the highest productivity level at present. Considering the domestic water requirement, river delivery loss, oasis vegetation water con-sumption, farmland water demand, precipitation recharge, etc., the draw-off discharge of the Heihe River (at Longxin Mount) should be 1.93×108―2.23 ×108 m3 to maintain the present state of the Ejina Oasis, and 4.28×108―5.17×108 m3 to make the existing vegetation be restored to the highest productiv-ity level at present.

Responses of distribution pattern of desert riparian forests to hydrologic process in Ejina oasis

By using the theories and methods of landscape ecology and the technology of GIS and RS, a study has been carried out on the responses of distribution pattern of desert riparian forest to hydrologic process on the basis of the hydrologic data from 1990 to 2000 and the TM image of 2001 year. The results showed that: (1) there appears an even distribution pattern for the relative forest area in oasis, however, the degenerated forest diaplays an increasing tendency from west to east; (2) the desert riparian forest in Ejina is in completely degenerated process at the patch scale; (3) the number of patch is influenced not only by hydrologic process,but also by agricultural activity such as cultivation. The severe deterioration of the degraded vegetation in whole oasis initiates from lower reaches, and gradually impels to upstream; the fragmentation of landscape in the terminal site is more obvious, which is influenced by river shape and decreasing flux of water. It is found that the influence of surface hydrologic process to the ground hydrologic process of desert riparian forest in Ejina oasis is little for the recent ten years. The relative area of the degenerated forest increased with increasing ground water depth in the direction of parallel to river channel. On the contrary, in the direction perpendicular to river channel, there is a decreasing tendency for the average patch area of the forest and the degenerated forest with increasing ground water depth.

^(10)Be in quartz gravel from the Gobi Desert and evolutionary history of alluvial sedimentation in the Ejina Basin,Inner Mongolia,China

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Gobi deserts developed from alluvial sediments in arid regions has great significance in unraveling changes in both tectonic activity and climate.However,such work is limited by a lack of suitable dating material preserved in the Gobi Desert,but cosmogenic 10Be has great potential to date the Gobi deserts.In the present study,10Be in quartz gravel from the Gobi deserts of the Ejina Basin in Inner Mongolia of China has been measured to assess exposure ages.Results show that the Gobi Desert in the northern margin of the basin developed 420 ka ago,whereas the Gobi Desert that developed from alluvial plains in the Heihe River drainage basin came about during the last 190 ka.The latter developed gradually northward and eastward to modern terminal lakes of the river.These temporal and spatial variations in the Gobi deserts are a consequence of alluvial processes influenced by Tibetan Plateau uplift and tectonic activities within the Ejina Basin.Possible episodes of Gobi Desert development within the last 420 ka indicate that the advance/retreat of alpine glaciers during glacial/interglacial cycles might have been the dominant factor to influencing the alluvial intensity and water volume in the basin.Intense floods and large water volumes would mainly occur during the short deglacial periods.

内蒙古额济纳旗格日勒图铜多金属矿成因及找矿潜力

内蒙古珠斯楞地区为我国北山成矿带的东延区,格日勒图铜多金属矿是近些年在该区发现的重要铜多金属矿床,矿床赋存于上石炭统白山组上段(C_(2)b^(2))火山岩中。为研究该矿床的成因类型,本文开展了矿石矿物组构、矿石地球化学、石英包裹体和矿物电子探针等分析测试。结果表明,矿石中的脉石矿物主要为石英,石英中包裹体气液比15%~40%,均一温度156℃~395℃,平均温度为308.7℃。盐度(wt%NaCl)2.41~6.64,平均为4.34,属于低盐度中高温流体。石英中的气体包裹体可分为两种类型,一类为N_(2)+CH_(4),另一类为N_(2)。综合研究认为该矿床的成因类型为岩浆热液型矿床。铜多金属矿体在垂向具有明显的分带,上部发育高品位的次生富集带,金属硫化物主要为蓝辉铜矿、辉铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿和少量的砷黝铜矿、黄铜矿等;下部主要为黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿和砷黝铜矿等。矿床的形成可初步划分为火山沉积成岩期、岩浆热液成矿期和表生成矿期。研究认为在该矿床深部及外围地区依然具有较大的找矿潜力。

Why lowland riparian trees are difficult to use for streamflow reconstruction

Existing streamflow reconstructions based on tree-ring analysis mostly rely on species from upland,mainly montane areas,while lowland species(generally plain)areas are rarely used.This limits the understanding of streamflow change history in the lowlands,which is an important basis for water resource management.This study focused on Populus euphratica stands located along the main stream,eastern and western tributaries in the lower reaches of the Heihe River basin(HRb),in arid northwestern China.We investigated how streamflow regulation interferes with ripar-ian trees in lowlands when they used for streamflow recon-struction.Tree-ring width chronologies were developed and analyzed in conjunction with meteorological and hydrologic observation data.The results show streamflow regulation leads in sharp fluctuations in the streamflow allocation between the eastern tributaries and western tributaries.This resulted in instability of the correlation between streamflow at the two tributaries and at the Zhengyixia hydrologic station,with corresponding fluctuations in radial growth of poplar trees on the banks of the two tributaries and at the station.Streamflow regulation altered the natural patterns of seasonal streamflow below the station,changing the time window of poplar response.This study provides useful insight into tree-ring width based streamflow reconstruction in the lowlands.

额济纳绿洲植被恢复潜力研究

为分析黑河尾闾额济纳绿洲生态治理效果及未来植被恢复潜力,基于2000—2020年MOD13Q1数据集提取归一化植被指数(NDVI),运用Sen斜率估计和M-K检验分析了额济纳绿洲植被时空变化特征,并利用像元二分模型、相似生境法探讨了额济纳绿洲植被覆盖度、未来植被恢复潜力。结果表明:2000—2020年NDVI呈增大趋势,增长速率为0.001 3/a,季节尺度上春季NDVI呈显著增大趋势的面积占比最大;额济纳旗政府所在地附近植被覆盖度较高,研究期内西河中游区域植被覆盖度增长明显;未来植被仍呈现两河周边高、绿洲边缘低的空间分布格局,黑河尾闾湖泊周边等已经接近或达到最大植被恢复潜力,八道河至天鹅湖河道、七道河尾部河道、四道河与六道河河道尾部以及西河下段西部等区域植被提升潜力较大。

内蒙古额济纳旗东北部雅干断裂带深部构造特征分析——来自大地电磁的证据

内蒙古额济纳旗东北部雅干断裂带的空间展布及深部构造特征一直存在争议。本文按照“由已知到未知”的研究思路,在研究区内完成5条大地电磁测深剖面,首先对研究区内西侧大地电磁剖面MT01的电性结构特征与剖面区段内所出露的雅干断裂带地质构造信息之间的关系进行了深入分析,确定了雅干断裂带的电性特征表现为“北倾+大倾角+大深度”的电阻率梯级带,并以此作为特征标志,结合区内东侧覆盖区内4条MT剖面(MT02~MT05)反演解释结果,识别出各剖面区段内雅干断裂带的深部位置及构造特征。同时,采用阻抗张量分解技术获得了各条MT剖面的电性主轴方向,结合二维反演解释结果确定了雅干断裂带空间走向。结果表明,研究区内雅干断裂带在浅地表处总体走向为近EW向(深部为NE45°),平均宽度约6.8 km,是一条由西向东且逐渐向北弧形偏转的逆断层,断层倾向总体向北,断层倾角60°~67°,断层深度约20 km。本文所获得的深部电性结构模型有效地揭示了研究区内深部构造特征,对于区域构造演化研究具有一定的参考意义。

额济纳汉简书法鉴赏与创作的审美理路

额济纳出土的简牍是两汉时期书法墨迹,是汉代书法“隶书草化”的缩影。额济纳汉简书法鉴赏与创作过程中可见“象、法”的书法形式要素以及以“媚美”为形式规定的法度特征与以“自由”为内容追求的书意特征,由此升华出从“书法意象”到“书法意境”的额济纳汉简审美理路。

额济纳旗下陶勒盖西矿段深部铜矿体地质特征及找矿方向浅析

内蒙古自治区额济纳旗下陶勒盖铁矿大地构造位置位于天山地槽褶皱系(Ⅰ)、北山晚华力西地槽褶皱带(Ⅱ),三级构造单元为北山隆起(Ш),属古亚洲成矿域,准格尔成矿省,觉罗塔格-黑鹰山Cu、Ni、Fe、Au、Ag、Mo、W、石膏成矿带,黑鹰山-雅干Fe、Au、Cu、Mo成矿亚带,下陶勒盖西矿段深部铜矿体主要赋存于石炭系下统绿条山组第二岩段的大理岩与华力西期钾长花岗岩接触带附近的矽卡岩中。

额济纳旗生态系统恢复的总经济价值评估

条件估值方法是当前国际上流行的衡量环境物品非利用经济价值的唯一方法。通过调查 居民针对不同环境状况变化的支付意愿，从而定量确定环境状况变化带来的经济效益和损失。 针对额济纳旗生态系统恶化的现状，以投标支付卡的方法设计了７００份调查问卷，调查了黑河 流域居民恢复额济纳旗生态系统的支付意愿。分析结果表明，用２０年时问将额济纳旗生态系 统恢复到２０世纪８０年代初水平，黑河流域共有９２．３％的居民家庭存在支付意愿，有支付意 愿家庭的平均支付意愿为每年每户３７．９６元，但随居仲区域不同存在一定差异，其中黑河干流 区域居比平均支付意愿为每年每户４０．１５元，要高于周边地区居民平均每年每户３２．１０元的支 付意愿。在综合考虑不同区域居民支付意愿的差异，生态系统经济效益折旧率的基础上将支付 意愿弃时空尺度上加总，得到恢复额济纳生态系统总经济价值为 １６．３７×１０８元。

黑河下游额济纳绿洲现代荒漠化过程及其驱动机制

额济纳绿洲是发育在黑河下游内陆河三角洲上著名的天然绿洲。 2 0世纪 5 0年代以来 ,额济纳绿洲现代荒漠化过程加剧 ,绿洲萎缩 ,生态恶化。绿洲现代荒漠化过程是由水环境恶化过程、土壤干燥化过程、植被退化与生物多样性衰减过程、土地沙漠化过程和土壤盐碱化过程构成的地表动力学过程。导致额济纳绿洲荒漠化的驱动力是区域气候暖干化、强盛的风蚀侵蚀力、上中游过度开发水土资源的人为活动和额济纳绿洲内的“三滥”活动等。荒漠化驱动力的第一主成分与第二主成分的贡献率分别为 5 9.2 76 %和 2 8.0 83% ,反映出绿洲荒漠化驱动因子的多面性和综合性 ,绿洲内外过度的人为活动是其主导驱动因素。内在、外在驱动力在时间与空间上的耦合性是绿洲荒漠化的区域机制 ,驱动力因子团的互动激发作用形成荒漠化的动力机制 ,驱动力与荒漠化土地间的响应形成正反馈机制 ,三种作用机制组合成绿洲现代荒漠化过程的复杂的驱动机制。

额济纳绿洲胡杨林更新及群落生物多样性动态

研究额济纳绿洲胡杨群落演替中的生物多样性指数与胡杨林年龄、密度、地下水埋深、地表土壤含水量的相互关系,及胡杨更新中的根蘖株数、实生株数与胡杨林年龄、密度相互关系。结果表明:胡杨种群在更新过程中根蘖株数与胡杨年龄、密度相关显著,根蘖性随胡杨年龄增长而加强,随密度增大而减弱,实生株的分布与胡杨年龄相关显著,而与密度、遮萌度相关不显著,实生苗只出现在中龄林中,而在老龄胡杨林和幼龄胡杨林中均无胡杨实生苗;胡杨群落演替过程中生物多样性与群落的土壤含水量、地下水埋深和林冠遮萌度相关不显著,而与胡杨的年龄、密度相关显著,胡杨群落在演替过程中生物多样性和均匀度增高,个体数量却减少,胡杨在种群发育过程不仅表现出自疏现象,并在群落演替过程中表现明显的排斥异种现象。一个观点:逆境生存的建群植物种个体繁殖的最大收益性导致群落演替出现间断现象。由于极端环境胁迫下,胡杨在繁殖对策选择上,在胡杨林内胡杨种群更新选择以无性繁殖为主,而在胡杨林外的其它生境中胡杨种群更新以有性繁殖为主。针对上述观点,胡杨保护和更新在不同的生境中以不同的更新方式进行。

极端干旱条件下柽柳种群蒸散量的日变化研究

利用波文比能量平衡法对额济纳绿洲柽柳种群蒸散进行测定。结果表明,在晴朗无云的条件下,蒸散速率日变化呈单峰型。蒸散从早晨630以后出现,上午蒸散率上升过程缓慢,到中午达到峰值,随后蒸散速率迅速下降,到1600蒸散速率降到最小,夜间无蒸散,常出现负值,呈大气凝结过程。净辐射对蒸散起决定作用,蒸散速率的变化趋势与净辐射变化基本一致,其日变化具有相同的峰型。柽柳种群蒸散量随风速的增加而增加。土壤温度对柽柳种群蒸散速率的影响不大,但土壤温度的增加值的变化与蒸散速率的变化基本一致。土壤含水量的变化对蒸散速率产生影响,土壤含水量降低,蒸散速率减弱,土壤含水量增加,蒸散速率加快。相关分析表明,环境因子对蒸散速率影响的贡献依次为土壤温度的升高值>净辐射>风速>土壤含水量>空气温湿度。

额济纳绿洲不同林隙胡杨根蘖的发生特征

额济纳绿洲在维持我国西北广大地区脆弱的生态平衡方面起着至关重要的作用。但目前由于水资源匮乏和水污染,以及人为干扰,该绿洲中胡杨林退化严重,更新主要依赖林隙中的根蘖形式的无性繁殖实现。从胡杨根蘖幼苗的发生和生长与林隙的特征关系着手,揭示胡杨根蘖更新的规律。在研究中,调查了胡杨林内不同林隙条件下,胡杨根蘖幼苗的密度、苗高和基径等生长状况,以及林隙内主要的环境影响因子,包括地被物、土壤条件、胡杨母株和人为干扰等。研究结果表明:在胡杨的根蘖幼苗生长过程中,苦豆子与土壤条件是主要的影响因子,苦豆子密度、人为干扰和周边大树数量对根蘖的基径和高生长具有显著的影响,但根蘖的发生的密度与苦豆子和土壤条件等环境因子的相关性却不显著。在分析原因中提出了根蘖发生机制的随机性与环境资源异质性的假说。